MTLE - Pedagogy

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

confict resolution

1st step of ______________________ is to determine the most important issue to be resolved

Portfolio

A collection of student works that are associated with standards you are required to learn. This collection of work is often gathered over a long period of time to reflect what you have been taught as well as what you have learned.

Intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

K-W-L

A graphic organizer that helps students manage information before, during, and after a unit or lesson. Students begin by brainstorming everything they know about a topic connecting content to their background knowledge

Reliability

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings (consistency)

Scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance An effective way to move classroom instruction from teacher-centered, whole-group delivery to student-centered independent practice and collaboration. Sometimes referred to as "I do, we do, you do," this approach uses a plan of instruction that includes demonstration, prompt, and practice.

Weschler

Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents. Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is an IQ test administered to children between ages 6 and 16 by school districts and psychologists. The objective of the exam is to understand whether or not a child is gifted, as well as to determine the student's cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

Strategies for Encouraging Responsibility

Allow choice Ask for feedback Encourage goal setting Model behaviors Don't over plan

Positive classroom climate

An environment in which learners feel physically and emotionally safe, personally connected to both their teacher and their peers, and worthy of love and respect

Performance-based assessment

Assessment that involves the problem-solving process. These assessments require a student to create a product or answer a question that will demonstrate the student's skills and understanding.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes

Speech development

Babbling at four months; one-word sounds with meaning at one year; two-word sentences at two years.

Instructional strategies

Basic teaching formats, such as lectures and discussions, used to develop specific learning activities.

Maximizing classtime

Be prepared Establish routines/clear transitions Have clear expectations

self-efficacy

Belief in one's own ability to perform a task successfully. Plays a major role in how an individual approaches goals, tasks, and challenges. More likely to view difficult tasks as something to be mastered, to be encouraged to make a greater effort when faced with obstacles, and to attribute their success or failure to internal factors

Functions of Language

Communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release

Alternative explanations

Consideration of multiple hypotheses/ideas before making conclusions about something

Interdisciplinary units

Content from multiple subject areas is integrated

Informal Reading Inventory

Designed to provide the teacher with information about a student's relative strengths and needs in reading. Indicate the amount and kind of support a student is likely to need in key areas of reading and enable the teacher to create groups and plan focused reading instruction for students with similar learning needs.

Vgotsky

Developed "zone of proximal development" theory. Must work at appropriate development level (not too hard or too easy) in order to learn

Code of Ethics

Each teacher, upon entering the teaching profession, assumes a number of obligations, one of which is to adhere to a set of principles which defines professional conduct. A. A teacher shall provide professional education services in a nondiscriminatory manner. B. A teacher shall make reasonable effort to protect the student from conditions harmful to health and safety. C. In accordance with state and federal laws, a teacher shall disclose confidential information about individuals only when a compelling professional purpose is served or when required by law. D. A teacher shall take reasonable disciplinary action in exercising the authority to provide an atmosphere conducive to learning. E. A teacher shall not use professional relationships with students, parents, and colleagues to private advantage. F. A teacher shall delegate authority for teaching responsibilities only to licenses personnel. G. A teacher shall not deliberately suppress or distort subject matter. H. A teacher shall not knowingly falsify or misrepresent records or facts relating to that teacher's own qualifications or to other teachers' qualifications. I. A teacher shall not knowingly make false or malicious statements about students or colleagues. J. A teacher shall accept a contract for a teaching position that requires licensing only if properly or provisionally licensed for that position.

Varied Perspectives

Encourage critical thinking

Assessment vs. Evaluation

Feedback from the student to the instructor about the student's learning vs. Using methods and measures to judge student learning and understanding of the material for purposes of grading and reporting

Attention

First cognitive step in learning

Student rights

Freedom to learn, freedom of expression, academic evaluation, and more

Grouping Strategies

Groups are easy to differentiate instruction, can motivate students, may improve student achievement Similar skill levels, need to grow one skill, diverse groupings, random groups

Questioning

Has different purposes: stimulating discussion probing for student understanding helping students articulate their ideas and thinking processes promoting productive risk taking and problem solving facilitating recall encouraging convergent and divergent thinking stimulating curiosity

Informal Assessment

Helps provide a clearer and more valid picture of student progress and learning. Varying the format gives students opportunities to demonstrate their learning in different ways.

Role-playing

Helps students explore their feelings and gain insight about their attitudes as well as perceive how others might feel, think, or act.

Parents

Important to interact with these people and build positive relationships

Technological resources

Interactive white boards, digital cameras, iPads, Chromebooks, screen casting, scanners, and more

Motivational Strategies

Know students and their interests. Make lessons reflect those interests. Provide choices. Strong classroom climate and foster culture of success with scaffolding, challenging lessons, etc. Have FUN!

