Music 324- Exam 3

TSOP (the sound of Philadelphia)

A 1974 hit recording by MFSB featuring vocals by the Three Degrees. A classic example of the Philadelphia soul genre, it was written by Gamble and Huff as the theme for an American musical television program Soul Train, which specialized in African American musical performers. It was the first television theme song to reach number one on the Billboard hot 100.

Bob Marley

A Jamaican singer, songwriter, and musician. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady as well as his distinctive vocal and songwriting style. His music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide and made him a global figure in popular culture for over a decade. Over the course of his career he became known as a Rastafarian icon and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. Hr is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial for his outspoken support for the legalization of marijuana while he also advocated for Pan-Africanism

Boogie woogie

A blues piano style characterized by strong, repetitive bass figures, usually in a shuffle rhythm.

Soul music

A combination of the intensity of African American gospel with popular R&B styles, exemplified in the late 1960s recordings of Aretha Franklin and James Brown.

Alan Freed

A disc jockey who began playing a unique style of music at the time called "rhythm-and-blues" on a Cleveland radio show, who gained a wide following from black and white teenagers due to his on-air attitude and style, gaining a wide following for this new genre that evolved into rock-and-roll. He coined the term rock n' roll

Slap-back

A distinctive short reverberation with few repetitions, often heard in the recordings of rockabilly artists, such as the Sun Records recordings of Elvis Presley.

CBGB

A dive bar and music club that opened in 1973 in Manhattan's east village. It was opened by Hilly Kristal.

Gangsta rap

A form of rap which emerged in the late 80s and expressed the violence of inner-city life. Particularly themes pertaining to gangs and gang-like activity

Heavy metal

A genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom. This genre's roots are in blues rock, psychedelic rock, and acid rock. Bands of this genre developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by distortion, extended guitar solos, empathic beats, and loudness. The lyrics and performances are sometimes associated with aggression and machismo.

Disco

A late 1970s style incorporating elements of pop, salsa, funk and soaring vocals into a club-focused dance experience. A style of pop music intended mainly for dancing to, typically soul-influenced and melodic with a regular bass beat, popular particularly in the late 1970s.

Woodstock music and arts festival

A music festival held in 1969 in Bethel, New York. This festival has been largely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation.

Garage band

A neighborhood group made up of young musicians who play mainly for themselves, their friends, and the occasional high school dance. Their music usually consisted of fairly simple melodies and lyrics accompanied by two or three chords and a simple beat. The rough-and-ready, do-it-yourself attitude of the garage bands paved the way for punk rock

Cover

A new performance or recording by someone other than the original artist or composer of a song

Feedback

A special kind of positive loop gain which occurs when a sound loop exists between an audio input (for example a microphone or guitar pickup) and an audio output (for example a power amplified loudspeaker).

Reggae

A style of music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and American music, often dealing with social problems and religion.

Chicago electric blues

A style of postwar urban blues that was derived directly from the Mississippi Delta tradition of Charley Patton and Robert Johnson. It featured the amplified sound of instruments such as the electric guitar and harmonica and reflected the musical tastes of black Chicagoans, many of them recent immigrants from the Deep South. The music tended toward rougher, grittier styles, closely linked to African American folk traditions but also reflective of an urban orientation.

Art rock

A subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements

Carole King

American Singer-songwriter who has been active since 1958 initially as one of the staff songwriters at the Brill Building and later a solo artist. She is the most successful female songwriter of the latter half of the 20th century in the US, having written or co-written 118 pop hits on the Billboard Hot 100. She also wrote 61 hits that charted in the UK.

Brian Wilson

American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer who co-founded The Beach Boys. He had unorthodox approaches to pop composition and mastery of recording techniques. Also known for his struggles with mental illness. He is often referred to as a genius and is widely acknowledged as one of the most innovative and significant songwriters of the late 20th century.

Chicago

American rock band formed in 1967 in Chicago, Illinois calling themselves the Chicago Transit Authority. Self-described as the "rock and roll band with horns." Blended elements of classical music, jazz, R&B, and pop music. Wrote songs with politically charged lyrics and later moved to a softer sound generating several hit ballads. In 2008 they ranked number 13 in a list of the top 100 artists of all time for hot 100 singles chart success by Billboard. This band is one of the longest-running and most successful rock groups and one of the world's best-selling groups of all time, having sold more than 100 million records. They were the first rock act to sell out Carnegie Hall for a week.

Allman Brothers Band

American rock band formed in Jacksonville, Florida in 1969. The band incorporated elements of blues jazz, and country music, and their live shows featured jam band-style improvisation and instrumentals.

