MUS 185 Final Exam Caribbean Unit

a "bomb" tune

is a particular category of pan music: is an arrangement of a non-calypso piece that has been turned into a calypso.

Origin of Samba

originated among the African-descended people in northeastern Brazil.

Origin of Salsa

salsa music, like other musical types found in Latin America, is a blend of European and African elements.

Soca

Calypso music was the dominant popular music style for most of the 20th century, up until the 1970s when it was supplanted by the style known as _____.

The Maxixe

is a dance for couples. It was a very popular type of dance music during Carnaval season in Brazil during the late 1800s. sometimes called the "Brazilian tango," but actually it is related the the European dance known as the polka.

Soca music

'soul calypso' ______ was developed in the 1970s; a combination of calypso, pop/rock, and Indian (Hindi) rhythm. It is the primary popular music of today in Trinidad.

Bossa nova

('new wave" or "new beat") was created in the late 1950s, and is a deriviative of samba music. was a product of the growing urban middle and upper class in Brazil. It is associated primarily with nightclub-type venues, and has a cool, intimate sound.

steel pan

(or steel drum) is a tuned idiophone. These instruments were invented in the early to mid twentieth century on the island of Trinidad.

The samba de roda

(ring or circle samba) is an older, root form of samba music, so called because participants form a ring for dancing.

Chantwell

Each masquerade band that would parade through the streets during Carnival in the 1800s was lead by a ______.

Clave

In salsa music, _____ has two meanings: it may refer to an instrument comprising two wooden sticks that are struck against one another, or it may also refer to a rhythmic pattern that underlies many salsa styles.

Calypso: 1960s-1970s

Instrumentation changes: • drumset is now present • full horn sections of trumpets and saxophones common • electric keyboard and bass

Reggae

The term for Jamaican pop music since the 1970s

the samba de morro

The samba de roda Changes to ______(hill samba) when African-descended people migrate from Bahia south to cities such as Rio de Janeiro.

Three important figures are associated with the development of bossa nova:

1. Composer-performer Antonio Carlos Jobim. Of the three, he is the most significant, because many of his compositions are still performed today. 2. Lyricist Vinicius de Moraes 3. Guitarist and singer Joao Gilberto

Development of Salsa music: Three Locations

1. Cuba: many styles of music that are performed by salsa bands today have their roots in Cuba. Much salsa music can be called "Afro-Cuban," because it comes from Cuba, but was created by populations who can trace their roots back to Africa. 2. Puerto Rico: some musical styles played by salsa bands come from Puerto Rico, but perhaps more importantly, many well-known salsa musicians are from this island. 3. New York City: the actual birthplace of "salsa." The salsa style was created in NYC largely by Puerto Rican immigrants.

Ska characteristics:

1. Guitar and other rhythm instruments playing the offbeats 2. Often, fast tempo. Very upbeat style of music 3. Use of horn sections 4. Often, strictly instrumental

Three common salsa styles emanating from Cuba

1. Salsa 2. Cuban bolero 3. cha cha cha

difference of soca from calypso?

1. Technology has enabled soca artists to utilize computer-generated drum sounds; synthesized horns, etc. 2. Tempo range has been extremely narrowed. Whereas calypso can take many different tempos, soca generaly is moderate to fast 3. The underlying groove of soca features a pumping bass drum emphasizing the beat. 4. Soca lyrics are almost exclusively about dancing and partying. Gone are the subtleties of text, the double-meanings, the verbal battles, the word play. Nuance is lost in favor of 'jam and wine' (party and dance)

Reggae characteristics:

1. offbeats in rhythm section (guitars, piano if used, drumset) 2. melodic bass lines using space or silence 3. relaxed tempo 4. "one drop" drumset rhythm: de-emphasizing count "one" of every measur

Rock Steady characteristics:

1. slowed the tempo down from ska 2. shift away from horn sections 3. bass lines become more distinctive, and even "melodic" - leaving space (a characteristic which would carry over into reggae)

Dizzy Gillespie

A Jazz artist who introduced Cuban music to American audiences by incorporating Cuban styles - and musicians - into his performances.

Instrumentation of a typical salsa band

A. vocalists - lead, and possibly separate backup vocalists as well B. horn section • trumpets, trombones are most common • sax, flute are possible • size of horn section can vary C. rhythm section: • piano • bass guitar • percussion (for example, congas, bongos, timbales, maracas, guiro)

Carnival

An annual, Pre-Lenten festival that happens in T&T, and throughout the Latin American world. Originally called the masquerade, it was introduced to Trinidad by French Catholics during the colonial period. The word _______ comes from two Latin words: "carne" and "vale." It literally means "farewell to flesh" and refers to the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat eating during Lent.

