Music test

DAW

(Digital Audio Workstation) A computer software program used for recording, editing, and producing audio files.

blocked chord

3 or more notes of a chord that are played at the same time. A chord played Harmonically Easier to sight read Read chord charts Quick and simple method of accompanimant

Literary and musical background of the ballade ganre

3 stanzas with 7 or 8 lines Narrative that could be comic, romantic, tragic Renewed interest during the romantic era 18th and 19 century Poets wrote set to music Goethe, SChiller, Fontana, Platen Composers who set literary ballades to music include: Wagner, Schubert, Schumann, Liszt. Composers who wrote strictly instrumental ballades: Chopin, Brahms

Suzuki Method

A system developed in the 1940s by a Japanese music educator who believed that learning to play a musical instrument is like learning to speak a first language.

Bloom's Taxonomy

A system for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. Includes the following competencies: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

music dynamics markings

Piano.. soft. Pianissimo..very soft. Mezzo piano .. medium soft. Mezzo forte.. medium loud. Forte.. loud. Fortissimo .. Very loud. Crescendo increasingly louder. decrescendo or diminuendo. Increasing softer. Gradually.

Dalcroze Method

Teaches an understanding of music - its fundamental concepts, its expressive meanings, and its deep connections to other arts and human activities - through ground breaking techniques incorporating rhythmic movement, aural training, and physical, vocal and instrumental improvisation.

General Principles of conducting beat patterns

The downbeat of the pattern always indicates the strongest pulse of the pattern. Downward stroke of the hand. The last beat of the pattern is always the weakest beat. Upward stroke of the hand.

Key elements to a unified ensemble

Tuning, balance , phrasing, articulation and cut-offs.

Harmonics

frequencies that are multiples of fundamental frequency. Pure tones and most approximate the pitches in standard western tuning.

mechanisms of singing

air comes in, then goes out and hits the vocal folds in the larynx at the top of the trachea, passes through the glottis causing the folds to vibrate and produce sound.

Music License

Control of the performance of musical compositions by the composers and authors through granting of a license to perform. Controlled by the copyright laws.

Laban's theory of movement education

Four elements of movement Flow Weight Time Space 8 actions Punch Slash Dab Flick Press Wring Glide Float

Accommodating students with physical disabilites

Free from obstacles Develop motor skills Develop aural skills

Correct use of breath singing

Inhale first Deep initiated bye the contraction of the diaphragm Vacuum to the lungs , begins the intake of oxygen Control the rate of exhalation Do not allow chest to collapse.

periodical database for music

JSTOR ..Journal Storage. 32 scholarly journals. Includes Early music History..Music Analysis.. The Musical Quarterly.. The Music Index.. Includes.over 655 music journals . The International Index of music. International Journal or Music education EThnomusicology Jazz education Journal RIPM

Impressionism in the visual art vs. Impressionism in the musical arts

Monte, Degas, Renoir. Morisot Debussy,

reverberation time

the amount of time (in seconds) it takes a signal that was abruptly turned off to decrease in intensity by 60 dB. Many factors affect time, size of the space, things within the space. Ceiling height, shape of space and amount of people in the space.

music education

the goal is to develop independent musicians through the use of conceptual teaching of musical skills. sing in tune; keep a steady beat, listen to different styles, perform music, use music terminology and elements of music. appropriate methodology to integrate music into the content areas and apply the legal and ethical principles of music education. Also be an advocate for proper concert etiquette .

Arpeggio, arpeggiation in accompaniant

the playing of the tones of a chord in rapid succession rather than simultaneously Fills out the texture and sound and adds forward motion the music

Overtones

tones that result from sound waves that are multiples of the basic tone; primary determinant of timbre. For every one frequency there are multiple other frequencies.

Vowel uniformity

- Helps us to be clear and consistent in our diction and thus help our communication to our audience.

