My American History II 132

5. African American activists' concern that Allied victory should also promote their own rights as citizens led to what was known as the __________.

"Double V" campaign

36. African American activists' concern that Allied victory should also promote their own rights as citizens was known as the:

"Double V" campaign.

2. How did Gamal Abdel Nasser respond when the United States did not commit financial aid to his proposed Aswan High Dam?

He turned to America's political enemy, the Soviet Union.

9. Which statement identifies a domestic policy decision made by President George H.W. Bush?

He vetoed the family-leave bill.

29. Why did President Roosevelt encourage the passage of the Lend-Lease Act?

He wanted to provide aid to Britain in its struggle against Germany.

13. Why did the closeness of his 1960 victory cause Kennedy to move slowly on civil rights?

He was concerned about alienating southern Democrats who chaired important congressional committees, and who would make the passage of civil rights legislation virtually impossible.

5. Why was President Franklin D. Roosevelt reluctant to challenge racial segregation?

He was worried about offending the powerful Southern Democratic congressmen.

16. During the post-war Red Scare, many individuals suspected of communist sympathies experienced persecution and destruction of their careers:

based on little more than suspicion and vague accusations

6. When Grangers referred to a band of "thieves in the night," they were referring to __________.

businesses, especially railroads and banks, that charged high fees for their services

1. In 1947, President Truman publicly supported proposals for voting rights and antilynching laws, __________.

but did not introduce any legislation to make them law

7. How did machine politicians gain the votes of their constituencies in American cities at the turn of the century?

by offering a variety of services

2. Which of these in the new middle class was added to the ranks of the old middle class?

clerks

6. During the final third of the nineteenth century, the overall standard of living___________.

climbed, although erratically

7. Despite the working class's slim resources, workers comprised a new and important market for consumer goods because of their _________.

combined buying power

9. The women's liberation movement __________.

consisted of mostly white middle-class women

19. General Motors became more competitive by following a strategy of:

creating separate divisions, each appealing to a different market segment

3. What was the most enduring component of Black Power?

cultural nationalism

27.1 Under the Cold War's Shadow 1. Which of these helped create favorable conditions for the declaration of a truce in the Korean War?

death of Joseph Stalin

3. The Pentagon Papers exposed __________.

deception by presidents and military leaders regarding the role of the United States in Southeast Asia

1. What did Franklin D. Roosevelt do on the first day following his inauguration?

declared a four-day "banking holiday"

5. Plessy v. Ferguson was important because it ___________.

declared segregation constitutional

40. The greatest barrier to true U.S. neutrality was:

economic ties to the Allies

28. The greatest long term impact of the GI Bill of Rights was to promote:

education and job training

Shared Writing: Discuss the connections between the energy crisis and the rise of the environmental movement.

enotes: One connection between the energy crisis and the rise of the environmental movement in the 1970s was its role of watchdog in energy initiatives. As the oil crisis of the time period locked Americans into positions of vulnerability, the desire to seek alternate forms of energy spawned many initiatives by corporations who sought to seize the opportunity to turn good profit. The proliferation of building nuclear power plants as a way to offset the energy... In the fall of 1973 a critical sign of a troubled American economy appeared with the energy crisis. The US met its oil demand domestically until the mid-1950s, but using seventy percent of the oil produced in the world, one-third of the crude oil had to be imported, mostly from the Middle East around the Persian Gulf. The coined energy crisis presented when Arab members of OPEC were angered over U.S. support in Israel during the Yom Kippur War. In retaliation for the actions of the U.S. an embargo on oil shipments was put in place for oil to the U.S. and its Western European allies resulting in a severe oil shortage for Americans. Nixon addressed the crisis with his appointed "energy czar" and the Department of Energy in 1977. The crisis snowballed into increased costs of gasoline, oil and electricity which led to increases in other household expenses. Other countries experienced the benefits as American industries either outsourced production or found themselves in a precarious situation unable to compete with the cheaper production costs found in Asian or European producers of less expensive, yet more efficient cars, televisions, radios, tape players, cameras and computers. For the first time in the twentieth century, Americans were no longer the most influential in the global economy as the U.S. was not importing more goods than exporting. Industrial unions shrank as work left the country while the service industry grew affecting working women negatively with their wages falling. The rise of the environmental movement was not a direct result of the energy crisis, although there was clearly a connection. The energy crisis exemplified to Americans the connection on our dependency on foreign oil and how it affected the daily lives of Americans. The movement was already in place, although Rachel Carson's Silent Spring may have provided the catalyst for many Americans to advocate for conservation practices found in recycling glass bottles and newspapers, the proclamation of Earth Day on April 22, 1970 and other measures; there were other causes for the damage to the environment. The energy crisis was not based solely on consumption, but on either the lack of or flawed energy policies in place. America had experienced environmental issues with air pollution since the post-World War II economic boom. Although activists attempted to block some construction projects found in nuclear energy plants, more success was found in halting smaller protections of natural habitats or historic urban districts. Lois Gibbs provided Americans a clearer picture of how disastrous industry could be to a family neighborhood when Hooker Chemical Laboratory toxic chemicals oozed into her neighbors' basements and backyards. In response to pressure, Congress created the EPA in 1970 and passed bills to protect endangered species, reduce automobile production, limit and ban the use of some pesticides and control strip-mining practices. This action was not without conflict as city leaders from both parties resisted such mandates for a reduction in air pollution in hindering compliance. Environmentalists were called "tree huggers" and lost a major battle with the approval of the Alaskan Pipeline that would provide a connection from the oil fields to the refining facilities. The 800 miles of pipe often leaked into an already endangered environment. Emission and gas mileage rules were resisted by United Auto Workers lobbyists and automakers. Protection for the environment would prove to be an up-hill battle for years to come.

4. Which of these industries was a primary target of the second Red Scare?

entertainment industry

15. As Japan continued to expand into Indochina, President Roosevelt responded by:

establishing an embargo on American oil to Japan

QUIZ 1. Progressivism was inspired by __________.

evangelical Protestantism and the natural and social sciences

2. The Coxey's Army protect voiced the public's ______________.

expectation of federal responsibility to its citizens during a crisis

3. Until the end of World War I, the chemical manufacturer Du Pont had specialized primarily in __________.

explosives

5. Which of these typically occupied the best sites in the urban landscape?

factories

4. The Equal Rights Amendment __________.

failed to be ratified by the required number of states in the allotted time period

27. Whether shopping at A&P, watching the movies, listening to radio or reading a newspaper, consumers in the 1920s were exposed to more things that:

were produced for a national market.

17. As a result of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, the following positive action was taken:

**safety conditions were improved and work hours for women were limited. Answers: Correct safety conditions were improved and work hours for women were limited. women were allowed to unionize. women received large annual bonuses. women received health care and paid vacations.

46. What issue of Gilded Age politics contributed to the assassination of President James A. Garfield?

**spoils system Answers: free silver tariff reform Correct spoils system business regulation

32. W.E.B. Du Bois represented the first effort to encourage African Americans to recognize that:

**their culture was a source of communal strength and should be preserved. Answers: Correct their culture was a source of communal strength and should be preserved. they should seek to sublimate their culture to white culture. they were only fit for manual work. they should remain in the South.

31. Margaret Sanger and fellow advocates wanted birth control because:

**they wanted to advance sexual freedom for middle-class women and to protect poor working women. Answers: Correct they wanted to advance sexual freedom for middle-class women and to protect poor working women. birth control would allow poor women to work longer hours. they feared population growth among unassimilated immigrants. birth control would prevent child labor.

50. The economy of the late 19th century was characterized by:

**uneven periods of prosperity and depression. Answers: sustained economic growth. rapid and unbroken industrial expansion. Correct uneven periods of prosperity and depression. strict government management of the economy.

41. African American workers in the New South:

**were limited to the lowest paying unskilled jobs. Answers: Correct were limited to the lowest paying unskilled jobs. made the same wages as their white counterparts. were guaranteed equal opportunity by law. benefited as new opportunities opened for unskilled labor.

2. What rationale did William Graham Sumner use to argue against welfare programs?

*The majority of people were lazy and deserved their fates.

24. What final action did the U.S. Senate take on the Treaty of Versailles?

. failed to ratify the treaty in any form.

5. Why did Japan easily overrun European colonies in Southeast Asia during World War II?

.Few people in the Dutch, British, and French colonies were willing to fight for their imperial masters.

4. The sit-in movement of the 1960s began in a Woolworth's in the city of __________.

.Greensboro, North Carolina

4. How did President Theodore Roosevelt demonstrate his unique style of activism in 1902?

.He intervened in the anthracite coal industry labor dispute and won workers better pay and working conditions.

