Multicultural psych Ch. 9 Culture & Emotion
Emotion differences between culture represent adaptations... what does this mean?
Basically anyones culture is going to come with a variety of opportunities and obstacles... however, each culture may differ in what emotions are most suitable to overcome the obstacles and succeed in the opportunities that are present in that culture
Explain the neurocultural theory of emotional expression?
Basically, our facial expression is dictated by the basic universal facial expressions, and by display rules... the end result is displayed on our face .. whether is happy sad or no expression
Why is it difficult to study naturally occuring emotion?
Because it's generally very private, either in real setting or experimental setting
Why is it important for culture to regulate emotions?
Because of the need of social order or achieving social order
______ factors, played a role in making for universality while, _____ factors, played a role in making for cultural relativity of emotional experience
Biological Socio-cultural
OMG theres a bear... I'm scared ... I'm running Belongs to what theory of emotion?
Cannon & Bard
What technique is mostly used in order to evaluate and assess emotion?
Questionnaires
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotion was character used as the only emotion to really show a strong level of trophotropic arousal?
Sadness
Which emotion is the most intense and long lasting emotion?
Sadness
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotions were found to be the longest lasting emotions?
Sadness & Joy
Cultural ______ of emotion differ between North Americans and East Asian but __________ responses to emotion do NOT differ
expression physiological
The CANNON & BARD theory of emotion states...
we feel emotion and physiological reactions (sweating, trembling, muscle tension etc) simultaneously
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotions did they find to be the most infrequent that respondents dated back to? Moderately infrequent? Most frequent?
Sadness & fear most infrequent Joy & guilt moderately infrequent Anger and disgust frequent, only days or weeks to remember an episode
Positive effect in relationships?
Sadness, fear, joy
When considering overall life satisfaction, what was similar between European Americans and the Hong Kong Chinese on what they emphasized?
Self-esteem & Relationship Harmony
Which emotions are often considered to be strongly shaped by learning and socialization process?
Shame & Guilt
Although Self-esteem & Relationship Harmony were similar between European Americans and the Hong Kong Chinese on what they emphasized when considering overall life satisfaction, what is different between the two regarding that claim?
The proportions, as far as self-esteem & relationship Harmony contributing to overall life satisfaction, were different. Although they both contribute to overall life satisfaction, North Americans weighed heavier on importance of self-esteem than relationship harmony.. while Hong Kong Chinese weigh each equally important
Which view in psychology has been complimented by the notion that emotions are socially constructed?
The relativist view
How DOES culture play a role in emotional response?
The way we express the emotion physically... such as facial expressions, and verbally talking about the emoiton
The kinds of opportunities and obstacles differ among cultures ... and each culture will favor emotions that are most suitable to overcome the obstacles and succeed in the opportunities ... Therefore, our emotions ______ to the problems and obstacles we face
adapt
In contrast, in East Asian contexts that promote an interdependent self, individuals tend to control and suppress their emotions in order to _______ to others. Adjusting to others requires suspending action and attending to the group's needs—in a "LOW AROUSAL" state.
adjust
___________ - encourage and reinforce each individual's pursuit of pleasurable emotional states, enjoyable feelings, varied experiences, and an exciting life
affective autonomy
Socially _________ emotions : caused by social interdependence such as friendliness, expect, sympathy, guilt, and shame Socially _________ emotions : caused by social independence such as pride, self-esteem, sulkiness, or frustration
engaging disengaging
T/F The way the American culture understands and defines emotion may not be the same in other cultures Not all cultures have a word for emotions and among those that do, it may not mean the same thing as the English word
true
Event ----> Simultaneous emotion and physiological reaction Belongs to what theory of emotion?
Cannon & Bard
Which smile is termed as the authentic smile?
Duchenne Smile
Which smile is termed as the inauthentic smile?
Pan American smile
Culture shapes how people act on emotions T/F
TRUE
Emotion is elected when ....
scanning the enviornment
What are the seven basic emotions with their expressions that claim universality?
- Joy - Surprise - Contempt - Fear - Sadness - Disgust - Anger
List the "self-conscious emotions", the ones associated with the self-reflective process...
- Shame - Guilt - Pride - Embarrassment
The "Infant Toy Study" ... The infants expressed more joy and looked longer at their mothers during the joy condition and they showed more sadness, anger, and gaze aversion during the sadness condition. The infants engaged in more play behavior in the joy condition than in the sadness condition.
...
There are other dimensions that we make assessments on regarding emotion Caused by a familiar or unfamiliar event Suggest the existence of an obstacle Create a sense of being in charge or being out of control Increase or decrease self esteem Cause praise, reproach, or mockery by one's group
...
Event---->arousal---->Reasoning----->Emotion Belongs to what theory of emotion?
2 factor theory by Schafer & Singer
OMG theres a bear.... I feel like I have to run .... why? ... oh its cause I'm scared Belongs to what theory of emotion?
2 factor theory by Schafer & Singer
We experiences a feeling and then describe what that feeling means/is Belongs to what theory of emotion?