David Elliot

-"Music Matters: A New Philosophy of Music Education" -States that he is opposed to MEAE because it is not a logical and comprehensive foundation -Students should not only focus on listening to music in an aesthetic manner, but also be taught musicianship -Proposes a praxial philosophy - active music making -"MUSIC is a diverse human practice." -music/musicer/musicing, listenable/listener/listening -Stages of musicianship: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert

MIDI technology

-Musical Instrument Digital Interface -allows communication between digital keyboards, computers, and cell phones -does not record a digital version of a sound recording

Licensing resources

-National Music Publisher's Association (NMPA) -Music Publisher's Association (MPA) -American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) -Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) -Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) -Harry Fox Agency (HFA)

Finale, Nightingale, and Overture

-Nightingale: only available on Mac -Overture: similar to MIDI. Finale is one of the most highly used ststems

Notation Software

-Sibelius, Finale, MagicScore Maestro

Sectional rehearsals and full ensemble rehearsals

-allow players to fine-tune their parts together and fix other technical/musical problems -should be scheduled before or after a full ensemble rehearsal -should be clear of sectional objectives

Preventing student behavior issues

-clear, concise instructions -reinforce instructions by modeling activity -establish rules, awards, and consequences

Selecting music for an ensemble

-consider ability level, strengths and weaknesses, number of rehearsals before performance

Mechanisms of a simple sound system

-consists of an input transducer, signal processing, and an output transducer

Principles of sequencing a music curriculum

-content sequencing: instructor should analyze the content for the main item and the organize the general content into a hierarchical structure -task sequencing: analyze the skill involved and order the learning progression from simple, more elementary task towards more complex skills that build on previous tasks -sequencing of elaboration: students are given an overall view of knowledge, and then presented with basic content first, progressing towards more detailed info while keeping the organizing overall theme in place

Fair use provision in the 1976 Copyright Act

-educators ar exempt from certain copyright laws -allowed to make up to 10 percent of the entire work for each student, but cannot reproduce an entire copyrighted work for the classroom

Every Pupil Responds instructional technique

-ensures student inclusion during a lesson -allows the teacher to quickly and efficiently check for understanding

Establishing classroom rules

-establish rules and consequences in the beginning Explain expectations Consequences for behavior

Performance competencies for students in pre-k

-experiences music through listening, feeling, moving, and experimenting with their voice pitch and timbre -use their voices in singing, chanting, and speaking with accomp and on their own -improvise their own melodies and patterns on different instruments -relate musical sounds to other objects, symbols, and animals -experience a wide variety of genres and styles

accommodating students with visual impairments

-focus on aural and tactile methods -allow time for the student to physically explore the instrument -use braille music code for lessons on staff notation

Role of improvisation

-formation of new ideas, sounds, and direction -foster freer musical creativity through singing or playing along to an existing track

Using adaptive technology for helping students with disabilities

-iPad apps, braille, toggles, joysticks, clamps, cochlear implants, hearing aids, vibration based technology

Proper microphone technique for vocal amplification

-ideal fit between the voice and the mic. High pitched voices need a mic that adds warmth , where as a darker voice need a mic that can add and lighten the sound. Sing into the center of the mic

Role of music education in cultural diversity

-include Latin, South African, Indian, Chinese, Japanese music to illustrate basic arts standards

teacher feedback

-integrate informal assessment techniques -short on the spot quizzes, informal questioning and discussion Help students

Incorporating music theory instruction during a full rehearsal

-introduce new theoretical concepts before rehearsing a piece -always use appropriate terminology -give brief theory quizzes

Teaching rhythm to an elementary class

-kinesthetic movement -students can mimic clapping, dancing -assign visaul/verbal labels once certain rhythms are learned

Sample six-week curriculum and objectives for grades 1-2

-learn about music by doing -curriculum should include a balance of playing, singing, and moving to music -week 1: games and songs that introduce steady beat -week 2: steady beat reinforced while associating certain beats and counts -week 3: steady beats and notes reinforced by movement and songs -week 4: compose rhythms of quarter and half notes -week 5 & 6: continue to reinforce concepts as well as improvise on the learned rhythms through games, dance, and songs

Teaching musical aesthetics and expression

-modeling to demonstrate physical and aural expression -guided listening -analyze, reflect, and evaluate musical performances with other students

Motivating students in the music classroom

-motivated students result in higher engagement and better learning -become a role model -know students well -positive reinforcement and constructive criticism -set realistic performance goals

extrinsic motivation in the classroom

-motivation that exists for an individual apart form the activity -satisfaction lies in an external reward, pressure, or external prompt

intrinsic motivation in the classroom

-motivation that exists for an individual in the activity itself -satisfaction in the activity

Accommodating kinesthetic learners

-need to integrate movement -lessons should be short with breaks to stand up and move -require movement when teaching new concepts such as rhythm and meter