2.Which statement is accurate regarding the events that led to the attack on Pearl Harbor?

.The United States had intelligence reports that an attack was coming.

3. The percentage of African American WPA employees during the New Deal ranged from __________.

15 to 20 percent

10. By 1965, the total number of U.S. combat troops in Vietnam topped __________.

165,000

"New look" policy Eisenhower

A heavy reliance on covert CIA operations was the other side of Eisenhower's "new look" defense policy of threatening massive retaliation on America's foreign enemies. Eisenhower's new CIA chief was Allen Dulles, John Foster's brother. Under Dulles's command, the CIA far exceeded its mandate to collect and analyze information. All over the world,

Coxey's Army

A protest march of unemployed workers, led by Populist businessman Jacob Coxey, demanding inflation and a public works program during the depression of the 1890s. p. 440

Affirmative Action

A set of policies to open opportunities in business and education for members of minority groups and women by allowing race and sex to be factors included in decisions to hire, award contracts, or admit students to higher education programs. p. 691

Segregation

A system of racial control that separated the races, initially by custom but increasingly by law during and after Reconstruction. p. 444

8. Why did President Theodore Roosevelt worry about the future of the Open Door policy in 1904?

A total victory by Russia or Japan could upset the balance of power in East Asia and threaten American business interests there.

National Labor Relations Act

Act establishing Federal guarantee of right to organize trade unions and collective bargaining. p. 541

Chinese Exclusion Act

Act that suspended Chinese immigration, limited the civil rights of resident Chinese, and forbade their naturalization. p. 415

Niagara Movement

African American group organized in 1905 to promote racial integration, civil and political rights, and equal access to economic opportunity p. 474

32. The American Expeditionary Force reflected contemporary American culture in that:

African American servicemen faced racist and humiliating treatment.

30. During the war, a "Great Migration" brought hundreds of thousands of:

African Americans from the south to northern cities.

Allied Invasion of Europe

After Stalingrad, the Axis powers continued to lose ground. In the Pacific that summer, Japan's plans to invade Hawai'i and Australia were stopped by the U.S. Navy. Germany found itself far outstripped by the capacity of the United States to build submarines, landing craft, and amphibious vehicles. Now outnumbered by the Allies, the German Luftwaffe was increasingly limited to defensive action. Roosevelt, Churchill, and their generals hammered out a strategy to defeat the Axis. They saw Japan as the lesser threat—one that for the moment should be contained rather than attacked. Germany, they agreed, must be beaten first, which meant eventually invading from the west, while the Red Army advanced from the east. But the Allies disagreed about where to attack Germany. Churchill and his generals wanted to strike through what he called "Europe's soft underbelly," the Mediterranean. The American generals favored a meticulously prepared assault through France. In the end, Roosevelt and Churchill compromised: They would first send smaller armies into the Mediterranean, while gathering a huge Anglo-American invasion army in Britain. This strategy was set during the summer, 1942. Then, in November, American troops for the first time went into action in the European Theater by joining the British in Operation Torch, an invasion of Morocco and Algeria. In six months, French North Africa was cleared of Axis troops. Americans joined in the very worst air raid of the war—650,000 incendiary bombs dropped on Dresden in 1945 destroying 8 square miles and killing perhaps 135,000 civilians. Moreover, in trying to defend German cities and factories, the Luftwaffe sacrificed most of its remaining fighter planes and aircraft fuel. When the Allies finally invaded Western Europe in the summer of 1944, they would enjoy total air superiority. Meanwhile, in the summer of 1943, the Allies continued their Mediterranean offensive by attacking southern Italy. On September 8, Italy surrendered.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Agricultural Adjustment Administration Federal farm aid based on parity pricing and subsidy

4. The chief executive of General Motors in 1927 was __________.

Alfred P. Sloan

4. Which statement best describes the historical significance of the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)?

For the first time ever, the labor movement had gained a permanent place in the nation's mass-production industries.

Hundred Days

From March to June 1933—"the Hundred Days"—FDR pushed through Congress an extraordinary amount of depression-fighting legislation. Roosevelt's enormous political skill—as a power broker, as a coalition builder, and as a communicator with the American public—was crucial. What came to be called the New Deal was no unified program to end the depression but rather an improvised series of reform and relief measures, some of which completely contradicted each other. Still, all the New Deal programs were united by the fundamental goals of relief, reform, and recovery. Five measures were particularly important and innovative. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), established in March as an unemployment relief effort, provided work for jobless young men in protecting and conserving the nation's natural resources. Road construction, reforestation, flood control, and national park improvements were some of the major projects performed in work camps across the country. By the time the program was phased out in 1942, more than 2.5 million youths had worked in some 1,500 CCC camps. A poster shows a sketch of a smiling young man holding a brush-clearing tool and text that states "CCC: A young man's opportunity for work play study and health, applications taken by Illinois Emergency Relief Commission, Illinois Selecting Agency." A recruitment poster represents the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) as much more than simply an emergency relief measure, stressing character building and the opportunity for self-improvement. By the time the CCC expired in 1942, it had become one of the most popular of all the New Deal programs. In May, Congress authorized $500 million for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). Half the money went as direct relief to the states; the rest was distributed on the basis of a dollar of federal aid for every three dollars of state and local funds spent for relief. To direct this massive undertaking, FDR tapped Harry Hopkins, a streetwise former New York City social worker driven by a deep moral passion to help the less fortunate and an impatience with bureaucracy. Hopkins would emerge as the key figure administering New Deal relief programs. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) was set up to provide immediate relief to the nation's farmers. The AAA established a new federal role in agricultural planning and price setting. It established parity prices for basic farm commodities, including corn, wheat, hogs, cotton, rice, and dairy products The AAA also incorporated the principle of subsidy, whereby farmers received benefit payments in return for reducing acreage or otherwise cutting production where surpluses existed. New taxes on food processing would pay for these programs. The AAA raised total farm income and was especially successful in pushing up the prices of wheat, cotton, and corn. It had some troubling side effects, however. Landlords often failed to share their AAA payments with tenant farmers, and they frequently used benefits to buy tractors and other equipment that displaced sharecroppers. Many Americans were disturbed, too, by the sight of surplus crops, livestock, and milk being destroyed while millions went hungry. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) proved to be one of the most unique and controversial projects of the New Deal era. The TVA, an independent public corporation, built dams and power plants, produced cheap fertilizer for farmers, and, most significantly, for the first time brought low-cost electricity to thousands of people in six southern states. Denounced by some as a dangerous step toward socialism, the TVA stood for decades as a model of how careful government planning could dramatically improve the social and economic welfare of an underdeveloped region. On the very last of the Hundred Days, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act, the closest attempt yet at a systematic plan for economic recovery. In theory, each industry would be self-governed by a code hammered out by representatives of business, labor, and consumers. Once approved by the National Recovery Administration (NRA) in Washington, the codes would have the force of law. In practice, almost all the National Recovery Administration codes were written by the largest firms in any given industry; labor and consumers got short shrift. The sheer administrative complexities involved with code writing and compliance made a great many people unhappy with the NRA's operation. Finally, the Public Works Administration (PWA), led by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, authorized $3.3 billion for the construction of roads, public buildings, and other projects. The idea was to provide jobs and, through increased consumer spending, stimulate the economy. This strategy was called "priming the pump," borrowing a phrase from what an old-time farmer had to do to get his well pump going. Eventually the PWA spent over $4.2 billion building roads, schools, post offices, bridges, courthouses, and other public buildings, which in thousands of communities today remain tangible reminders of the New Deal era. During the Hundred Days and the months immediately following, Congress passed other legislation that would have important long-range effects. The Glass-Steagall Act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which provided protection to individual depositors by guaranteeing accounts of up to $5,000 in case of bank failure. Congress also established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate stock exchanges and brokers, require full financial disclosures, and curb the speculative practices that had contributed to the 1929 crash. The 1934 National Housing Act, aimed at stimulating residential construction and making home financing more affordable, set up the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The FHA insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying (see Table 24.2).

5. Which major league baseball star of the 1920s embodied the new celebrity athlete?

George Herman "Babe" Ruth

3. In March 1917, Wilson called a special session of Congress to declare war on Germany after:

German U-boats sank seven U.S. merchant ships.

5. Who became the first promoters of ragtime?

German immigrants

3. How did Richard Nixon successfully defend himself against the accusation that he had accepted gifts from wealthy benefactors?

He exploited America's appreciation of humility and family values.