Calypso: 1940s-1950s

Instrumentation changes: • percussion is more prevalent; bongos, congas, maracas can be heard • violin and clarinet disappear; saxophone becomes more common • electric guitar

Four significant innovations led to the modernization of steel drums instruments:

Early 1940s developments: • Sinking the face of the barrels used into a concave shape (as opposed to a convex surface). • Wrapping the sticks with soft material (leaves first; eventually rubber was employed) to produce a less harsh tone. Mid 1940s developments: • Using 55-gallon barrels as the raw material for making the instrument. The 55-gallon barrel has a larger surface than previously used materials (like the 35- gallon size; see ping-pong pans above), and thus makers could fit more pitches on the surface. Ellie Mannette is widely credited as the first individual to craft a pan from a 55-gallon barrel, in 1946. • Implementation of a full chromatic range; i.e., steel drum instruments incorporated all twelve pitches recognized in Western music.

Cultural acceptance

Steel bands and panmen (the players) were viewed negatively by the Trinidadian culture at large for years, because the panmen were often rough, sometimes, violent, and generally from the lower classes of society. Several factors helped to bring pan into a more positive view: • TASPO (Trinidad All-Steel Percussion Orchestra) tour of Europe in 1951 • Participation by females and "college boys"; that is, participation in the steel bands by constituencies that were deemed respectable by the culture at large • Performances in indoor, respectable venues

The Mambo

The "______ craze" swept the States in the 1950s and 1960s. The _____ is AfroCuban music played by a big band ensemble (like a jazz big band). The most significant figure in the _____ era was bandleader and composer Perez Prado.

Precursors of samba music

The Maxixe and The Choro

Aldwyn Roberts (aka, Lord Kitchener): 1922-2000

The calypsonian known as Lord Kitchener had a career that spanned over 60 years. This fact alone is significant, but his influence has also been felt in other ways: • He was successful not only as a composer of calypso, but also successfully made the transition to soca • He spent significant time in England as a composer, performer, and nightclub owner • He had his own calypso tent in Trinidad, sponsoring many new artists • He won the Road March title ten times in the 1960s and 70s • His music appealed greatly to steel bands in T&T; many of his songs were chosen to be arranged by steel bands in their competition known as Panorama

samba enredo

The kind of samba performed by samba schools is known as ______ (theme samba). The "theme" is a unifying concept that a particular samba school will choose, and use as a basis to organize their entire competition show.

Early Calypso: ca. 1900-WWII

This era is sometimes known as the "classic era" of calypso. Instrumentation: • guitar or cuatro (a Venezuelan four-stringed strumming instrument), bass,piano • violin, or perhaps clarinet, trumpet are possible • no percussion Verbal sparring; competitiveness: • Picong or extempo: a verbal battle between calypsonians • Social commentary is prevalent in calypso texts during this time, along with boasting, sex, humor.

Calypso

_______ music, at heart, is verbal expression. Texts of _______ songs are very important. They are typically in narrative form. _________ texts discuss or reflect the "human condition." Topics range, but often feature universal themes, at least from the __________nian (typically male, typically lower class) point of view. Trinidad is generally recognized as the "hub" of ____ But, realize that ________ is actually part of a long vocal tradition stemming from the African presence in the West Indies at large.

The Rumba

a Cuban style that has influenced today's salsa music. ______is percussion music and dance, along with singing (very similar to African dancedrumming music). Created in the late 1800s, but is still danced today.

Mento

a song form that is closely related to Trinidadian calypso music. Some have called this form "Jamaican calypso" • the first style of music to be recorded in Jamaica, in the 1950s. Many artists were trying to "piggyback" onto the popularity of calypso • a laid-back (similar to calypso) style of music, that shuffled along; derived from Jamaica's various folk music traditions • featured an emphasis on the offbeat, particularly in the strumming/rhythm instruments. This offbeat emphasis becomes an important feature of Jamaican pop music to this day.

Steel band repertoire

always performed a diverse repertoire, ranging from popular to even classical musical styles and pieces. In the beginning of the art form, most bands performed arrangements exclusively. But today, there are a number of composers writing original music for steel band.

Panorama

an annual steel band competition held since 1963 in T&T just prior to Carnival. Features include: • Only bands based in T&T may compete • Each band performs one arrangement of a popular song • A panel of judges adjudicates the competition A _______ arrangement is almost a new composition, because the arranger adds much new material to the original piece.

The instrumentation of bossa nova

could feature guitar, bass, percussion, drumset, piano. Saxophone was often featured by Jobim in his compositions. Also, more elaborate orchestrations are possible, including the use of string sections to create very lush arrangements (example: Dindi, by Jobim)

Calypsonians

generally male, and from the lower socio-economic classes. They typically adopted intimidating stage names (e.g., The Growling Tiger, Lord Melody, The Roaring Lion, Lord Executor)

Reggae music

is a popular music style created in Jamaica. There are several styles of music that preceded the development of ______: mento, ska and rock steady.

The Choro

is a style of music performed by small ensembles of plucked/strummed string instruments, along with a wind instrument such as the flute or clarinet for melodic purposes. Mostly a kind of music for listening, although there was a dance step to it.

samba school

is not a school. A better term would be "samba organization." Each _________ is identified with a particular favela or slum neighborhood. People from the favela cheer on or even participate in their school. _________ encompasses: • floats • costumed dancers • a huge (2-300 members) percussion section

Clave rhythm

is often presented in two "versions": 3-2 or 2-3. The designation refers to the two-measure structure of _______ in which one measure contains three notes and the other measure contains two notes. serves as a compositional basis for other parts or lines (vocal lines, percussion lines, horn lines) in many salsa tunes.