Aretha Franklin

American singer, songwriter, actress, pianist, and civil rights activist. Began her career singing gospel. Had several hits while signing with Atlantic Records in 1966. Became the "Queen of Soul."

Chuck Berry

American singer, songwriter, and guitarist and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. Nicknamed the "Father of Rock and Roll" he refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive. Writing lyrics that focused on teen life and consumerism and developing a music style that included guitar solos and showmanship, he was a major influence on subsequent rock music.

Bruce Springsteen

American singer, songwriter, and musician who is both a solo artist and the leader of the E. Street Band. Received critical acclaim for his early 1970s album and attained worldwide fame upon the release of Born to Run in 1975. He has become known for his poetic, socially conscious lyrics and energetic stage performances, sometimes lasting up to four hours in length. He has been given the nickname "The Boss." He has recorded both rock albums and folk-oriented works, and his lyrics often address the experiences and struggles of working-class Americans.

Buddy Holly

American singer-songwriter who was a central and pioneering figure of the mid-1950s rock and roll. Born in Lubbock, Texas to a musical family during the Great Depression and learned to play guitar and sing alongside his siblings. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues acts. Started out performing country and western then moved entirely to rock and roll.

Rhythm and blues (R&B)

An African American musical genre that emerged after World War II and consists of a loose cluster of styles derived from black musical traditions, characterized by energetic and hard-swinging rhythms. At first performed exclusively by black musicians and aimed at black audiences, R&B came to replace the older category of "race records."

Big Joe Turner

An American blues shouter from Kansas City, Missouri. His greatest fame was due to his rock and roll recordings in the 1950s particularly "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" but his career as a performer endured from the 1920s into the 1980s.

Afrika bambaataa

An American disc jockey, rapper, songwriter and producer from the South Bronx, New York. He is notable for releasing a series of genre-defining electro tracks in the 1980s that influenced the development of hip hop culture.

Berry Gordy, Jr.

An American record executive, record producer, songwriter, film producer, and television producer. He is best known as the founder of the Motown record label and its subsidiaries, which was the highest-earning African-American business for decades.

Chubby Checker

An American rock 'n roll singer and dancer. Widely known for popularizing many dance styles including the twist dance style. He also popularized the "Limbo Rock" and its trademark limbo dance, as well as various dance styles such as The Fly.

Bill Haley and His Comets

An American rock and roll band founded in 1952. From late 1954 to late 1956 the group placed nine singles in the Top 20 one of those a number one and three more in the Top Ten. The single "Rock Around the Clock" became the biggest selling rock and roll ingle in the history of the genre and retained that position for several years.

Alice Cooper

An American singer, songwriter, actor, and presidential candidate whose career spans over 50 years. With a raspy voice and a stage show that features numerous props, including pyrotechnics, guillotines, electric chairs, fake blood, reptiles, baby dolls, and dueling swords, Cooper is considered by music journalists and peers to be "The Godfather of Shock Rock." He has drawn equally from horror films, vaudeville, and garage rock to pioneer a macabre and theatrical brand of rock designed to shock audiences

Bob Dylan

An American singer-songwriter, author, and visual artist. Widely regarded as one of the greatest songwriters of all time. He has been a major figure in popular culture for more than 50 years. He made many anthems that became important to the civil rights and anti-war movements. His lyrics during this period incorporated a range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences, defied pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture.

Funk music

Centered on the creation of a strong rhythmic momentum or groove, with the electric bass and bass drum often playing on all four main beats of the measure, the snare drum and other instruments playing equally strongly on the second and fourth beats (the backbeats), and interlocking ostinato patterns distributed among other instruments, including guitar, keyboards, and horns. This genre brought the focus on dancing back into the pop mainstream.

Distortion

Forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain, producing a "fuzzy," "growling," or "gritty" tone

Beach Boys

Founded in California in 1961, they popularized the "California sound" in the early 1960s. Their hit songs included "Surfin' Safari," "Surfer Girl," "California Girls," "Surfin' USA" and "Good Vibrations."

Acid rock (psychedelic rock)

Genre of American rock that emerged in the late 1960s, often associated with psychedelic drugs. Its style featured heavy amplification, instrumental improvisation, new sound technologies, and light shows.Page 375

Dick Clark

He was an American radio and television personality, television producer and film actor, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting American Bandstand from 1956 to 1989. He introduced rock and roll to many Americans. Episodes he hosted were among the first in which blacks and whites performed on the same stage, and likewise among the first in which the live studio audience sat without racial segregation. often referred to as "America's oldest teenager" or "the world's oldest teenager".