Formal Assessments

Large-scale assessments at the school, district, state, national, and international levels; standardized tests, criterion referenced tests

Areas of Exceptionality

Learning disabilities, perceptual difficulties, special physical or mental challenges, gifts, talents

Strategies for building meaning

Linking new ideas to familiar ideas Making connections to student experiences Providing opportunities for active engagement Manipulation Testing of ideas and materials

Effective communication techniques

Listening actively, non-verbal communication (eye-contact, gestures, tone, etc.), confidence, clarity, respect

NEA

National Education Association - labor union

John Dewey

One of the United States' best known academics. Progressive education movement Articulated a reformulation of education practice based upon the core relationship he believed existed between democratic life and education. Education viewed as a deliberately conducted practice of investigation, problem solving, and personal and community growth that served as the wellspring of democracy.

Direct instruction

Particularly effective in promoting students' recall of information and is most useful for teaching the foundational knowledge and basic skills that set the stage for higher-order thinking and deep learning. teacher-centered effective when introducing new vocabulary and basic content to students

Teacher-made test

Prepared and administered for testing classroom achievement of students, evaluating the method of teaching adopted by the teacher and other curricular programs of the school

Factors that influence student learning

Prior knowledge and experience Developmental readiness Health Economic conditions Teachers' classroom practices Family circumstances Community environment

Professional development

Professional journals, educational research, online resources, workshops

Rights and Responsibilities of Teachers

Protecting privacy, providing a quality education, respect students and boundaries, and more

Teacher performance appraisals

Provides teachers with meaningful assessments that encourage professional learning and growth. The process is designed to foster teacher development and identify opportunities for additional support where required. Annually

Support for student with EBD

Providing a carefully structured learning environment with regard to physical arrangement, scheduling, routines, and rules of conduct is an evidence-based practice that can help prevent overstimulation and reduce the anxiety that can trigger emotional outbursts or negative behaviors.

Essay Questions

Require recall

Cultural Norms

Shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups

Norm-referenced tests

Standardized tests that compare an individual child's score to the average score of others in their peer group

Chunking

Strategy for making more efficient use of short-term memory by organizing or grouping separate pieces of information together Makes information easier to recall

Friedrich Froebel

Stressed the respect with which the individuality and ability of each child should be treated and emphasized play as a foundation on which the integrated development of the whole person can be built. In 1837 he established the Play and Activity Institute, which he renamed Kindergarten in 1840. Kindergartens embrace structured, activity-based learning and creative play.

Revisiting Skills

Students are not always ready to learn a skill or concept and many do not master content on first exposure. By doing this, students are able to deepen their knowledge, understanding, and skills. Each successive encounter and opportunity for practice builds on previous learning, helping students internalize key concepts and skills.

positive reinforcement

Students who do not get enough positive attention will often settle for negative attention. A student is more likely to repeat a behavior that gains praise and positive attention.

Confidentiality

Teachers are responsible for holding every student's data in confidence and sharing it only with necessary parties such as parents, other teachers, and administrators

Readiness

Term used usually when referencing reading Includes many skills: Print Awareness Letter Knowledge Phonological Awareness Listening Comprehension Motivation to Read

Validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure (accuracy)

Locus of Control

The degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces (beyond their influence), have control over the outcome of events in their lives.

Multiple intelligences

The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one. Visual-spatial Linguistic-verbal Logical-mathematical Bodily-kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal

Community involvement

The power to bring positive, measurable change to both the communities in which you operate and to your school. Community involvement examples include in-kind and financial donations, employee volunteer days, enduring nonprofit partnerships, and more.

Second language acquisition

The process by which children who have already established a solid foundation in their first language learn an additional language Five predictable stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency, and Advanced Fluency

Foundations of Education

The psychological, historical, philosophical, and sociological aspects of the field of education that are considered essential to the professional knowledge of all teachers.

Classroom management

The steps and actions taken by the teacher to optimize student learning, including the arrangement of the classroom environment, engaging students, and managing student behavior and discipline

Modalities

Using different _____________ varies the context in which instruction takes place as well as the resources and materials used. Content becomes accessible to multiple students and students receive continuous reinforcement of targeted concepts.

formal operational stage

Using such analogies requires the ability to consider ideas in the abstract, without the support of concrete materials. Students typically do not begin to demonstrate this ability until the late elementary or early middle school years.

Short-range plans

Usually cover a year or less

Long-range plans

Usually cover three years or more

Standards

Well-written instructional objectives are linked to ______________________.

Semantic map

a form of graphic organizer that helps students visualize various connections between words and ideas. good pre-writing activity

A concept web

a method of diagramming ideas or concepts related to a key subject or topic Linking words or phrases can be added on the connecting lines to describe how concepts are related.

learned helplessness

a phenomenon in which individuals who have failed at tasks in the past conclude erroneously that they are incapable of improving their performance. Students who believe that failure is due to lack of control or ability give up easily.

divergent thinking

a thought process used to generate ideas by exploring many possible solutions. free-flowing manner. Open-ended questions allow for a variety of possible responses and are intentionally designed to provoke this thinking by encouraging students to think at a deeper level than rote memory.