11. Why were Joseph McCarthy's accusations taken seriously in the 1950s?

He exploited real fear following the Hiss and Rosenberg trials.

9. Why did Pancho Villa lead several raids across the border into the United States in 1916, killing a few dozen Americans?

He felt betrayed by Woodrow Wilson's administration.

4. How did Eisenhower seek to win over voters in the election of 1952?

He marketed himself as the peace candidate and he announced that he would personally go to Korea.

3. How did Carter score his biggest moral victory in foreign affairs?

He paved the way for Panamanian ownership and operation of the Panama Canal.

5. How did Carter react to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

He stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

2. Why did Johnson, after becoming president, change his position on civil rights?

He wanted to unite the Democratic Party and prove himself as a leader.

25.3 The Home Front 1. In general, what role did popular culture play in the legacy of World War II?

It described America's military role as virtuous and set the standard for future conflicts.

3. How did the New Deal enrich the cultural lives of millions of Americans during the Great Depression?

It employed thousands of artists, writers, dancers, and actors and put them to work on a variety of projects

5. How did the Federal Bureau of Investigation attempt to prevent subversion during the war?

It engaged in extensive and often illegal wiretapping for domestic surveillance.

2. How did Depression-era radio change popular culture in the United States?

It popularized jazz across the nation.

8. How did the New Deal change political opportunities for American women?

It temporarily increased the influence of a women's network of personal and professional friendships.

15. How did the Supreme Court case of Korematsu v. United States affect Japanese Americans during the war?

It upheld FDR's relocation and internment program.

4. The founder of Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in the United States, was __________.

Jane Addams

5. Which American feminist consistently opposed American involvement in World War I?

Jane Addams

11. How did the growing attendance at baseball games during the 1920s change public culture?

Larger daily newspapers began to feature separate sports sections.

27.5 The Coming of the New Frontier 1. The "Alliance for Progress" was aimed at improving U.S. relations with __________.

Latin America

7. To make financing the war appear as patriotic as possible, the government called war bonds:

Liberty Bonds

27.4 Mass Culture and Its Discontents 1. How did the Beats challenge America's postwar society?

They challenged virtually every element of mainstream 1950s culture.

5. Why did so many American intellectuals emigrate during the 1920s?

They felt alienated from the growing corporate power and cultural intolerance of the United States

4. The first event which foreshadowed the coming of World War II was:

Japan's seizure of Manchuria.

27. Although Hitler's Nazism was based on racist Aryan supremacy, he placed the greatest blame for Germany's problems on:

Jews and other degenerate races

New Frontier

John F. Kennedy's domestic and foreign policy initiatives, designed to reinvigorate a sense of national purpose and energy. p. 619

9. Which of the following is NOT true of settlement houses?

** They were progressives but were often anti-immigrant. Answers: They were reform communities run by college-educated women. They were in the midst of the neighborhoods they were trying to help. Correct They were progressives but were often anti-immigrant. They combined moral and social appeal.

26. Judging from the cartoon showing it as an octopus, many Americans at the turn of the century saw Standard Oil as:

** a threat to government and people alike. Answers: a public benefactor. Correct a threat to government and people alike. friendly and trustworthy. a victim of anti-business propaganda.

29. The proponents of a "New South" envisioned the South as:

** an area that promoted industrial development and welcomed northern investors. Answers: a vast agrarian area supplying needed cash crops. an area of sturdy yeoman farmers. the primary supplier of raw materials to northern industry. Correct an area that promoted industrial development and welcomed northern investors.

25. The Henry Street Settlement sought to address its neighborhood's:

** health and welfare. Answers: moral laxity. drunkenness. prostitution. Correct health and welfare.

4. The cheapest labor for unskilled jobs such as woodworking and garments was usually:

**new immigrants, especially women. Answers: Correct new immigrants, especially women. migrants from the farms. southern African Americans. former skilled craftworkers.

44. Hawaii was annexed to:

**protect the interests of sugar planters. Answers: protect American missionaries from persecution. Correct protect the interests of sugar planters. rid the island of the oppressive regime of King Kalakaua. bring land reform to the Hawaiian peasants.

40. Educator Booker T. Washington believed that African Americans should:

**pursue practical vocational instruction. Answers: study Greek and Latin. go to the best colleges and universities. remain isolated from the white community. Correct pursue practical vocational instruction.

11. Which of these was characteristic of news coverage of the Vietnam War from 1965 forward?

scenes of devastation and civilian suffering

3. At the time of the Civil War, the typical American business was _____?

small enterprise owned/managed by single family producing goods local regional market *a small family-owned enterprise*

45. After the outbreak of war, Hollywood:

sought to build morale with patriotic movies.

4. Most of the 20 million immigrants who arrived in American cities in the late nineteenth century were from _____?

southern and eastern Europe

37. The German use of ________ offended American public sentiment.

submarines

2. What did Vietnam Veterans Against the War encourage returning soldiers and sailors to do?

throw away their medals and ribbons

21. The U.S. promoted a rebuilding of the Japanese economy after the war:

to ensure that Japan would be part of the anti-Soviet bloc.

4. Why did the CIA force Mohammed Mossadegh out of office in Iran?

to protect oil interests in the Middle East

5. Why did voters in the Northeast generally favor a high tariff?

to protect the region's manufacturing industry

1. Why did the Soviets invade Afghanistan?

to put down a revolt by Islamic insurgents against Afghanistan's government

35. Henry Ford introduced the $5 dollar wage for an eight-hour day:

to reduce labor turnover and boost workers' spending power.

13. What was the crossroad faced by Populists in the 1896 election?

to support the Democratic candidate or run an independent campaign

4. By 1929, the balance of international trade in the U.S. economy reported a __________.

trade surplus of $8 billion

Freedom Summer

voter registration effort in rural Mississippi organized by black and white civil rights workers in 1964. p. 642

20.3 The Crisis of the 1890's 1. What precipitated the bitter conflict in the Coeur d'Alene district?

wage cuts in the silver and lead mines

2. The Moral Majority __________. called for increased government spending on programs for the needy had little support outside of the deep South made a sharp distinction between religion and morality waged a campaign against public school integration

waged a campaign against public school integration

6. The AIDS epidemic __________.

was perceived by many Americans to be a problem that was limited to the homosexual community

3. Originally marketed in the 1890s, early phonographs both recorded and played using __________.

wax cylinders

According to McCarthy, which group contained the most "traitorous" Americans?

wealthy elites

12. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) represented the first success of an arms control agreement __________.

with the Soviet Union

What did Szilard and his co-signers hope the American government would do before using the atomic bomb on Japan?

b. Give Japan a chance to surrender.

What did Smith identify as the malady facing the United States?

b. a national feeling of fear and frustration

3. At the forefront of political skepticism between 1965 and 1971 were __________.

baby boomers

4. The Environmental Protection Agency __________

became the federal government's largest regulatory agency

2. The Job Corps provided vocational training for urban black youth, __________.

but the factory skills they were learning were often already obsolete

3. Which statement accurately describes how single-sex clubs brought middle-class women into the public sphere?

by celebrating cooperation, uplift, and service

3. How did the United States respond after the Soviets successfully tested their own atomic weapon in 1949?

by escalating U.S. military production, creating an arms race between the two nations

19.6 Cultures in Conflict, Culture in Common 1. In what ways did the Morrill Federal Land Grant Act of 1862 advance education?

by funding state colleges to teach agriculture and mechanics

3. From the outset of its involvement, how did the United States plan on winning the war?

by outproducing its enemies

Teller believed that those who worked on the atomic bomb, including himself, were __________.

c. morally compromised

5. The Lusitania, which was sunk by a German U-boat off the coast of Ireland in May 1915, __________

carried war materials and passengers

2. Which sectors of American industry suffered during the 1920s?

coal mines and textiles

3. In the book The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith argued that Americans should spend more on social services and less on __________.

consumer goods

5. Eisenhower's "new look" foreign policy depended on nuclear armaments and__________.

covert operations around the world

5. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon tried to promote general economic growth by __________.

cutting taxes on income and corporate profits

28.1 Origins of the Movement 1. The Pittsburgh Courier's "Double V" campaign fought for victory over __________.

fascism abroad and over segregation at home

What new technology was critical to Riis's work?

flash photography

3. Which of these set the AFL apart from the Knights of Labor and other similar organizations?

focus on concrete employment goals

15. The war on drugs __________.

funded a multibillion-dollar paramilitary operation to stop supply

2. Why did many New England mill owners move their operations to the South?

great profit potential

24.3 Left Turn and the Second New Deal 1. In the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, what did the federal government do for the first time?

guaranteed the right of American workers to join, or form, independent labor unions