Dick Dale

He was known as the King of Surf Guitar: an American rock guitarist. Was one of the most influential guitarists of all time, especially in the 1960s. Many credit him with tremolo picking. His speedy single-note staccato picking technique was unmatched. also pushed the limits of electric amplification technology, helping to develop new equipment that was capable of producing thick and previously unheard volumes including the first-ever 100-watt guitar amplifier. He also pioneered the use of portable reverb effects.

The British invasion

Influx of bands and musicians from Britain during the 60's. Huge influence on the American music scene. For example the Beatles and the Rolling Stones

Digital samplers

Is an electronic musical instrument similar in some respects to a synthesizer but, instead of generating sounds, it uses recordings (or "samples") of sounds that are loaded or recorded into it by the user and then played back by means of the sampler program itself, a keyboard, sequencer or other triggering device to perform or compose music.

Monterey international pop festival

Large, open-air music festivals became an important element of rock culture in the late 60's. Became the first important international rock festival. Wide variety of acts including Jimi Hendrix, The Who, Otis Redding, Booker T. & the MG's, and the Mamas and the Papas.

Brill building

Located in Manhattan, this building is famous for housing music industry offices and studios where some of the most popular American songs were written. It is considered to have been the center of the American music industry that dominated the pop charts in the early 1960s.

Jazz rock

Loosely defined category that included commercially successful collaborations between jazz and rock musicians along with a variety of hybrid styles that melded rock aesthetics and instrumentation with the harmonic and rhythmic complexity and improvisational virtuosity of contemporary jazz. Popularized in the 1960s.

Crossover

Musical works or performers who appeal to different types of audience, for example by appearing on two or more of the record charts which track differing musical styles or genres. Like an artist of a jazz genre appealing to a pop genre.

PMRC

Parents Music Resource Center - key in bringing about labeling of objectionable music

Bubblegum rock

Pop music with an upbeat sound that is considered to be disposable, contrived, or marketed for children and adolescents

Iggy Pop

Punk rock singer and leader of the Stooges famous for his outrageous stage performances, which included flinging himself into the crowd, cutting himself with beer bottles, and rubbing himself with raw meat. An American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor. Designated the "Godfather of Punk", he was the vocalist and lyricist of influential proto-punk band the Stooges. Is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics, poetic lyrics and distinctive voice. His music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, heavy metal, art rock, new wave, jazz, blues, and electronic.

Grunge rock

Seattle-based rock style characterized by harsh guitar chords; hybrid of punk rock and heavy metal.

Donna Summer

She was an American singer, songwriter and actress. She gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s and became known as the "Queen of Disco", while her music gained a global following.

Antoine "Fats" Domino

Singer, pianist, and songwriter, who was an established presence on the rhythm & blues charts for several years by the time he scored his first large-scale pop breakthrough with "Ain't It a Shame" in 1955 and ultimately became the second best-selling artist of the 1950s. One of the pioneers of rock and roll music. He had eleven top 10 hits.

David Bowie

Singer-songwriter and actor. Was a leading figure in the music industry and is regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. He was a leading figure in the music industry and is regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. He was acclaimed by critics and musicians, particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, with his music and stagecraft having a significant impact on popular music. Made "Glam rock" famous.

Country rock

Subgenre of popular music, formed from the fusion of rock and country. It was developed by rock musicians who began to record country-flavored records in the late-1960s and early-1970s

Southern rock

Subgenre of rock music and a genre of Americana. It developed in the Southern US from rock & roll, country music, and blues, and is focused generally on electric guitar and vocals

Jump blues

The first commercially successful category of rhythm & blues, flourished during and just after World War II. Ensembles were smaller than the big bands of the swing era and specialized in hard-swinging, boogie-woogie-based party music, spiced with humorous lyrics and wild stage performances.

Payola

The illegal practice of payment to commercial radio in which the song is presented as being part of the normal day's broadcast, without announcing that there has been consideration paid in cash or in kind for its airplay adjacent to the recordings broadcast.

Overdubbing

The process of recording an additional part onto an existing recording.

Alternative music

The term "alternative"—like the broadly equivalent terms "underground" and "independent"—is used across a wide range of popular genres, including rock, rap, adult contemporary, dance, folk, and country music. It is used to describe music that challenges the status quo; anticommercial, and antimainstream, it is thought by its supporters to be local as opposed to corporate, homemade as opposed to mass-produced, and genuine as opposed to artificial. The music industry's use of "alternative" is bound up with the need of the music business to identify and exploit new trends, styles, and audiences.

Eagles

This band is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971. One of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s. They one of the world's best-selling bands, having sold more than 200 million records, including 100 million sold in U.S alone. They were ranked number 75 on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.