2 factor theory by Schafer & Singer
What are the different ways culture can modify the expression of emotions?
Amplify or de-amplify them (express more/less than actually felt) Neutralize them (show nothing) Mask them (conceal ones feelings) Simulate them (show them even though not felt)
Series of studies that demonstrated the pancultural universality of facial expression found which emotions to have a high agreement of the interpretation of expression
Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotions were found to have negative effects on relationships?
Anger, disgust, shame, & guilt
———- a personal interpretation of a situation and possible reactions to it
Cognitive appraisal
Where did the emotion of disgust originate from?
Cultural requirements to reject certain foods or acid particular situations related to eating
Social scientist Dov Cohen, and Richard nisbet wrote a book on the idea of ______ which was the title of their book
Culture of Honor
Scientist ________ believed that emotions were more associated with primitive animals while scientist _____ believed that by controlling passive emotions, spiritual freedom is gained
Darwin Spinoza
What is an example of different types of social representations and ways of expressing emotion?
Differences in linguistics
__________ the assumption of emotion-specific response patterning
Differentialism
_______ - Culturally determined rules about when and to what degree spontaneous emotion can be publicly expressed
Display Rules
What are the universal signals found in babies?
Distaste & Crying
LAP is low arousal positive—as reinforced by _______ cultures, their "ideal affect".
East Asian
In which culture is emotional suppression not associated with depression?
East Asian culture
How might the differences between the ways the two cultures feel about positive events manifest in their expressions of emotion?
East Asians may hide their excitement for the sake of others comfort .. since their culture encourages people to think about others North Americans don't hide their excitement for that individual accomplishments and positive events are good and self expression is encouraged so theirs no reason to feel bad about it
________ - the co-occurence of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions
Emotional Complexity
_________ are changes in subjective experience, physiological responding, and behavior in response to a meaningful event
Emotions
________ tend to occur on the order of seconds in contrast to __________ which may last for days
Emotions Moods
Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues found greater cultural differences in regard to assessing emotion, among European and European, or European and Japan?
European and japan
Universality of emotional experience has not yet been made. Why so?
Extremely difficult to study naturally occurring emotions
East Asian American samples, individuals diagnosed with major depression exhibited dampened emotional responses often associated with depression in European American contexts T/F
FALSE East Asian American samples, individuals diagnosed with major depression did not show the dampened emotional responses often associated with depression in European American contexts
T/F Expressions posed by preliterate tribes were inconsistent with those in industrialized nations
FALSE. Expressions posed by preliterate tribes were CONSISTENT with those in industrialized nations
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which expression was the most commonly form of expressing all emotions?
Facial expression
PSYCHOLOGIST PERSUME THAT those from eastern cultures may be more emotionally expressive than those from western cultures. T/F
False. PSYCHOLOGIST PERSUME THAT those from WESTERN cultures may be more emotionally expressive than those from EASTERN cultures.
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotion was found to be the only emotion characterized by high perspiration? And highest heart rate increase?
Fear
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotions were found to be the least lasting emotions?
Fear and disgust
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotions were found to cause respiration changes ?
Fear anger shame
Describe the underlying appraisal of each of the seven emotions: Joy: Surprise: Contempt: Fear: Sadness: Disgust: Anger:
Goal attainment or accomplishment New or Novel Moral superiority Threat to Physical or psychological well-being Lost of a loved one or thing Contamination Goal obstruction
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotions were found to be the most controlled?
Guilt & shame ( as a way to protect the self)
_________ functions as a guide for behavior and as a way of evaluating one's emotional status
Ideal affect
Hypercognition vs hypocognition
Identifying variations of emotions and creating words for these variations Existence of fewer variations of words for emotions
What were the symptoms of ergotropic arousal in the study done by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues?
Increased heart rate, muscle symptoms, & perspiration
In the insult study conducted by Cohen and Nisbett, what did they find in regards to stress and hormone activation after the insult from the south?
Increased levels of testosterone and cortisol (higher than those among northerners)
Individualist or collectivist cultures hold higher recognition rates for certain expressions?
Individualistic
How does emotion influences our thinking process?
It helps people act with minimal conscious thinking, it acts as a rapid information system ... like you feel ... then immediately behave
How does Japan and the US differ in the way they allow anger?
Japan= it okay between groups... not within group US= Its okay regardless.. its okay to show anger towards close others
Speech melody change for _____ emotion and speech tempo change for ______ emotion
Joy Anger
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues which emotions led to approach to people, which ones led to withdrawal from people?
Joy = approach All others = withdrawal
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which were the "hot" emotions, and which were the "cold"?
Joy and anger = hot warm Sadness and fear = cold
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, which emotions were found to be relatively freely expressed/ the least controlled?
Joy anger disgust
In the relationship between individualism and collectivism and display rules endorsing expressivity, which culture had the least and which culture had the most?
MOST = Zimbabwe LEAST = Hong Kong
What were the symptoms of expressive behavior in the study done by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues?