3. In the spring of 1893, the US entered a depression that ____________.

had begun in Europe

3. The first major urban uprising in the "long, hot summers" of 1964 to 1968 was in __________.

he Watts section of Los Angeles

2. Kennedy's enthusiastic backing of the space program led to the formation of NASA and grabbed America's fascination with the idea of __________.

landing an American on the moon

10. The garment system reflected a mix of old and new practices, in which highly mechanized factories ________

operated at the same time as outwork sewing in homes

34. Basically, the United States won World War II by:

outproducing its enemies

According to Riis, the two key components of lower-class urban misery were poor sanitation and __________.

overcrowding

5. McKinley settled the currency issue by __________.

overseeing the passage of the Gold Standard Act

Smith v. Albright 1944

overturning the legality of "white primaries" used in southern states to exclude black voters was a major victory paving the way for future civil rights struggles NAACP, which fought discrimination in defense plants and the military, grew from 50,000 in 1940 to 450,000 in 1946 "Hate strikes" Racial violence reached its wartime peak during the summer of 1943, when 274 conflicts broke out in nearly fifty cities

5. The free speech movement aspired to the right to conduct political activity on campus, and beyond that wanted __________.

participatory democracy

28.4 Civil Rights Beyond Black and White 1. The "chain of immigration and sponsorship" refers to __________.

people seeking to join their relatives already living in the United States

38. Alice Paul gained notoriety for:

picketing the White House to demand women's suffrage.

What did White accuse the liquor industry of doing?

profitting from the victimization of America's young men

5. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 __________.

prohibited discrimination in most public places

44. To respond to the fears that the U.S. had fallen behind the Soviets after Sputnik, in 1961 Kennedy pledged that, by the end of the decade, the U.S. would:

put a man on the moon.

24. In the 1950s, women were encouraged to:

quit their jobs and stay home.

20. The main reason for the internment of Japanese Americans was:

racism

4. According to the Japanese American Citizens League, what was the real reason for the internment of the Japanese Americans during World War II?

racism

6. In practice, what did the policies of the Federal Housing Administration promote?

racism and segregation

29. African American soldiers returning from the Great War were met with:

racism and violence.

3. Navajos served in a unique capacity during the war as:

radio code talkers

12. What made mail-order houses initially possible?

railroad lines

5. What subject matter did The Wild One (1954) focus on?

rebellious youth and motorcycles

5. During the Uprising of the 20,000 in November 1909, women garment workers in New York demanded __________.

recognition of their union

14. After McKinley became president:

** Congress voted to annex Hawai'i at McKinley's urging. Answers: the U.S. renounced all claims to Hawai'i. Correct Congress voted to annex Hawai'i at McKinley's urging. Lili'uokalani was reinstated as queen. Congress voted overwhelmingly to reject annexation.

22. What group of immigrants had the most experience with urban life and forming thriving urban communities in Europe?

** Jews Answers: Germans Irish Italians Correct Jews

39. W.E.B. Du Bois joined others to organize the:

** NAACP. Answers: Knights of Labor. IWW. Correct NAACP. AFL.

38. Hawaii was annexed after the overthrow of:

** Queen Lili'uokalani. Answers: King Kamehameha II. King Oahu. King Kalakaua. Correct Queen Lili'uokalani.

24. The United Fruit Company was to vertical integration as this company was to horizontal combination.

** Standard Oil Answers: U.S. Steel Sears, Roebuck and Company Correct Standard Oil American Tobacco

15. In the late 19th century, federal jobs:

** changed hands each time there was a change in administration. Answers: went only to those who scored well on the Civil Service exam. usually went to graduates of the better schools and universities. were rarely sought after as the benefits were poor. Correct changed hands each time there was a change in administration.

10. In general, the presidents of the last quarter of the nineteenth century:

** lacked luster and accomplished little. Answers: Correct lacked luster and accomplished little. dominated politics and their parties. used their office to enrich themselves. increased the power of the presidency and controlled Congress.

36. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of late nineteenth-century politics?

** low voter turnout Answers: Correct low voter turnout the "spoils" system weak presidents vote fraud

6. Ida B. Wells won little white support with her crusade against:

** lynching. Answers: Correct lynching. school segregation. limiting black voting rights. anti-Irish violence.

43. Jim Crow laws were designed to promote:

** racial segregation. Answers: racial harmony. racial integration. limits on immigration. Correct racial segregation.

2. The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to regulate:

** railroads. Answers: trade unions. monopolistic trusts. multinational corporations. Correct railroads.

27. The American Federation of Labor focused on organizing:

** skilled labor. Answers: immigrant labor. all labor. unskilled labor. Correct skilled labor.

13. "The White Man's Burden" was written as an ambiguous response to U.S. acquisition of:

** the Philippines. Answers: Correct the Philippines. Cuba. the Panama Canal. South Africa.

8. Japanese immigrants could not obtain American citizenship because:

** they were not white. Answers: Correct they were not white. they wanted to maintain dual loyalties. Japan did not allow them to become American citizens. they did not wish to permanently reside in the U.S.

28. "Muckrakers" were:

** writers who exposed details of social and political evils. Answers: corrupt political bosses in big city machines. pessimists who did not accept the progressive idea of reform. women who wanted more radical advancements than suffrage reform. Correct writers who exposed details of social and political evils.

33. The "good roads" about which Southern politicians bragged were mainly built by:

**African American convict labor. Answers: cheap immigrant labor. Correct African American convict labor. efficient new machinery. highly skilled Northerners.

7. Who advocated that blacks and whites could be socially "as separate as the fingers" on a hand?

**Booker T. Washington Answers: W.E.B. Du Bois William Monroe Trotter Correct Booker T. Washington Theodore Roosevelt

23. The ready-to-wear garment industry predominantly employed:

**Jewish immigrants. Answers: Correct Jewish immigrants. Italian immigrants. German immigrants. Polish immigrants.

30. Not only was it a bestseller, but Upton Sinclair's The Jungle helped further passage of the:

**Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Answers: Clayton Anti-Trust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. Mann Act and the National Board of Censorship Act. National Municipal Act and Hepburn Act. Correct Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.

34. In 1900, the greatest concentration of manufacturing in the U.S. was in the:

**Northeast. Answers: South. Correct Northeast. far West. Mississippi River valley.

How did the rise of organized sports and commercial amusements reflect and shape social divisions at the end of the century? Which groups were affected most (or least) by new leisure activities?

**The working class and middle class were quite different in their views of public space usage and how their leisure time should be spent. The middle class desired cultural activities that would prohibit picnics and walking on the grass, while the working class wanted space for picnics and walking on the grass that would allow them to escape the congestion of the city. Common ground between the two classes could be found in their shared enjoyment of ragtime, vaudeville and sports, especially baseball. Baseball provided an national symbol that both classes could identify with as it was also connected to the business economy with many players going on to manufacturing their plans for the game. With the segregation of baseball, the Negro Leagues were created. Alcohol was a point of contention between the two classes but was used to appeal to the two groups through either its sale or prohibition. course notes: * The rise of organized sports and commercial amusements helped join together the middle and working classes who had found common grounds in their pastimes. The two classes were brought together through the shared activities and created a national identity.Parks were developed to be used by the residents surrounding for their leisure time. Rag, vaudeville, and especially sports also bridged together the two classes. Sports appealed to many different kinds of people through their fans and their players. Baseball, however, soon became tied to the business economy. The players went on to be very successful on the field and also in the economy, manufacturing many of their ideas about the game. The view about leisure differed with the different class in the society. The working class perceived leisure as they wanted a place for sports, picnics and other activities to avoid congestion in the streets of the city while the middle class enjoyed the parks which prohibited picnics and walking on the grass. This made the working class most affected. This led to a rise of new entertainments like baseball and vaudeville which breached the gaps between the two middle and working-class patrons.

45. The new middle class of the Gilded Age was composed:

**almost exclusively of white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Answers: mainly of "new immigrants." largely of doctors, lawyers, and teachers. Correct almost exclusively of white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants. almost exclusively of Irish Catholics and German Lutherans.

18. The Social Gospel movement was a/an:

**attempt to apply Christian ideals to social ills. Answers: Correct attempt to apply Christian ideals to social ills. justification of upper society using Christian principles. forerunner of the People's Party. union movement based on Catholic traditions.

12. As a new kind of reform community, the Henry Street settlement was essentially a community of:

**college-educated women who helped to solve the problems of modern urban life. Answers: bohemian radicals who worked to change the political system. Correct college-educated women who helped to solve the problems of modern urban life. artisans gathered in a communal factory. machine politicians to deliver essential services to immigrants' communities.