Helping students with dyslexia understand written musical notation

-notation can be enlarged -use color coded overlays -use multi-sensory approach such as Dalcroze and Kodaly techniques, visual and aural, technology, pattern learning, and graphics

Affects of physical, cognitive, and social development on music learning

-puberty ages 10-14 for girls and 12-16 for boys -may need help with posture as growth spurts occur -voice development will be affected

Use of the Socratic method

-questions compel the student to use critical thinking for a solution or answer -especially useful for teaching self-assessment, critical thinking, and developing musical expression

Classroom computer for music use

-reinforce lesson materials, launching pad for music tech instruction, offer students a wide variety of resources for making music

Appropriate classroom objectives for grades 5-8

-reinforcing skills learned in K-4 -sing with expression, on pitch, alone and in groups -perform one instrument alone and in groups -play simple tunes by ear -improvise short melodies -compose simple compositions -read treble and bass clef, whole, half quarter, etc. notes and rests -analyze basic meter, rhythm, intervals, chords, and tonality -relate music to history, arts, and other disciplines

Integrating music instruction with common core subjects

-relate questions and answers in music to English or any other subject

Musical content standards for grades 5-8

-sing independently and in a group in 2-3 parts with expression -perform instruments independently and in groups with accuracy, expression, and good technique -improvise short melodies and simple harmonic accomp. in a consistent style, meter, and tonality -read standard notation and understand compound meters -describe and analyze specific elements of music in listening -evaluate their own and others performances based on their own criteria -compare and contrast music with other fine arts and disciplines -classify and describe various genres and styles of music in history and other world cultures

Musical content standards for grades K-4

-sing independently and in groups on pitch and rhythm, with dynamics, articulation, and phrasing -perform instruments in groups with easy rhythmic, melodic, and choral patterns, with a steady tempo -improvise simple musical answers and accompaniment for familiar melodies -compose simple short songs -read basic notation -move to music and identify instrumental sounds -explain personal preferences to certain music with terminology -identify similarities and differences in various arts and disciplines -identify carious genres or roles of music in daily life

Non-formal teaching and informal learning

-students self-led exploration of musical learning with or without an experienced mentor

Accommodating visual learners

-use a projector, handouts, or demonstrate concerts visually -encourage students to make flashcards -pictures, diagrams, concept maps -make sure students can see

Accommodating aural learners

-use precise terms when explaining an idea -talk and discussion with other students -dont brush off questions allow for question and answer time -have spoken quizzes and tests

Keeping students focused and on task

-wait until students are silent to continue instruction -positive reinforcement -separate students -give misbehaving student a special task Redirect Quieting signal

Music philosophy of Bennett Reimer

-wrote A Philosophy of Music Education -music exists as an expressive form and cannot be limited to intellectual or other non-musical pursuits -argued fro integration of music in general education -performance should not be the focus

pure tone

A tone with pressure changes that can be described by a single sine wave. Frequency stays constant overt time.

Mixed choral formation

All parts and singers mixed together, good for intonation and mixing of sound at the audience . May requires more training.

Breathing warm-up

Engage the diaphragm Physically prepare lungs Prepares voice Mentally center the singer

Kodaly Method

Child-developmental approach, sequence, introducing skills in accordance with the capabilities of the child. Rhythm syllables (Quarter note = ta), (Eighth note pairs = ti-ti), (Half note = Ta-a) Moveable-do solfege and hand signs

Choral balance vs. choral blend

Choral balance : equal level of sound coming for all ranges of voices. Choral Blend: the uniformity of vowel formation and tone among the singers.

Blocked choral formation

Choral parts are grouped together .. All sopranos , altos tenor basses singing from front down to back row. Suited for homophonic pieces

Column choral formation

Choral parts separated in columns. Tenors behind Sopranos. basses behind Altos. Good for polyphonic music

Classical timbre vs popular timbre

Classical timbre the mouth is trained to have ahigh palate is in a yawn, open formal sound. Popular this is more flexibity, high and low palate. Classical rich vibrato , Pop.. less vibrato. Classical pure vowels. Not so much in popular singing.

Influence of the conductor on an ensemble

Emotional content Musical expression

Orff-Schulwerk Approach

Exploration - Allows students to seek out not only the different musical aspects that the Orff instruments offer but they also explore aural/oral skills and the different motions and expressions that the body is capable of

Basic elements of conducting

Indicates the tempo and meter Clear beat pattern Preparatory beats Releases Indicates, fermatas, changes in tempo, dynamics Interpretation of music Score study Role of free hand

The role of resonance

In the voice enables the voice to carry with a more vibrant and rich sound. Air passes through the vocal chord , this movement creates the frequency or pitch the the audience hears.