Kool Herc

a Jamaican DJ who is credited for originating hip hop music in the Bronx, New York City, in the 1970s through his "Back to School Jam" Known as the "Founder of Hip-Hop" and "Father of Hip-Hop", he began playing hard funk records of the sort typified by James Brown. began to isolate the instrumental portion of the record which emphasized the drum beat—the "break"—and switch from one break to another. Using the same two-turntable set-up of disco DJs, he used two copies of the same record to elongate the break. This breakbeat DJing, using funky drum solos, formed the basis of hip hop music. his announcements and exhortations to dancers helped lead to the syncopated, rhythmically spoken accompaniment now known as rapping.

Jimmy Cliff

a Jamaican ska and reggae musician, multi-instrumentalist, singer, and actor.

Newport folk festival

a festival that began in 1959 as a counterpart to the more famous Jazz music festival held annually in Newport, Rhode Island. The folk festival featured the stars of the folk revival, including many whose popularity allowed them to crossover into the pop music charts of the 1960s. In 1965, Dylan performed at the festival with a band that featured electric guitars and basses. Dylan's "plugging in" (using electric instruments) was controversial, and alienated many of his folk revival fans.

Funk Brothers

a group of Detroit-based session musicians who performed the backing to most Motown recordings. Its members are considered among the most successful groups of studio musicians in music history.

MTV

a popular "rock" music cable channel that began to challenge radio during the 1980s as an outlet for promoting new acts.

Wall of sound

a production technique developed and popularized by Phil Spector that involved the use of large instrumental groups, liberal doses of reverb, and multi-track overdubbing

Analog recording

a recording that is made by capturing the fluctuations of the original sound waves and storing those signals on records or cassettes as a continuous stream of magnetism-analogous to the actual sound

Beatles

a rock group from Liverpool who between 1962 and 1970 produced a variety of hit songs and albums (most of it written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon). Regarded as the most influential band of all time. They were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rocks. They were pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation and revolutionized many aspects of the music industry and publicized as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.

New wave

a second wave of punk that incorporated pop oriented sensibilities

Glam rock

a style of rock music first popular in the early 1970s, characterized by male performers wearing exaggeratedly flamboyant clothes and makeup. Showy appearance and glamour

Scratching

a technique used to transform a turntable into a musical instrument, quickly pushing and pulling records on the turntable, resulting in a variety of effects: loops, musical bursts, and backward playback.

Earth, Wind and Fire

an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, funk, jazz, disco, pop, dance, Latin, and Afro pop. They have been described as one of the most innovative and commercially successful acts of all time. The band is known for its kalimba sound, dynamic horn section, energetic and elaborate stage shows.

Grandmaster Flash

an American hip hop recording artist and DJ. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of hip hop DJing, cutting, scratching and mixing. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007, becoming the first hip hop act to be honored. In 2019 he won the Polar Music Prize.

Little Richard

an American musician, singer, and songwriter. He was an influential figure in popular music and culture for seven decades. Nicknamed "The Innovator, The Originator, and The Architect of Rock and Roll" his music is characterized by frenetic piano playing, pounding back beat and raspy shouted vocals, laid the foundation for rock and roll. His innovative emotive vocalizations and uptempo rhythmic music also played a key role in the formation of other popular music genres, including soul and funk. He influenced numerous singers and musicians across musical genres from rock to hip hop; his music helped shape rhythm and blues for generations.

Jimi Hendrix

an American musician, singer, and songwriter. he is widely regarded as one of the most influential electric guitarists in the history of popular music, and one of the most celebrated musicians of the 20th century. was inspired by American rock and roll and electric blues. He favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in popularizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He was also one of the first guitarists to make extensive use of tone-altering effects units in mainstream rock, such as fuzz distortion, Octavia, wah-wah, and Uni-Vibe. He was the first musician to use stereophonic phasing effects in recordings.

Louis Jordan

an American musician, songwriter and bandleader who was popular from the late 1930s to the early 1950s. Known as "The King of the Jukebox", he earned his highest profile towards the end of the swing era.

Ice-T

an American rapper, singer, songwriter, musician, actor, record producer, and author. He began his career as an underground rapper in the 1980s. He founded the record label Rhyme $yndicate Records. Encountered controversy over his track "Cop Killer", the lyrics of which discussed killing police officers.

Journey

an American rock band from the 1970s. Wrote Don't Stop Believin'.

Credence Clearwater Revival

an American rock band which recorded and performed from 1968-1972. Their music style encompassed roots rock, swamp rock, and blues rock. Their lyrics were about bayous, catfish, the Mississippi river and other popular elements of Southern United States iconography. The band's songs concentrated on political and socially-conscious lyrics about topics such as the Vietnam War. Performed at Woodstock.