49. In the typical company town of the southern Piedmont, workers were:

**constantly supervised and controlled by the company. Answers: given shares in the company. taken care of from "the cradle to the grave." Correct constantly supervised and controlled by the company. more often than not, convict labor.

20. Horizontal combinations like the Standard Oil trust:

**controlled the market for a single product. Answers: helped to raise workers' wages. controlled every step of production from materials to finished products. allowed for unlimited competition. Correct controlled the market for a single product.

47. A major reason why Progressive women like Jane Addams turned to settlement work was:

**dissatisfaction with the choices that society offered to women. Answers: Correct dissatisfaction with the choices that society offered to women. their belief that women are more compassionate than men. settlement work required less professional training. out of boredom with their loveless marriages.

3. According to a 1968 federal survey, what percentage of those displaced in civic revitalization programs were people of color?

80 percent

Immigration Act

A 1921 act setting a maximum of 357,000 new immigrants each year p. 521

Prohibition

A ban on the production, sale, and consumption of liquor, achieved temporarily, through state laws and the Eighteenth Amendment, p. 464

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

A commission established by the 1887 law that expanded federal power over business by prohibiting pooling an discriminatory rates by railroads. p. 434

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A complex of deadly pathologies resulting from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p. 693

Watergate

A complex scandal involving attempts to cover up illegal actions taken by administration officials and leading to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974 p. 672

Southern Manifesto

A document signed by 101 members of Congress from southern states in 1956 that argued that the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka itself contradicted the Constitution. p. 632

Southern Manifesto

A document signed by 101 members of Congress from southern states in 1956 that argued that the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka itself contradicted the Constitution. p. 632.

Beats

A group of writers from the 1950s whose writings challenged American culture. p. 618

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

A law of 1883 that reformed the spoils system by prohibiting government workers from making political contributions and creating the Civil Service Commission to oversee their appointment on the basis of merit rather than politics p. 435

Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

A major revision of the federal income tax system. p. 686

Populism

A mass movement of the 1890s formed on the basis of the Southern Farmers' Alliance and other reform organizations p. 436

Bosnia

A nation in southeast Europethat split off from Yugoslavia and became the site of a bitter civil and religious war, requiring NATO and U.S. intervention in the 1990s. p. 702

Progressivism

A national movement focused on a variety of reform initiatives, including ending corruption, a more business-like approach to government, and legislative responses to industrial excess p. 457

Harlem Renaissance

A new African American cultural awareness that flourished in literature, art, and music in the 1920s. p. 528

War on Drugs

A paramilitary operation to halt drug trafficking in the United States. p. 693

Welfare capitalism

A paternalistic system of labor relations emphasizing management responsibility for employee well-being p. 509

13. How was the Social Security Act supposed to provide for old-age pensions and unemployment insurance?

A payroll tax on workers and their employers was to create a revolving fund.

Immigration and Nationality Act

Act passed in 1965 that abolished national origin quotas and established overall hemisphere quotas. p. 647

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Act that made it illegal for employers to pay men and women different wages for the same job. p. 621

5. What did Mayor Richard Daley do to create disorder at the Democratic Convention in Chicago during the summer of 1968?

He sent undercover police into the crowd to incite violence among protesters.

23.5 Promises Postponed 1. Why did the National Woman's Party under the leadership of Alice Paul oppose protective legislation for women during the 1920s?

It claimed that such laws reinforced sex stereotyping.

2. Why did the new Ku Klux Klan target members of the Roman Catholic Church?

It claimed that their allegiance to the Pope made Catholics unfit for citizenship.

4. Why was the alliance system in Europe both positive and negative in its effects?

It could maintain peace or bring about war

8. Which of these was accomplished by the Employment Act of 1946?

It created the Council of Economic Advisors, which would assist the president on economic policy.

26.3 Cold War Liberalism 1. What did Truman's Executive Order 9835 do?

It established a loyalty program for government employees.

3. Which statement best summarizes the historical significance of the 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act?

It established the first federally funded health care program.

14. Why had black voters been affiliated with the Republican Party before 1936?

It had been "the party of Lincoln."

2. How did the response of the Children's Bureau to wartime concerns of working mothers change the role of the federal government in public health?

It led to federal appropriations for clinics for prenatal and obstetrical care.

5. How did the Agricultural Adjustment Act affect poor sharecroppers?

It led to their eviction, since prosperous landowners used subsidies to buy more efficient machinery.

23.4 Modernity and Traditionalism 1. How did the 1924 National Origins Act limit immigration into the United States?

It limited immigration to white Europeans with quotas for each country of origin.

2. How did access to the water of the Colorado River change the social relations of Californians in the Central Valley?

It made some large farmers very wealthy but left many Mexican farm workers unprotected and unorganized.

26.5 Statemate for the Democrats 1. What did the elections of 1952 reveal about the "New Deal coalition"?

It no longer commanded a majority.

3. Which statement best synthesizes the historical significance of the rise of modern advertising in the 1920s?

It promoted a therapeutic ethic, suggesting that consumption could contribute to physical and emotional well-being.

1. Which of these was a consequence of the Soviet launching of Sputnik?

It prompted passage of the National Defense Education Act.

5. How did the Potsdam Conference foreshadow conflicts and tensions in the decades following the war?

It reminded all that the Allies' relationship was uncertain and fragile.

4. How did the Seventeenth Amendment change the election of U.S. senators?

It shifted the selection of U.S. senators from state legislatures to direct election by voters.

3. Which statement accurately describes the Taft-Hartley Act?

It was a counterattack by big business against large labor unions.

G. I. Bill

Legislation in June 1944 that eased the return of veterans into American society by providing educational and employment benefits. p. 595

12. Why did China attack American forces in 1951?

MacArthur had pushed the North Korean military to China's border on the Yalu River.

15. Why did Truman relieve MacArthur of his command during the Korean War?

MacArthur publicly criticized Truman's policies and was fired for insubordination

20.1 Toward a National Governing Class 1. What was the effect of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act?

Many federal departments took on a professional character.

How did McCarthy characterize the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union?

b. as a battle between communistic atheism and Christianity

4. Who gained the most from the cut in capital gains taxes included in the Economic Recovery Act of 1981?

the very rich

14. What is a plausible reason that Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb against Japan?

to intimidate Stalin and assure postwar American dominance

5. Why was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 passed?

to outlaw combinations and encourage competition *restore competition by encouraging small business/outlawing "every combination in restraint of trade or commerce"

17. Roughly what percentage of recruits tested by the Army were found to be illiterate?

twenty five percent

47. Large employers implemented welfare capitalism in an effort to:

undermine unions.

11. The greatest problem the U.S. economy faced in the 1920s was:

unequal distribution of wealth.

39. Despite its promise, welfare capitalism was only partially successful because:

workers remained economically insecure and at the mercy of employers

4. The Piedmont region surpassed New England and came to lead the world in __________.

yarn and cloth production

21.2 Progressive Politics in Cities and States 1. The effort of the National Municipal League to make city management a nonpartisan process was part of the __________ movement.

good government

Midway

great naval battle of the Coral Sea on May 7-8, 1942, in which carrier-based American aircraft blocked a Japanese thrust at Australia. A month later, on June 4, the Japanese fleet converged on Midway Island, an outpost vital to American communications and to the defense of Hawai'i. Descending from the clouds, American warplanes sank four Japanese carriers and destroyed hundreds of planes, ending Japan's offensive threat to Hawai'i and the West Coast.

Ch. 19 QUIZ 1. Compared to individually owned stores, chain stores offered______?

greater selection and lower prices

29.4 1968: Year of Turmoil 1. In the election of 1968, Richard Nixon and the Republicans built on voter hostility directed toward __________.

youthful protestors and the counterculture

5. The United Nations achieved its greatest early success in __________.

humanitarian aid to victims of World War II

25. The United Nations achieved its greatest early success in:

humanitarian aid to victims of World War II.

5. Suburban living during the 1920s was possible because of:

the growth of the automobile industry and mass transit.

15. The "Big Four" was a reference to:

the leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and the United States at Versailles.

4.Between 1900 and 1920, the number of people of Mexican descent living in the United States __________.

nearly quadrupled, from about 100,000 to 400,000

19.4 The Industrial City 1. By the end of the nineteenth century, what percentage of manufacturing took place in cities versus the countryside?

ninety percent

1. What right did the United States claim for itself in the Truman Doctrine?

the right to intervene in any free country to prevent a communist takeover

7. One striking result of the demand for wartime labor was that __________.

the rural population shrank by 20 percent and farming became more mechanized

2. African Americans served in combat in World War II:

only toward the end of the war because of infantry shortages.