Movement, verbal + nonverbal, paralinguistic, & speech behavior
In _________ contexts + culture , people rarely feel bad after experiencing something good. However, a number of research teams have observed that people in _________ contexts + culture are more likely to feel bad and good ("mixed" emotions) during positive events (e.g., feeling worried after winning an important competition).
North American East Asian
The _______ culture prefer more arousing leisure activities (ex: sky diving), while the _______ culture prefer more relaxing leisure activities
North American East Asian
Whereas, ______ contexts + culture value maximizing positive states and minimizing negative ones, _______ contexts + culture, value a greater balance between positive and negative states.
North American East Asian
In which culture does emotional suppression leads to more depression?
North American culture
In the study conducted by Cohen and Nisbett where they evaluated the north culture and the south culture in terms of hiring a motorcycle mechanic applicant: Applicant one: stole money, went to prison Applicant Two: caught another man w/ his wife and slaughtered him then went to prison what did they find as far as the willingness in hiring both applicants for north compared to south cultures?
North cultures reported "rarely" to hire either applicant South cultures only reported "rarely" for the thief but reported "Moderately" for the murderer
In the insult study conducted by Cohen and Nisbett, what did they find in regards to emotional expression after the insult from the north and from the south?
North= amusement South= anger
You can describe North Americans as enthusiastic while describing East Asians as _______
Peaceful
Pro reason vs pro emotion
Pro reason => balance of power, dedication to science and education pro emotion => "people are endowed to unalienable rights that among these re life, liberty, and happiness"
What were the symptoms of trophotropic arousal in the study done by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues?
Stomach symptoms, lump in throat, crying sobbing
People tend to engage in activities that are consistent with their _______
ideal affect
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, anger was accompanied by stronger ergotropic arousal that's joy and sadness, but fear above them all was characterized at the strongest for ergotropic arousal. T/F
TRUE
T/F Basic emotions are universal in all humans, triggered by a biologically-innate system in peoples brains
TRUE
T/F Emotions are a human universal
TRUE
T/F More complex emotions require ore cognitive abilities than basic emotions
TRUE
T/F There are similarities in the facial expressions produced by the blind and the sighted
TRUE
There has been similarities found in human facial expressions of emotions in non-human primate expressions T/F
TRUE
T/F Emotions require an immediate behavioral response ..
TRUEE... thats what it said in notes not typo
What was Darwins view on facial expressions of emotions?
That it was biologically innate and evolutionarily adaptive
What did scientists Young-Hoon Kim and Dov Cohen find in their study that involved hand wipes and pencils when talking about the wrong doings of themselves and/or how another persons perspectives of their wrong doings? (the hand wipes represented wanting to be cleansed)
That the asian culture chose hand wipes more when considering an other's perspectives on them and that the US culture chose hand wipes more when considering their own perspective
In the study conducted by Scherer, Wallbutt, & colleagues, for all domains, (egotropic arousal, trophtropic arousal, & expressive behavior) what did they find in regards to expression of the 7 emotions among these domains?
That they differed significantly and strongly among each other
What were the results from the study conducted by Ekman on Display rules on the Japanese and the American?
The American were expressive both when they are alone and when they are around another person The Japanese were only expressive alone, but not with another person
In a classic study, American and Japanese students were administered the Twenty Statements Test, in which they were asked to complete the statement, "I am ____________". During this study, what were U.S participants more likely to respond with? What were the Japanese students more likely to respond with?
The U.S participants more likely to respond with psychological attributes.. (friendly, funny, nice etc..) The Japanese students were more likely to respond with reference to social roles & responsibilities ... (a daughter, a worker, a student, a husband, etc.)
Emotion differences between culture represent adaptations T/F
True
T/F, it was found that European Americans smile more often/frequently when reliving happy episodes in their life than mong-americans EVEN THOUGH they both report feeling the same amount of happiness when rated.
True
Give some examples on how cultures locate emotion in different places:
US => Heart Japan => Gut / Abdomen Chewing => Liver
In regards to moral emotions and the difference between Westerns individualistic cultures and eastern individualistic cultures, what are each of their motives? and therefore, what emotions constrains?
Westerns individualistic cultures ==> Personal dignity => Guilt Eastern individualistic cultures ==> Saving face => Shame
Everyone is interested in experiencing positive emotions, the specific type of positive emotion differs across cultures. This is known as the _______ effect
ideal effect
_________ - Rules that govern the interpretation and perception of emotion. These are learned, culturally based rules that shape how people of each culture view and interpret the emotional expressions of others.
decoding rules
Accepting contradictions in thoughts or beliefs is known as participating in _______
dialectical thinking
The fact that East Asian contexts value a greater balance between positive and negative states and the fact that they are more likely to have mixed emotions about a positive event .... demonstrates how East Asians engage in more _______ thinking
dialectical thinking
Paul Ekman's work on facial expressions, found that even different facial expressions produced different _________ response patterns
physiological
In North American contexts that promote an independent self, individuals tend to express their emotions in order to _________ others. Influencing others requires an active, "HIGH AROUSAL" state.
influence
Culture plays less of a role in ________ responses that are induced in an emotion eliciting situation
physiological
