MUHL 3010-001 Chapter 7-12 Study Guide
What is faburden?
An English practice of improvised polyphony
. Josquin's motets would most likely have been performed by ________.
An ensemble of solo singers, one voice to a part
Music and art of the Renaissance shared which of these characteristics?
An interest in the individual
The idea that music could be a social accomplishment came from ________.
Ancient Greece
The Renaissance period is marked by an interest in ________.
Ancient Greek Culture
Obrecht's works include secular songs in which language?
Dutch
Catholic compositions of the sixteenth century differed from earlier compositions in that ________.
There were five or six voices instead of four
Which of these statements best describes women's role in Renaissance music-making?
Women were expected to learn music as part of lady's education
Describe the basic characteristics of the music of Josquin.
Wrote masses, motets, and chansons - Clarity in phrasing, form, and tonal organization - Fluid and tuneful melodies - Transparent textures - Use of imitation and homophony - Careful declamation of text masses, motets, and chansons
Cantilena is best defined as ________.
a freely composed, homorhythmic piece
Point of imitation is defined as ________.
a succession of imitative entrances
What are the stylistic characteristics of faburden?
~ middle voice sings the original chant ~ top voice generally sings parallel perfect-fourths above the middle voice ~ bottom voice generally sings parallel thirds below the middle voice, except at the beginnings and endings of phrases and most words, when it expands that interval to a perfect fifth.
Explain what the term canon means as used in the works of Ockeghem.
"Deriving two or more voices from a single notated voice," but, more generally, "the instruction or rule by which these further parts were derived."
What are the general features of English music in the early fifteenth century?
- Frequent use of harmonic thirds and sixths, often in parallel motion - Preferences for ~ relatively simple melodies ~ regular phrasing ~ primarily syllabic text-setting ~ homorhythmic textures
. Which of these polyphonic genres was NOT one that Dunstable used?
Cantus-firmus masses
List two (2) of the most significant criticisms of Renaissance polyphony heard at the Roman Catholic Church's Council of Trent.
1) Basing a mass on a secular chanson profaned the liturgy 2) Complicated polyphony made it impossible to understand the words Also) Polyphonic music should not be used in convents
What decisions about music did the Council of Trent make as part of the Roman Catholic Church's CounterReformation or Catholic Reformation?
1) Eliminated all tropes and all-but-four sequences 2) Adopted this policy: "Let them keep away from the churches compositions in which there is an intermingling of the lascivious or impure, whether by instrument or by voice."
List and describe the six techniques used during the Renaissance to unify the musical settings of the Mass Ordinary in the mass cycles.
1) Stylistic coherence: the texts were set to music of a single style, that of ballade or chanson 2) Plainsong Mass: each movement includes a different chant from the Graduale as a cantus firmus. 3) Motto Mass: use of same thematic material in all movements 4) Cantus firmus or Tenor Mass: constructing every movement around the same cantus firmus, which was placed in the tenor (customary by second half of 15th century) Definition of Cantus firmus: plainchant or other melody used as a basis for a polyphonic composition 5) Imitation or Parody Mass: "mass in which movements are based on a single polyphonic model, such as a motet or madrigal, all of whose voices may be borrowed or reworked; also called 'parody Mass'"; "began to replace the cantus firmus Mass as the dominant type around 1520." 6) Paraphrase Mass: same principle as Imitation or Parody Mass, but using a monophonic model
What four types of sources were used to create new hymns (a.k.a. chorales) for the Evangelical (a.k.a. Lutheran) Church in the years following the Reformation?
1) adaptations of Gregorian chant 2) existing German devotional songs 3) contrafacta (sing., contrafactum), songs given new words 4) new compositions
What characteristics distinguish the music of the late Middle Ages from that of the Renaissance?
1) control of dissonance 2) predominantly consonant sonorities including sixth-third successions 3) equal importance of voices 4) melodic and rhythmic congruity of lines 5) four-part textures 6) occasional use of imitation 7) Increasing importance ofeffective text-setting
What are the dates of the Renaissance in the history of Western art music?
1450-1600
When and how did the Reformation begin?