Kennedy's Presidency New Frontier

As president, John F. Kennedy promised to revive the liberal domestic agenda, stalled since Truman's presidency. His New Frontier advocated such liberal programs as medical care for the elderly, greater federal aid for education and public housing, raising Social Security benefits and the minimum wage, and various antipoverty measures. Yet the thin margin of his victory and stubborn opposition by conservative southern Democrats in Congress made it difficult to achieve these goals. There were a few New Frontier achievements: modest increases in the minimum wage (to $1.25 per hour), Social Security benefits, and $5 billion appropriated for public housing. The Manpower Retraining Act provided $435 million to train the unemployed. The Peace Corps was the New Frontier's best-publicized initiative Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, led by Eleanor Roosevelt, helped revive attention to women's rights issues. The commission's 1963 report was the most comprehensive study of women's lives ever produced by the federal government. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had been established in reaction to Sputnik, and in 1961, Kennedy pushed through a greatly expanded space program. Dramatically, he announced the goal of landing an American on the moon by the end of the decade. Kennedy's longest-lasting achievement as president may have been his strengthening of the executive branch itself. He insisted on direct presidential control of details that Eisenhower had left to advisers and appointees. Moreover, under Kennedy the White House staff assumed many of the decision-making and advisory functions previously held by cabinet members. This arrangement increased Kennedy's authority, since these appointees, unlike cabinet secretaries, escaped congressional oversight and confirmation proceedings. White House aides lacked independent constituencies; their power derived solely from their ties to the president. Kennedy's aides—"the best and the brightest," he called them—dominated policymaking. Kennedy intensified a pattern whereby American presidents increasingly operated through small groups of fiercely loyal aides, often in secret. The Equal Pay Act of 1963, a direct result of the commission's work, mandated equal wages for men and women employed in industries engaged in interstate commerce. Kennedy also directed executive agencies to prohibit sex discrimination in hiring and promotion. The work of the commission contributed to a new generation of women's rights activism. Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, led by Eleanor Roosevelt, helped revive attention to women's rights issues. The commission's 1963 report was the most comprehensive study of women's lives ever produced by the federal government. During Kennedy's three years as president, his approach to foreign policy shifted from aggressive containment to efforts at easing U.S.-Soviet tensions. In his first State of the Union Address, Kennedy told Congress that America must seize the initiative in the Cold War. The nation must "move outside the home fortress, and . . . challenge the enemy in fields of our own choosing." Kennedy believed that Eisenhower had timidly accepted stalemate when the Cold War could have been won.

Loss of China and Democratizing Japan

At the close of World War II, the United States acted deliberately to secure Japan firmly within its sphere of influence. General Douglas MacArthur directed an interim Japanese government in a modest reconstruction program that included land reform, creation of independent trade unions, abolition of contract marriages, granting of woman suffrage, sweeping demilitarization, and eventually a constitutional democracy that renounced war and barred Communists from all posts. After years of civil war, the pro-Western Nationalist government of Jiang Jeishi (Chiang Kai-shek) collapsed. while warning him that without major reforms and a coalition with his political opponents, the Nationalists were heading for defeat. Jiang refused any concessions, and in the late 1940s the Truman administration cut off virtually all aid and then watched as Nationalist troops surrendered to the Communists, led by Mao Zedong. Abandoning the entire mainland, defeated Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao proclaimed the People's Republic of China, and in February 1950, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China signed an alliance.China's "fall" to communism set off an uproar in the United States. The Asia First wing of the Republican Party, which saw the Far East rather than Europe as the primary target of U.S. trade and investment, blamed Truman for the "loss" of China. The president's adversaries, pointing to the growing menace of "international communism," called the Democrats the "party of treason." At the end of World War II, the Allies had divided the Korean peninsula, surrendered by Japan, at the 38th Parallel. Although all Koreans hoped to reunite their nation under an independent government, the line between North and South hardened. While the United States backed the unpopular southern government of Syngman Rhee (the Republic of Korea), the Soviet Union sponsored a rival government in North Korea under Communist Kim Il-Sung On June 25, 1950, the U.S. State Department received a cablegram reporting an invasion of South Korea by the Communist North. Truman sought the Security Council's approval to send troops to defend South Korea under the UN's collective-security provisions. the Security Council backed the U.S. request for intervention. Two-thirds of Americans polled approved the president's decision to send troops under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. The situation appeared grim until Truman authorized MacArthur to carry out an amphibious landing at Inchon, near Seoul, on September 15, 1950 The president decided to roll back the Communists beyond the 38th Parallel, uniting Korea as a showcase for democracy. China, not yet directly involved in the war, warned that crossing that dividing line would threaten its national security. Truman flew to Wake Island in the Pacific on October 15 to confer with MacArthur, who assured him of a speedy victory. MacArthur had sorely miscalculated. Chinese troops massed along the Yalu River, the border between Korea and China. As the UN forces approached the Yalu, suddenly and without air support, a Chinese "human wave" attack began. MacArthur, who had foolishly divided his forces, suffered a crushing defeat. The Chinese drove the UN troops back into South Korea, where they regrouped south of the 38th Parallel. Finally, by the summer of 1951 a stalemate had been reached very near the old dividing line. Then, for the next eighteen months, negotiations for an armistice dragged out amid heavy fighting. Encouraged by strong support at home, and defying the American tradition of civilian control over the military, MacArthur publicly criticized the president's policy, calling for bombing supply lines in China and blockading the Chinese coast. Such actions would certainly have led to a Chinese-American war. Finally, on April 10, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination. The Korean conflict had profound implications for the use of executive power. By unilaterally instituting a peacetime draft in 1948 and in 1950 ordering American troops into Korea without a declaration of war, Truman had bypassed congressional authority. Republican Senator Robert Taft called the president's actions "evidence of an 'imperial presidency'" that was guilty of "a complete usurpation" of checks and balances. For a while, Truman sidestepped such criticisms and their constitutional implications by declaring a national emergency and by carefully referring to the military deployment not as a U.S. "war" but as a UN-sanctioned "police action." The president was acting at the prompting of National Security Council Paper 68 (NSC-68), a sweeping declaration of Cold War policy submitted to Truman in April 1950. The lengthy document defined the struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union as "permanent" and the era one of "total war." American citizens, it declared, must be willing to sacrifice—"to give up some of the benefits which they have come to associate with their freedom"—to defend their way of life. NSC-68 articulated the intellectual and psychological rationale behind U.S. national security policies for the next 40 years.

World at War

Relationship among Allies changed once victory in sight? Yalta Conference Feb. 1945, Churchhill, Stalin, begun to map plans postwar era outlining while avoiding specific phrases - seers of influence. April 1945, death of FDR made cooperation among Allies increasingly difficult. Potsdam Conference July 17-Aug. 2 Big Three - US, Great Britain, Soviet Union clashed over policies related to the final stages of war and postwar planning. Leading diplomats already foreshadowed politics soon take shape as the Cold War. US began create diplomatic distance from Soviet Union secured by Japan's surrender before the Soviets could enter war against Japan. Unlike World War I, which was fought with poison gas and machine-gun fire by armies largely immobilized in trenches, World War II was a war of offensive maneuvers punctuated by surprise attacks. Its chief weapons—tanks and planes on land and aircraft carriers and submarines at sea—combined mobility and concentrated firepower. Also important were artillery and explosives, which according to some estimates accounted for more than 30 percent of casualties. Major improvements in communication systems, mainly two-way radio transmission and radio-telephony that permitted commanders to stay in contact with division leaders, played a decisive role throughout the war. The Royal Air Force, however, fought the Luftwaffe to a standstill in the Battle of Britain, frustrating Hitler's hopes of invading England. By the spring of 1941, Hitler had turned his attention eastward, planning to conquer the Soviet Union. But he had to delay the invasion to rescue Mussolini, whose weak army faced defeat in North Africa and Greece. Not until June 22, 1941, six weeks behind schedule, did Hitler invade the Soviet Union. In the decisive Battle of Stalingrad, which began in August 1942, Hitler met his nemesis. The Soviets suffered more casualties than Americans did during the entire war.Hitler ordered to his troops to die rather than surrender. In February 1943, the German Sixth Army, reduced to 100,000 starving men and overpowered by Soviet weaponry, at last gave up.At Kursk in July 1943, the Germans threw most of their remaining armored vehicles into action. Defeated in the greatest tank battle in history, involving more than 2 million troops and 6,000 tanks, the Germans had only one option left: to delay the advance of the Red Army toward their own homeland.Assisted by Lend-Lease, by 1942 the Soviets were outproducing Germany in many types of weapons and other supplies.