Salsa Music

popular music, played by bands in clubs, bars, etc. It is primarily dance music. literally, "sauce." Term adopted around the 1960s to describe the sense of "spice" in Latin American popular music. an umbrella term encompassing many different styles of music stemming primarily from Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Samba

the most popular kind of music in Brazil. It has made it beyond the borders of Brazil and is known around the world, primarily due to two factors: 1. Brazilian Carnaval (particularly in Rio de Janeiro) is widely known, and _______ music is associated with this event. 2. Jazz musicians have incorporated both the ______ and the bossa nova, another Brazilian style of music, into their repertories.

The first melody instrument: the Ping-Pong

• The ______ is the earliest form of a melodic steel drum. Called ______ due to the short pingy sound they made. Primarily made from smaller barrels.

The transition from chantwell to calypsonian

took place when the presentation of Carnival songs (eventually called calypsos) became formalized. Instead of just roaming the streets or appearing at Carnival fetes at random, chantwells began performing in calypso tents - formal venues set up by promoters to attract a "respectable" audience who wanted to hear the music in a safe place. Commercial recordings also legitimized the art form, beginning in the second decade of the 20th century.

Son

was a style that originated as a rural music. When it became more popular in Cuban cities around the turn of the 20th century, it became more cosmopolitan, incorporating upright bass and trumpet. The MONTUNO section was also added: a cyclic, harmonically static section that allowed for extended improvisation. The _____ is also notable for its use of clave rhythm (see clave section below).

Fania Records

was founded in 1964 in NYC and was dedicated to the promotion of Latin American artists.

Skin Drums

• Drum ensembles are introduced to Trinidad by African slaves and their descendants • Time frame = 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries; the practice of drumming can still be found in limited areas/situations today • 1884 = Peace Preservation Ordinance banned drumming during Carnival

Carnival Celebrations

• Important activities in Trinidad Carnival include playing mas' (dressing up in costume), music (including calypso/soca music and steel band), and competitive events centered around these first two activities. • British rule, which began in Trinidad in 1797, led to a number of eventual restrictions on Carnival celebrations, which amounted to increasing tensions between lower and upper classes.

Rock Steady

• Replaced ska as the dominant style in Jamaica in the late 1960s • offered a chance for vocalists to develop style (as opposed to ska, which lent itself to dancing rather than lyrical singing). Songs were usually either love songs, or the protests of 'rudeboys' - telling of Jamaica's social problems in a shaky, newly independent government (independence in 1961.)

Transition to Metal (Pre-Melody Instruments)

• Tamboo Bamboo bands begin experimenting with metal sounds in the early 20th century. Junkyard items include biscuit tins, industrial containers, brake drums. • Various sizes of container are used to simulate/replace tamboo bamboo rhythms; these instruments are purely rhythmic in nature - no melodic playing yet.

Ska

• The advent of radio sets and portable record players had a tremendous effect on Jamaican music • DJ-ing (setting up a sound system and playing records for people to dance to) becomes a popular activity. Eventually, live bands playing dance music become more popular than DJs • _______ music evolves from this

2. Cuban bolero

• The term bolero applies to several different musical styles, from various countries. In Cuba, the bolero is a slow-tempo ballad. • You can recognize the ______ by listening for the conga drums, which play a distinct "low-high-low" rhythmic pattern. • The listening example on reserve titled Quieto is a bolero

Tamboo Bamboo

• The word 'tamboo' is a Creolization of the French word tambour (drum); thus, __________ = 'bamboo drum' • Various lengths of bamboo were cut and used as either stamping tubes or rhythm sticks; basically, players were simulating African drumming rhythms on bamboo • Time frame = late 19th-early 20th century

Musical characteristics of samba music

• instrumentation is fairly simple: vocals, guitar or other strummed instruments (such as the cavaquinho), percussion • harmonically simple (not many chords used per song) • syncopated rhythms • medium to fast tempo

Musical characteristics of bossa nova

• slow to moderate tempo • soft, intimate dynamics • complex approach to harmony, borrowed in large part from American jazz music • "stuttering" guitar: a syncopated method of strumming chords pioneered by Gilberto • more poetic, sometimes highbrow lyrical content

1. salsa

• what is called "salsa" today is the direct descendant of the Cuban son. • Characteristic elements of the salsa style include clave rhythm, a moderate to fast tempo, and an emphasis on both vocal and instrumental improvisation. • There are three listening examples on reserve that are in the salsa style: 1. El no le quiere na' 2. Song for Cal 3. Machito Forever

3. cha cha cha

•first created in the 1950s. It is almost always played in a moderate tempo. • can be recognized by listening for the guiro (a scraped idiophone), and by listening for a steady four-beat pulse played on the small timbale cowbell. • The listening example on reserve titled Soul Burst is a cha cha cha. You will not hear the cowbell in this example; rather, the timbale player plays the cymbal on the beats instead. • Oye Como Va, also on reserve, is another example of the cha cha cha style.