1517 Martin Luther posted on a church door in Wittenberg a list of 95 theses opposing indulgences and the doctrine that lay behind them and challenging the pope's role in granting them.
The Renaissance period of music comprises roughly which centuries?
15th and 16th Centuries
What is a psalter?
A collection of psalms
What is a metrical psalm?
A metric, rhythmed, strophic translation of a psalm, suitable for singing with a tune
What is a contrafactum?
A piece in which a text is added to a preexisting tune or new text to pre-existing vocal work
Vocal ranges of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries tended to span ________.
About a twelth
Aeolian and Ionian modes were ________.
Added to the model system by Heinrich Glareanus
Which of the following is true of musical style in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries?
All voices were nearly equal and all were singable
The primary audience for printed music was/were ________.
Amateur musicians throughout Europe and the Americas
By the first half of the fifteenth century, the word motet was applied to ________.
Any polyphonic composition on a sacred Latin text other than the Ordinary of the Mass
Ockeghem's Missa prolationem employs which compositional technique?
Canon
What are the four major genres of Burgundian music, and what languages are associated with each?
Chanson-French Mass, Magnificat, and Motet- Latin
What is (are) the principal genre(s) of Lutheran church music?
Chorale
In the Renaissance, secular music was ________.
Composed by musicians who were also church musicians
Who were the two most-important composers associated with the Burgundian court?
Du Fay and Binchois
In what way did the Hundred Years' War influence music?
English composers spent time in France
Social factors influencing Renaissance music included ________.
Europe's economic vitality
For much of the Renaissance, musicians working in Italy had been trained in ________.
France, the Netherlands, and Flanders
The language used for secular song texts composed in the Burgundian style was ________.
French
What did Martin Luther call his simplified order of service, intended for use by smaller congregations?
The German Mass
Whose music was "the first in the history of Western music to be consciously preserved, isolated, and imitated as a model in later ages"?
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Byrd's music for the Mass was published in ________.
Gradualia
Which of the following statements characterizes Jean Calvin's attitude toward music?
He allowed only unaccompanied singing of psalms at church services
Which of the following statements best reflects Josquin's approach to text setting?
He gave a new melody to each new phrase of text to make it clearly
Which of the following statements best describes Josquin's career?
He worked for several employers, both secular and religious
The movement to embrace human knowledge was called ________.
Humanism
The Missa cuiusvis toni is special because ________.
It can be sung in any mode
Which of the following statements best describes the Catholic Church's response to Protestant criticisms of its music?
It changed it's musical practices only slightly
Which of these statements is true of the duchy of Burgundy?
It occupied cast tracts of land and rivaled the kingdom of France in influence
Which statement is true of the isorhythmic motet in the early fifteenth century?
It was considered old-fashioned but was an honor of special occasions
What was the significance of the tune "L'homme armé" in 15th-century music?
It was the tune most frequently used as a cantus firmus in Mass Ordinary settings
Who was Luther's principal musical collaborator?
Johann Walter
Which composer is most closely associated with the English sound (or contenance angloise) that traveled to the European continent at the beginning of the Renaissance?
John Dunstable
For which composer did Martin Luther have particular admiration?
Josquin
Imitation in paired voices is a characteristic of ________.
Josquin
Which composer used solfège syllables to create the cantus firmus for two masses?
Josquin
Who published "wholesome" polyphonic music for young people, to "rid them of the lover ditties and wanton song"?
Martin Luther
What is (are) the principal genre(s) of Calvinist church music?
Metrical psalm
What is meant by the term "Burgundian Music"?
Music composed for or at the Burgundian court in the 15th Century
Renaissance painters achieved realistic effects through the use of ________
Perspective and treatment of light
A mass in which each movement is based on a pre-existing chant for that text is called a(n) ________.
Plainsong mass
In England, most composition in the early fifteenth century was ________.
Polyphony in Latin texts
Ottavio Petrucci is known for ________.
Publishing music in a three impression method
Which of the following statements is true?
Renaissance musicians used many devices to to try and sway listeners' emotions
The Burgundian chanson was usually composed in which form(s)?