Flexible Grouping

a thoughtful and deliberate match between students and their specific skill needs. Group membership is based on assessment data and is not static, but changes according to students' skill acquisition. a practice that maximizes engagement and immediate, corrective feedback and provides opportunities for every student to experience success.

Communication Theory

an individual is likely to be most successful in achieving communication goals when his or her message is tailored to reach the target audience. conveys respect, promotes engagement, and helps ensure that the audience hears the message as it is intended.

Differentiated instruction

assumes that there is a diversity of learners in every classroom and that all of those learners can be reached using techniques and materials that are tailored to their individual learning needs.

fine motor skills

can be developed most effectively by manipulating objects with hands and fingers. Modeling clay and rolling pins naturally prompt students to engage in molding, shaping, and rolling actions. These actions help students gain greater control of the muscles in their hands and fingers as well as strengthen their grip.

Expectations

establishing the foundation for a productive student learning community leads to cooperative, on-task behaviors

Motivation

focusing on small improvements and distinctions over time. By linking students' success to effort, teachers help students gain confidence in their abilities Carol Dweck's "growth mindset"

Authentic Assessment

form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate application of essential knowledge and skills. The tasks are designed to resemble the kinds of problems faced by adult citizens, consumers, and professionals.

school choice movement

giving families the right to choose the specific public schools their children attend rather than having them assigned to a school based on place of residence. Calls for a major restructuring of the educational system, proposing that government give vouchers or tax credits to families to enroll their children at public or private schools of their choice. Forcing schools to compete for students and resources will increase the quality of education for all students.

logical consequences

help children develop internal understanding, self-control, and a desire to follow the rules. based on the belief that, with reflection and practice, children will want to do better. The steps involved in this help children look more closely at their behaviors and consider the results of their choices.

Preoperational

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (egotistical, collective monologue, one-way thought) Symbolic thought

Sensorimotor

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Object permanence

Concrete operational

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (able to solve conservation problems) Operational thought

Formal operational

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Abstract concepts

Content Area Expertise

individual teachers can divide the responsibility for instruction based on their ____________________ to enhance students' learning.

Criterion-referenced tests

made to determine whether a student has learned the material taught in a specific grade or course. Students are then scored based on how well they know a standard or set of standards.

Purposes of assessment

monitoring, comparing, screening, diagnosing

Administering standardized tests

must be given under standardized conditions and administered uniformly. It is important that no student or students be given an unfair advantage or disadvantage. Standardized tests generally have a test administration manual that includes oral instructions that must be read verbatim. The goal of this uniformity is to make the test results as objective as possible so they can be considered valid and meaningful.

Open posture

nonverbal strategy to promote effective communication the individual's arms are relaxed at the sides. Facing the student in this posture conveys that the teacher welcomes the student's comments and is ready to listen to whatever the student has to say.

Transitions

periods of time when teachers direct students to end one task and begin another. Should be streamlined, explicitly taught, and have clear endings and beginnings they minimize disruptions and off-task behavior. Less time spent on this means more time available for teaching and learning.

Characteristics of gifted students

persistence and intense concentration in areas of interest among the traits frequently associated with general intellectual ability. often ignore or spend minimal time and attention on topics that do not interest them.

interest centers

provide these students with a selection of activities they can pursue while waiting for others to finish assignments a proactive approach for preventing off-task behavior and lost learning time. specific materials and activities prompt students to practice important concepts and skills.

Key factors to consider in planning instruction

state standards; curriculum goals; nature of the subject matter; learning theory; students' development, characteristics, thinking, and prior experiences; students' current knowledge and skills; available time and resources

Self-directed learning

students exercise a great deal of independence in setting learning goals and deciding what to learn as well as how to approach the learning task Students are given the opportunity to pursue their own interests so that learning becomes more meaningful, and students' responsibilities in self-directed learning activities require their active involvement

Cooperative learning

students work together in small groups on a structured activity. Research studies have shown that, compared with competitive or individual work, this leads to higher quality reasoning strategies

Informal assessments

teacher observation, peer assessment, self assessment

Guided practice

the process of supporting students as they make their first attempt at a new concept. The teacher provides praise, prompts, and corrective and immediate feedback as students work through an activity.

Geobrowser

virtual globes or Earth browsers students can interact with geography

Elaboration

when a student expands upon content to be learned (e.g., creating a sentence, making an analogy). connects, or bridges, information to be learned with what students already know, creating efficiency of learning and memory.

unfair penalization

when it is not the students' ability that leads to poor performance but the students' characteristics or membership in a particular subgroup. ex. if an assessment task is set in the context of football, the context becomes a biasing factor if particular groups of students know less about football than other groups of students.