Landrum-Griffin Act

A 1959 act that widened government control over union affairs and further restricted union use of picketing and secondary boycotts during strikes. p. 614

2. What was one problem associated with the Community Action Program (CAP)?

A power struggle developed over funds at the local level.

Sixteenth Amendment

Authorized a federal income tax, p. 478

Medicare

Basic medical insurance for the elderly, financed through the federal government; program created in 1965 p. 657

36. During the war, the Food Administration was directed by:

Herbert Hoover

3. What was the basis of the New Orleans school board's argument for the elimination of schools for black children beyond the fifth grade?

Only minimal education was needed for menial jobs.

Black Power

Philosophy emerging after 1965 that real economic and political gains for African Americans could come only through self-help, self-determination, and organizing for direct political influence p. 663

National Security Council Paper 68 (NSC-68)

Policy statement that committed the United States to a military approach to the Cold War. p. 599

Black Panther Party

Political and social movement among black Americans, founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 abd emphasizing black economic and political power p. 663

4. How did record sales from 1954 to 1959 compare with those in earlier periods of the music industry?

Record sales tripled due to specific marketing to teenagers.

Deregulation

Reduction or removal of government regulations and encouragement of direct competition in many important industries and economic sectors p. 686

Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913

Reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax p. 478

Nation of Islam (NOI)

Religious movement among black Americans that emphasizes self-sufficiency, self-help, and separation from white society p. 642

Nation of Islam (NOI)

Religious movement among black Americans that emphasizes self-sufficiency, self-help, and separation from white society. p. 642.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court decision holding that Louisiana's railroad segregation law did not violate the Constitution as long as the railroads or the state provided equal accommodations. p. 444

CH. 29 War Abroad, War at Home 1965-1974

TIMELINE:

Ch. 27 America at Mid-Century 1952-1963

TIMELINE: 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower elected president, defeating Adlai Stevenson 1954: Vietminh force French surrender at Dien Bien Phu 1956: Congress passes National Interstate and Defense Highway Act - Elvis Presley signs with RCA 1957: Soviet Union launches Sputnik, first earth- orbiting satellite - Jack Kerouac publishes On the Road 1961: John F. Kennedy elected president, narrowly defeating Richard M. Nixon 1961: Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba fails 1962: Cuban missile crisis brings United States and Soviet Union to brink of nuclear war 1963: Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mistique - President Kennedy is assassinated; Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president

Gilded Age

Term applied to late-nineteenth-century America that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of that period. p. 424

Red Power

Term for pan-Indian identity p. 666

beatnik

Term used to designate members of the Beats. p. 619

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during World War I p. 493

Axis Powers

The opponents of the United States and its allies in World War II p. 559

Cold War

The political and economic confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States that dominated world affairs from 1946 to 1989. p. 584 The Cold War embodied the struggle of one "way of life" against another. It was, in short, a contest of values. If Americans were to rebuild the world based on their own values, they must rededicate themselves to defending their birthright: freedom and democracy.

.4. How did Franklin Roosevelt's bout with polio prove to be a turning point in his life?

The privileged Roosevelt learned what it was like to struggle in hardship.

Self-determination

The right of a people or a nation to decide on its own political allegiance or form of government without external influence. p. 502

Sunbelt

The states of the American South and Southwest. p. 691

45. How did joblessness affect families?

The traditional authority of the male breadwinner eroded

Versailles Treaty

The treaty ending World War I and creating the League of Nations p 503

5. How did President William Howard Taft manage to alienate Theodore Roosevelt?

The two fought bitterly over tariff, antitrust, and conservation policy issues.

3. Which statement is true of white "cover" versions of black music in the 1950s?

They almost always outsold the black originals.

Roe v. Wade

U.S. Supreme Court decision (1973) that disallowed state laws prohibiting abortion during the first three months (trimester) of pregnancy and established guidelines for abortion in the second and third trimesters. p. 683

Bonus Army

Unemployed veterans of World War I gathering in Washington in 1932 demanding payment of services bonuses not due until 1945. p. 537

Civilian Conservation Corps

Unemployment relief Conservation of natural resources

counterculture

Various alternatives to mainstream values and behaviors that became popular in the 1960s, including experimentation with psychedelic drugs, communal living, a return to the land, Asian religions, and experimental art. p. 652

Persian Gulf War

War initiated by President Bush in response to iraq's invasion of Kuwait. p. 696

13. Who pledged a "return to normalcy" in the election of 1920?

Warren G. Harding

3. Who reportedly told a visitor shortly after assuming his new position, "I knew that this job would be too much for me"?

Warren G. Harding

6. In response to NATO rearming West Germany, the Soviet Union organized the:

Warsaw Pact

4. Who was the Congregationalist minister who championed the social gospel?

Washington Gladden

29.5 The Politics of Identity 1. AIM's "Trail of Broken Treaties" caravan began with a weeklong demonstration in __________.

Washington, DC

Korean War

Yet in China, the most populous land on earth, Communists completed their seizure of power in late 1949. A few months later, in June 1950, Communist armies threatened to conquer all of Korea.Truman sent American forces to conduct a "police action" in Korea, which within a few years absorbed more than 1.8 million U.S. troops with no victory in sight. For Truman, the "loss" of China and the Korean stalemate proved political suicide, ending the 20-year Democratic lock on the presidency and the greatest era of reform in U.S. history.

3. In the 1948 election, who or what did Truman successfully blame for many of America's problems?

a "do-nothing" Republican Congress

21. The most controversial of Wilson's Fourteen Points would be his idea of:

a League of Nations

15. Which farm would have been most likely to thrive during the 1920s?

a large citrus orchard in southern California

2,. Eleanor Roosevelt worked tirelessly for __________.

compulsory health insurance

28. In asking for a declaration of war against Germany, Wilson argued for making the world safe for:

democracy.

3. Women in the military were most likely to work in which area?

nursing and administration

13. Horizontal combination is the means of gaining control of _______?

the market for a single product

19.5 The Rise of Consumer Society 1. The term "Gilded Age," coined by Mark Twain, refers to what aspect of the period following the Civil War?

the ostentatious display of wealth

In the long run, who did Teller believe should make the decision about the use of atomic weapons?

the people

4. The disturbance that caused the largest mass arrest in California history, which resulted in the arrest of nearly 800 protestors, began with __________.

the picketing of Bay Area stores that practiced discrimination in hiring

4. The Marshall Plan for European nations reflected what fear of the Truman administration?

the political consequences of economic chaos

2. A crucial element that prevented the complete success of the Camp David Accords was __________.

the refusal by Israel to cease sponsoring Jewish settlements in Palestinian territory

4. What was the initial purpose of the Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange?

the social, moral, and intellectual improvement of its members

25.5 The World at War 1. Which of these most accurately describes the Holocaust?

the systematic extermination of all people Hitler and the Nazis deemed undesirable

3. Which of these innovations first appeared in 1952?

the use of TV political advertising for presidential candidates

2. Theodore Roosevelt liked to preach the virtues of __________.

"the strenuous life"

Bohemian Movement

Artistic individual who lives with disregard for the conventional rules of behavior p. 471

5. How did the 1955 AFL-CIO merger affect organized labor?

It marked the apex of trade union membership.

47. The project name for the atomic bomb was:

Manhattan

14. The Knights of Labor reached their peak in 1886 with how many members?

700,000

41. The German advance through North Africa was stopped at the battle of:

El Alamein.

Fair Deal

"Every segment of our population and every individual has a right," Truman announced in January 1949, "to expect from our Government a fair deal." But a powerful bloc of conservative southern Democrats and midwestern Republicans turned back his domestic agenda. National Housing Act of 1949 provided federally funded low-income housing. Congress also raised the minimum wage (from 40 to 75 cents per hour) and brought an additional 10 million people under Social Security coverage. Otherwise Truman made no headway Truman's greatest domestic achievement was to articulate the basic principles of Cold War liberalism, which would remain the northern Democratic agenda for decades to come. Truman's Fair Deal promoted bread-and-butter issues and economic growth His administration insisted, therefore, on an ambitious program of expanded foreign trade, while relying on the federal government to encourage higher productivity. Equally important, Truman reshaped liberalism by making anticommunism a key element in both foreign policy and domestic affairs.

10. What slogan did Wilson use in winning the presidential election of 1916?

"He Kept Us Out of War"

14. Which of these popular slogans linked generational rebellion and opposition to the U.S. war in Vietnam?

"Make Love, Not War"

23.2 The State, the Economy, and Business 1. Hoover called his concept of a government that would encourage voluntary cooperation among corporations, workers, farmers, and small businessmen the __________.