Measures to protect ears

Limi band practice to 2 hours Hearing protection Avoid listening to portable music at high volumes

Elements of a music needed to perform a piece of music

Music—performers—Audience—Time and space Analysis melody, rhythm. Harmony Dynamics And other things such as this

Position of the Baton and the roles of the free hand

Natural extension of the hand and arm. Musical tool of expression Elbow should be slightly raised away for the body so the baton can be clearly seen for all angles Free hand, reinforce dynamics, aid in cueing in parts., releases, phrasing and musical style .

Music performance outcomes dictating assessments components

Performance standards Provide guidelines Sing alone and with others Play instruments alone and with others Wide range of styles Evaluate music

Utilitarian approach to the philosophy of music education

Plato Aristotle Good character Civic responsibility Music is a tool to develop extra musical Benefit

Classroom routines

Procedures executed at the level of automaticity that minimize disruption and maximize instructional time

Aesthetic approach to music education

Reiner, Micheal Mark, Elliot Eisner, Maxine Green Music should be studied for itself They felt through music students could develop felling and symbolic communication Pure enjoyment of music and making music

Posture while condu

Shoulder width apart Knees should not bend Spine tall Arms be in a attention position Wrists flexible

Choral Blend

Singer should pay attention to vowel modification , dynamics, and vocal vibrato . Pure vowels. Raised palette produces pure vowels. Dynamics. Adjusted to compensate for the stronger singers as well as the weaker singers. Self monitoring Vibrato should be held to a minimum .

Solfege

Syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti) used to represent pitch classes in Western music traditions. Creates students understanding of high and low pitches Kodály using both hand signs and spatial reasoning. As the hand signs go up, so do the pitches and the same as they go down

Encyclopedia and dictionaries of music.

The Garland Encyclopedia 10 volumes The New Grove Dictionary 20 volumes (Western music) New grove also available online Oxford Music online Oxford Dictionary of music The Encyclopedia of Popular Music

role of conductor

The individual that coordinates the movements of the orchestra; the leader. Musical interpreter Solid conviction Understanding of music Know stylistic elements Own vision for music Understand the history of the music

Classically Trained Voice

The registrar of a voice refers to a range of pitches that have a similar. Tonal quality. Three registrars. Men Head. Chest. Falsetto. Women, chest . Middle. Head voice. Chest is heavier, lower ranges, head or middle voice for women upper ranges lighter tone quality . Falsetto or head voice for women, refers to the highest ranges above normal speaking voice.

Lifting the soft palate I vocal technique

The soft palate soft tissue the rises and falls as the mouth swallows and in speech. Responsible for the closing off the nasal cavity. In singing, singers use an open throat where the soft palate is raised and the larynx is lowered. This allows the sound quality to be more relaxed and free while easing register transitions . Maintaining the health for the vocal mechanisms . When singers lift the soft palate , the space within the oral cavity enlarges, helping to achieve more resonant, warm tone without restrictions.

Filtering software for music classrooms

To protect students from obscene, inappropriate and otherwise harmful websites on the internet. It can be set at a variety of levels and even on least restrictive setting, the software blocks pornographic content, obscene subject matter, and other inappropriate websites.

Long Exposure over time to high dB

Too much over time can caused permanent damage. Symptoms include: distorted or muffled hearing, hard time hearing high pitches, pain or ringing trouble understanding group conversations and such.

Issues in vocal health

Unhealthy voice: raspy, hoarse, strained How to help: drink water! Find ways not to yell, Proper rest

Regular full ensemble rehearsal

Warm ups Tuning Time with the conducting and playing various musical works Refining technically and musically Sight reading

Ostinato

a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition musical or rhythm. Stable foundation for the main melody lines Improvisation. The ostinato creates new ideas and melodies as the repeated figures stay constant . Allowing. The melody line to focus on a free delivery . When used on Baroque music called a basso ostinato or ground bass. Jazz music termed a riff or vamp

Inputting music into desktop music publishing software

notate the music as played by a MIDI instrument such as a keyboard or guitar or sung into a microphone manually placing each note and rest through the mouse.