Rondeau or Ballade
What is (are) the principal genre(s) of Anglican church music?
Service and Anthem
The duke of Burgundy employed ________.
Singers of his chapel, organists, wind instrument players, and string instrumentalists
Adrian Willaert held the post of music director at or for ________.
St. Marks in Venice
What is the typical form of the Lutheran chorale?
Strophic. But within each strophe, Bar Form, which has the structure AAB, or Stollen, Stollen, Abgesang
Four-voice texture as developed in the fifteenth century consisted of ________.
Superius, contratenor altus, tenor, contratenor bassus
The contenance angloise refers to ________.
The English style of polyphony
Ockeghem spent most of his career in the service of ________.
The Kings of France
Busnoys favored which form(s) for his chansons?
The formes fixes, especially the rondeau
In Italy, the main patrons for music were ________.
The heads of small city states and churches
What geographical area is meant by the term "Burgundian" when referring to 15th-century music and composers?
The lands controlled by the Dukes of Burgundy in the 15th century, mostly in northern France and the Low Countries.
What is the significance of such designations as "S.M.," "L.M.," or "8.7.8.7.D." as a system for categorizing hymn tunes and texts.
These symbols designate HYME METER, which specifies the number of lines and number of syllables per line of poetry per strophe, as well as the number of syllables that can be sung to each phrase of the tune. Theoretically, any poem (hymn or metrical psalm) of a particular hymn meter can be sung to any tune having the same hymn meter, thus they can be mixed and matched.
Which of the following statements describes the way(s) in which the bassus voice of the late fifteenth century differs from that of the masses of Du Fay?
The range is a fourth lower
Court chapels were significant for music history because ________.
They hired musicians of both sacred and secular music
Composers of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries take what approach to cantus-firmus composition?
They treat the melody freely, adding notes for decoration
Which of the following statements best describes the style of Josquin's chansons?
They used strophic texts, with virtually no use of formes fixes
The theorist who first described counterpoint that considered thirds and sixths consonances was ________.
Tinctoris
Temperament is ________.
Tuning all pitches of a keyboard instrument to make thirds and sixths sound good
Fauxbourdon is best defined as ________.
Two composed voices with an improvised third voice, creating 6-3 chords
Describe the basic characteristics of the music of Ockeghem
Wrote masses, motets, and chansons - Extended vocal range down - Produced thicker, darker texture of long lines with few cadences or rests - For variety wrote sections for 2 and 3 parts - Did NOT rely heavily on imitation - Wrote Canons (rule or law) of some complexity
Briefly define the following terms as they are used when discussing Protestant hymnody:
a) tune - the melody to which the hymn or metrical psalm is sung b) hymn - a poem in praise of a deity intended to be sung) c) harmonization - the parts added to the melody to that provide harmony
Describe the formal organization of the early 15th-century English carol.
burden-verse
What are the dates associated with the following:
ca. 1390-1453 John Dunstable ca. 1397-1474 Guillaume Dufay ca. 1400-1460 Gilles Binchois 1417 End of Papal Schism 1453 Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire falls to the Islamic Ottoman Turks 1477 Death of the Charles the Bold at battle of Nancy and end of the duchy of Burgundy
A mass in which all movements are based on the same pre-existing melody is called a(n) ________.
cantus-firmus mass
The form which contains a burden is the ________.
carol
Isaac's Lieder can best be described as ________.
composed for court or elite circles, but in a folk or popular style
The Council of Trent ________.
directed local bishops to implement reforms in church music
Du Fay's career was spent ________.
divided between secular post in Italy and a cathedral post in Cambrai
Which of these composition techniques used by Isaac can be traced to popular music in Italy?
homophony
The main textures for the Renaissance were ________.
homophony and imitative counterpoint
A mass that quotes more than one voice of a pre-existing polyphonic work is called a(n) ________.
imitation mass
Cadences of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries were marked by ________.
occasional use of full triads for the closing sonority
Josquin's Missa Pange lingua is an example of which mass type?
paraphrase mass
The Old Hall manuscript contains ________.
sacred polyphony, including work of Dunstable
Partbooks were ________.
set of books, one part part per book