Jefferson Airplane

an American rock band. Became one of the pioneering bands of psychedelic rock. They were headliners at the Monterey Pop Festival (1967), Woodstock (1969), Altamont Free Concert (1969), and the first Isle of Wight Festival (1968).

Elvis Presley

an American singer, musician and actor. He is regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century and is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King". His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations, led him to great success—and initial controversy. He is the best-selling solo music artist of all time, and was commercially successful in many genres, including pop, country, R&B, adult contemporary, and gospel.

Moody Blues

an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Through stage and video performances, he popularized complicated dance techniques such as the moonwalk, to which he gave the name, and the robot. His sound and style have influenced artists of various genres, and his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. He is the most awarded artist in the history of popular music. His music videos are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool

Marvin Gaye

an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. He helped to shape the sound of Motown in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of hits, earning him the nicknames "Prince of Motown" and "Prince of Soul".

George Clinton

an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, and record producer. developed an influential and eclectic form of funk music during the 1970s that drew on science fiction, outlandish fashion, psychedelia, and surreal humor.

James Brown

an American singer, songwriter, dancer, musician, record producer and bandleader. A progenitor of funk music and a major figure of 20th century music and dance, he is often referred to by the honorific nicknames "Godfather of Soul", "Mr. Dynamite", and "Soul Brother No. 1" moved from a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms and styles to a profoundly "Africanized" approach to music-making, emphasizing stripped-down and interlocking rhythms, that influenced the development of funk music.

Madonna

an American singer-songwriter and actress. Referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she is regarded as one of the most influential figures in popular culture. She is noted for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, and visual presentation. Additionally she is recognized for pushing the boundaries of artistic expression in mainstream music while remaining completely in charge of every aspect of her career. Her works, which incorporate social, political, sexual, and religious themes, have generated both critical acclaim and controversy. She is often cited as an influence by other artists.

Jerry Garcia

an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known for being a principal songwriter, the lead guitarist and a vocalist with the rock band the Grateful Dead, of which he was a founding member and which came to prominence during the counterculture of the 1960s. was also renowned for his musical and technical ability, particularly his ability to play a variety of instruments and sustain long improvisations with the Grateful Dead. He believed that improvisation took stress away from his playing and allowed him to make spur of the moment decisions that he would not have made intentionally.

Janis Joplin

an American singer-songwriter who sang rock, soul and blues music. One of the most successful and widely known rock stars of her era, she was noted for her powerful mezzo-soprano vocals and "electric" stage presence.

Eric Clapton

an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop."

Led Zeppelin

an English rock band formed in London in 1968. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music. The band have been credited with majorly impacting the nature of the music industry, particularly in the development of album-orientated rock (AOR) and stadium rock. Many critics consider this band one of the most successful, innovative, and influential rock groups in history.

Black Sabbath

an English rock band, formed in Birmingham in 1968, by guitarist and main songwriter Tony Iommi, bassist and main lyricist Geezer Butler, singer Ozzy Osbourne, and drummer Bill Ward. They are often cited as the pioneers of heavy metal music.

Elton John

an English singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Has received five Grammy Awards, five Brit Awards; including for Outstanding Contribution to Music; two Academy Awards, two Golden Globes, a Tony Award, a Disney Legends Award, and the Kennedy Center Honor.

Elvis Costello

an English singer-songwriter. became associated with the first wave of the British punk and new wave movement that emerged in the mid-to-late 1970s.

Concept album

an album by a solo artist or group that contains related songs on a common theme or even a story, rather than a collection of unrelated hits or covers

Drum machines

an electronic device that can be programmed to replicate drum sounds. Early drum machines used synthetic drum sounds, but eventually, sampled drum sounds (recordings of drums) were used, enabling non drummers to create complicated drum sounds.

Digital sequencers

devices that record musical data rather than musical sound and allow the creation of repeated sound sequences (loops), the manipulation of rhythmic grooves, and the transmission of recorded data from one program or device to another

Hip-hop

music that combines spoken street dialect with cuts (or samples) from older records and bears the influences of social politics, male boasting, and comic lyrics carried forward from blues, R&B, soul, and rock and roll

Surf music

popular genre of music originating from the surf culture of Southern California during the 1960's. Artists included the Beach Boys and Dale and the Del-tones.

Punk rock

rock music that challenges the orthodoxy and commercialism of the recording business; it is characterized by loud, unpolished qualities, a jackhammer beat, primal vocal screams, crude aggression, and defiant or comic lyrics

Digital recording

translates sound waves into binary on-off pulses and stores that information as numerical code