Music Appreciation: Quiz #4 (Ch. 18-22)

Jingju

"Theater of the capital"; Chinese Opera style (most famous)

Die Meistersinger (German play; history)

About a mistro singer; true story; known as the longest opera

Late Romantic Oprea

After Verdi and Wagner

Trends in opera

Archaeology, exoticism, history, present day; all usually centered around love(Romantic Opera)

Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)

Born in Bohemia to an abusive father; lost five brothers and sisters to diphtheria; many military marches were incorporated into his music; conductor; spent some time studying at Vienna Conservatory; Jewish; 10 symphonies, six song cycles; The Song of the Earth is considered his masterpiece; wife was Alma Schindler

Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)

Born in the Russian countryside; son of a mining inspector; St. Petersburg Conservatory (founded by Anton Rubinstein); a professor at Moscow U. at the age of 26; famous ballet scores include: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and the Nutcracker

Progressive

Change things to make it fit what people want; examples include; Liszt, The "Five", Dewssy (gamelan); liked what Wagner was doing

Modernism (1890-1940)

Changed views; refer to a speciel self-consciousness; new developments; caused the rise of impressionism for the French and expressionism for the Germans

Igor Stravinsky

Composer; known for his proactive statements extolling objectivity and attacking Romantic music

Donizetti (1797-1848)

Dominated after Rossini's retirement; simple, sentimental arias and blood-and-thunder action music; wrote more than 60 operas; most famous work = Lucia Lammernoor

Italian Opera composers

Donizetti, Puccine, Rossini*, Verdi*

Technology in the 19th centery

Einsteins theory; Darwin; Freud

Pars Fall (German play; myth)

Finds Holy Grail

Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1826)

Founder of German Romantic Opera; most important work = Der Freischutz (max sells his soul to the devil); supernatural subject matter with strongly moral overtone

Impressionism

French; paintings (very vague lines; can't entirely tell what something is; example would be Edouard Manet's In the Boat); music (no melody; has meter - blurred meter (syncopathm, polyrythem); no strong areas)

Wagner (1813-1883)

German; forced to flee - went to Paris; Gasamplcunstwerk = total work of art; always centers around German myth; coins the term Leitmtiu - seen mostly in movies, guiding motive; most influentual of 19th century composers; couldn't compose well

Experssionism

German; operas and art started to be centered around psychology

The Russian Kuchka

Group of five Russian nationalist composers; translated as the mighty five; included one trained musician, Mily Balakriv (1837-1910); other members included: Alexander Borodin (1833-1887; a chemist); Cesar Cui (1835-1918; engineer), Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908; navy man; most known for "Burousve"), and Modest Musorgsky (1839-1881; officer in the Russian Imperial Gaurd; "Night on Bald Mountain"); deep interest in Russian folklore

Zoltan Kodaly

Hungairan composer; worked with Bela Bartok

Nationalism became popular in music

Incorporation of national folk music into concert pieces

Rossini (1792- 1868)

Italian composer; most famous for crisp and elegant opera buffas - written in sonata form; gave up opera after his greatest success, William Tell

Verdi (1813-1901)

Italian composer; son of a storekeeper; played cruch organ; political figure; Nabucco; Opera that made Italy, Italy; favorite instrument was the human voice; music was recitative; pieces include: hymn "va pensiero" from Nabucco, the soprano aria "Addio, del passato" from la traviata, and the tenor aria "Celeste Aida" from Aida

Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77 (1878)

Johannes Brahms; wrote for a close friend, Joseph Joachim , a violinist

William Dean Howl

Leading realist novelist

Puccini (1858-1924)

Main Italian opera composer after Verdi; said to have brought and end to the great tradition of Itailian Romantic Opera; gift for short, intense vocal melodies and canny sense of the stage; capitalizing on romantic psychological deception in opera

Pictures at an Exhibition (1874)

Modest Musorgsky; Viktor Hartmann (painter); originally written for a piano solo

Bellini (1801 - 1835)

Most refined of the three early composers of Bel Canto; wrote fewer opera than the others;

Ring Cycle (German play; myth)

Much like Lord of the Rings; split into four parts, each 3-5 hours long, played on different nights (... ... ... ... ...); "Kill the rabbit"

Hoffman(French Opera)

Nutcracker; telss ....

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

Often called an impressionalist in music; also can be called a symbolist; occupies the boarder area between late 19th century and early 20th; won varies award in theory and composition; wrote Children's Corner; famous for his innovations in orchestration and in piano writing

Orphic aux Enfers(French Opera)

Orpheus in Hell; can-can

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)

Painted by Pablo Picasso

Piet Mondrian

Painter who made pictures out of straight lines at right angles with bright colors

French Opera is centered around...

Pop culture

Madame Butterfly (1904)

Puccini; derived from a play by American author David Belasco; true-to-life-story; in the wake of the opening of Japan to trade with the U.S

Thomas Eakins

Realist painter in America

Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944)

Russian-born painter; belonged in the German movement - expressionism; painted Romantic Landscape, almost entirely abstract from the outer world

The Valkyrie (1851-1856)

Second of four nights the The Ring; Siegmund and Sieglinde

Carman(French Opera)

Spain; beautiful; gypsy

Romeo and Juliet (1869, revised 1880)

Tchaikovsky (preferred the descriptions symphonic fantasia or overture-fantasy); followed the outlines of the original play in a general way; you can't easily identify his main themes with Shakespeare drama

Mad King of Prussia

Thought he was King Author; Bsyreuth(Wagner)

Rigoletto, Verdi (1851)

Verdi looked yo a play by Victor Hugo (le roi s'amuse or the king amuses himself) about a womanizing king; was an immediate success; set during the 16th century; Rigoletto is the hunchedback court jester of the Duke;

Tristan and Isolde (1859)

Wagner's first completed music drama; love story; represents love as a dominate force in life; found support in the writings of *Arthur Schopenhaur* - made his own formulation of the romantic insight... emotions

Music Drama

Wagner's program developed this new kind of opera in the 1950's; music in these works shares the honors of poetry, drama, and philosophy

The Nibelung's Ring (1848-1874)

Wagner; music drama in four parts, each three to five hours; involves gods and goddesses, giants and dwarfs, invisibility cloak; comparable to The Illiad

Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 1 (1888)

Went through a complicated process; started off as a symphonic poem in one-movement, grew to a 5-movement, and then 4-movement; same is true with many of his other symphonies

Conservative

Why change?; examples include: Brahms, Tchaik, and Dvorak; disliked Wagner

Symbolism

a consciously unrealistic movement, followed soon after impressionism; poets often voted against realism

Apaches

a group in which Stravinsky and Ravel called themselves this

The Blue Rider

a magazine names after a picture by the pioneer nonrepresentational painter Vasily Kandinsky

Lord Byron

a poet

Musical

a word symbolists liked to apply to their language; fascinated by the dramas of Richard Wagner

William Grant Still (1895-1978)

born in Mississippi to middle-class parents; father died while Still was an infant; studied science at Wiberforce University; awarded scholarships to peruse music; Troubled Island became the first opera by a black composer to be staged by a major company

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

born in the South of France; musician admire him for his superb workmanship and high style; brought to Paris at an early age; no fewer than 16yrs at the Paris Conservatory; contemporary was Claude Debussy; when Debussy died, Ravel was acknowledged as the leading composer of France; trip to America in 1928; developed a rare brain disease in 1932, made him unable to write down the music that was in his head

Ruth Crawford (1901-1953)

born into a ministers family in eastern Ohio; early talent as pianist; entered the American Conservatory in Chicago in 1921, but soon went to private study with Canadian pianist Djane Lavoie-Herz; met composer Henry Cowell; 1931, was the first woman to win Guggenheim Fellowship in composition; used the fellowship ro study in Berlin and Paris; collaborated on Charles' writing; taught music to pre-school children; had cancer

Igor Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part I, "The Adoration of the Earth" (1913)

caused a riot; audiences were shocked; the ballet has no real story; second part is called "The Sacrifice"

Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953)

child prodigy; composer,cunductor, pianist; born in present day Ukraine; Classcial Symphony, parody of Hydyns symphony; moved away from modern extermists; by 1930s reconized as a star world wide; Russia; Stalin; work rewrote; died same day as Stalin; Peter and the Wolf, a well known and loved childrens story he write (musicaly)

Alban Berg (1885-1935), Wozzeck (1923)

concived during World War I; can be described as Wagnerism

Twelve-tone System

defined by Schoenberg as a "method of composing with the twelve tones solely in relation to one another." This later became known as serialism, which can be regarded as the ultimate systematizing of the chromaticism developed by Romantic composers, especially Wagner.

Clouds, from Three Nocturnes (1899); Claude Debussy

described as impressionist; the word nocturne evokes a nighttime scene************** page 313

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

grew up in Europe's most intense music environment; largely self-taught in music; Alexander von Zemlinsky was a mentor; early music extened the late Romantic transition of Brahms and Mahler; was forced to leave Germany (he was Jewish); first great teacher since Bach

Leitmotivs

guiding or leading motive; Wagner become skillful in thematic transformation (the characteristic variation-like technique of the romantic composers

European literature

in the 1850's on was marked no by contintuing Romanticisim, but by realism; new invention = camera

Ojectivity

in the 1920's, used by many aritists

Alban Berg (1885-1935)

kept lines open to Romanisism; Lulu (1935), famous opera; both opera were banned by the Nazis; dies at the age of 50 from an infected insect bite; last work was a violin concerto

Anton Webern (1883-1945)

life revolved around his strangely fragile artistic accomplishment; devoted conductor of Vienna Workers' Chorus

Piano Concerto in G (1931), Maurice Ravel

lighthearted piece; tribute to jazz; most outspoken tribute, but not his first;

Avant-garde

meaning "vanguard"; originally a military term; 1950 the second phase of this started to set in; not all modernist composers were part of this

Consonance

pg 28

Dissonance

pg 28

Other nationalists?

pg. 287

Symphonic Poems

series on work by Franz Liszt (started out composing etudes and other miniatures; some of his poems include: Hamlet, Orphous, Promethoues, and Les Preludes); a symphonic poem is a one-movement orchestral composition with a program, in free musical form

Aaron Copland (1900-1990)

son of Russian-Jewish immigrants living in Brooklyn; studied in Paris; worked with Nadia Boulanger; promoted American music; organized concerts; leftist ideology; art should serve the people; wrote A Lincoln Portrait and Fanfare for the Common Man; one of the most beloved figures of American music

Charles Ives (1874-1954)

son of a Civil War military bandmaster; church organist as a teen, then went to Yale; Horatio Parker was his teacher; after 1920, he almost gave up music entriely; tinkered with old music

Modest Musorgsky (1839-1881)

son of a well-to-do landowner; experimented with musical composition; masterpiece = Boris Godunov (based on story by Russian poet Alexander Pushkin)

Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)

son of orchestral musicain; by the time he was 7 he was studying with one of Hamburgs finest teachers; born in Hamburg; gravitated toward Vienna; rejected many of the innovations of the early Romantics and went back to Classical genres (strang qaurtets, chmaber music works); only Romantic genre he used was minuture; Romantic emotion with traditional stregnth and poise of Classical

Bela Bartok (1881-1945)

unusual talent as a pianist and composer at an early age; father was a principal of an agricultural school in Hungary; mother worked as a piano teacher after fathers death; had a very varied career; him and second wife were composers and pianists, would often play together; directed the Budapest Academy of Music, were he and Kodaly tried new ideas of teaching; Mikrokosmos, a series of 153 graded piano pieces starting with the very esaiest, its the most well known and most used to introduce modernism; took on investigation of Hungarian folk music, writing many books on the topic; opposed to the Nazis; in 1940 he came to America

The Unanswered Question (1906), Charles Ives

utterly quiet, serene, and soleman; requires two conductors