"associative state"

Kamikaze

"divine wind" suicide bombers flying with only enough fuel for one way trip w/500 lb bombs

"Attorney General's List"

(1947) A list drawn up at the request of the United States Attorney General. The list was intended to be a compilation of organizations seen as "subversive" be the United States government. Among those were: Communist fronts, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Nazi Party. In April 1947, Attorney General Tom C. Clark aided this effort by publishing a list of hundreds of potentially subversive organizations. The famous "Attorney General's List" effectively outlawed many political and social organizations, stigmatizing hundreds of thousands of individuals who had done nothing illegal. Church associations, civil rights organizations, musical groups, and even summer camps appeared on the list. Fraternal and social institutions, especially popular among aging Eastern European immigrants, were among the largest organizations destroyed. New York State, for example, legally dismantled the International Workers' Order, which had provided insurance to nearly 200,000 immigrants and their families.

2. During the depression that followed the financial panic of 1893, unemployment rates reached ____________.

25 percent

3. Booker T. Washington's message to progressive African Americans was to focus on:

**economic improvement and self-reliance. Answers: Correct economic improvement and self-reliance. forming separate trade unions. obtaining political and civil rights. getting a traditional college education.

37. The most significant development shaping the American economy after the Civil War was the:

**emergence and consolidation of large-scale corporations. Answers: growth of the arms industry. growth of the meat packing industry. decline in the railroads. Correct emergence and consolidation of large-scale corporations.

5. In Plessy v. Ferguson and Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, the Supreme Court:

**formally segregated facilities including schools. Answers: required the integration of public schools. denied illegal immigrants the right to attend public schools. Correct formally segregated facilities including schools. effectively put off the question of segregation.

21. As a result of household appliances, middle class women:

**found that housework expanded to fill the time available. Answers: had much more leisure time. Correct found that housework expanded to fill the time available. spent more time with their husbands. often took jobs outside the home.

19. Middle-class children in the late 19th century:

**had more leisure to creatively play. Answers: often had to work to maintain the family lifestyle. Correct had more leisure to creatively play. were more regimented than before. were treated much the same as working class children.

Ch. 20 Shared Writing: How did the exclusion of African Americans affect the outcome of populism? Explain the rise of Jim Crow legislation in the South and discuss its impact on the status of African Americans.

**lisa greene|Jan 23 10:38 am The Populist slogan, "Equal Rights to All, Special Privilege to None," failed to apply to African Americans who were not allowed to vote. In 1896 African Americans comprised only five percent of the southern black electorate vote (Faragher, Buhle, Czitrom, Armitage, 2016). Even when African Americans supported populism, they were not allowed to vote due to their failure to meet the required qualifications for voting. Although some whites were enfranchised with the "Grandfather clauses," African Americans were still barred from voting. With the increase of Jim Crow legislation and the landmark decision of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, segregation continued to thrive with imposed segregation and discrimination throughout the South leaving African Americans either excluded or separated from whites in restaurants, water fountains and other activities or establishments. In Plessy v. Ferguson, Plessy's lawyer argued that both the 13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution had been violated, but the Supreme Court disagreed arguing that 'equal before the law' did not imply 'equal in society.' Faragher, J. M., Buhle, M. J., Czitrom, D. J., & Armitage, S. H. (2016). Out of many: A history of the American people. Answer: The mass disenfranchisement of African Americans—only 5 percent of the southern black electorate voted in 1896—meant that many supporters of populism could not vote. The rise of Jim Crow legislation, most notably Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, imposed 232 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. segregation throughout the South and left reminders of black inferiority throughout society as they were excluded from restaurants, water fountains, and other public establishments. Black schools enjoyed far fewer resources then those for white students.

35. New immigrants from 1900-1914 were MOST likely to be employed in:

**low-paid backbreaking work in industry. Answers: Correct low-paid backbreaking work in industry. medicine and the professions. commercial agriculture. railroads and mining.

16. In general, progressives were:

**optimistic about citizens improving socioeconomic conditions. Answers: Correct optimistic about citizens improving socioeconomic conditions. revolutionaries pressing for radical reforms. applying the ideas of Social Darwinism as reforms. anti-political, preferring to emphasize improving individual character.

48. Philosopher John Dewey's main influence was in the reform of:

**public education. Answers: labor laws. factory health and safety. Correct public education. industrial efficiency.

TEST Module 1 Ch. 19-20-21 1. Industrial production in the New South:

**returned very few profits to southerners. Answers: Correct returned very few profits to southerners. moved the south toward a "new slavery." successfully challenged northern industry. stimulated the development of a less racist society.

42. The fastest growing area of the textile industry in the later 19th century was in:

**the Southern Piedmont. Answers: New England. Correct the Southern Piedmont. east coast cities. the Midwest.

11. Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle was an exposé of conditions in:

**the meatpacking industry. Answers: Correct the meatpacking industry. the steel industry. the lives of poor rural blacks. New York City government.

4. What is the means by which a firm gains control of production at every step of the way?

*vertical integration (think of Standard Oil)

24.1 Hard Times 1. By 1933, the share of the American workforce that was unemployed stood at over __________.

25 percent

4. In 1915, the Jewish population in New York City was approximately what percentage of the city's total population?

30 percent

4. In three years of fighting against Filipino rebels, how many American lives were lost?

4,300

2. How many American lives were lost in the Vietnam War?

58,000

2. What was the group of conservative businessmen established in 1934 that vehemently attacked the administration for what they considered its attack on property rights, the growing welfare state, and decline of personal liberty?

.American Liberty League

3. Between 1890 and World War I, American progressives could be found __________.

.in all classes and regions, and among all races

3. What German action finally provoked Britain and France to declare war?

.invasion of Poland

11. Operation Overlord was the name given to secret planning for __________.

.the D-Day landings in Normandy

2. Who controlled the political life of most large northeastern American cities at the turn of the century?

.the Democratic Party

2. By the end of the nineteenth century, the AFL represented what percentage of American workers?

10 percent

3. Thanks to the Wagner Act, union membership among American workers expanded from 2.8 million workers in 1932 to __________.

10.5 million in 1942

19.1 The Rise of Industry, the Triumph of Business 1. In 1865 the annual production of goods was estimated at $2 billion and by 1900 this had risen to _____.

13 billion

Timeline

1889 - Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago 1890 - Jacob Riis publishes How the Other Half Lives 1900 - Robert M. La Follette elected governor of Wisconsin 1901 - Theodore Roosevelt succeeds the assassinated William McKinley as president 1905 - Industrial Workers of the World is founded in Chicago 1906 - Congress passes Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act and establishes Food and Drug Administration 1909 - Uprising of 20,000 garment workers in New York City's garment industries helps organize unskilled workers into unions - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded 1912 - Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins presidency, defeating Republican William H. Taft. Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs 1913 - Sixteenth Amendment, legalizing a graduated income tax, is ratified

CH. 22 A Global Power TIMELINE

1903: United States obtains Panama Canal rights 1914: U.S. forces invade Mexico - World War I begins in Europe 1916: Wilson is reelected 1917: United States declares war on Central Powers (April) - Espionage Act is passed (June) 1918: Armistice ends war (November) 1919: Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) is ratified - Versailles Treaty is signed in Paris 1920: Senate rejects Versailles Treaty and League of Nations - Nineteenth Amendment (Woman Suffrage) is ratified

31. The 19th, or women's suffrage, Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in:

1920

Emergency Banking Relief Act

1933 act which gave the president broad discretionary powers over all banking transactions and foreign exchange. p. 538 Enlarged federal authority over private banks Government loans to private banks

Postwar Finance

1941, Henry Luce, the publisher of Time, Life, and Fortune magazines, forecast the dawn of "the American Century." During the darkest days of World War II, he wrote that Americans must "accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to assert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such means as we see fit." Unlike Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, the United States had not only escaped the ravages of the war, but had actually prospered. By June 1945, the capital assets of manufacturing had increased 65 percent over prewar levels to equal in value approximately half the entire world's goods and services. massive wartime government spending, not the New Deal, had ended the nightmare of the Great Depression. "We need markets—big markets—in which to buy and sell," answered Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Will Clayton. Just to maintain the current level of growth, the United States needed to export—to a war-ravaged world—a staggering $14 million in goods and services.

Major Cold War Policies

1947, Truman Doctrine Pledged the United States to the containment of communism in Europe and elsewhere; the foundation of Truman's foreign policy, this doctrine impelled the United States to support any nation whose stability was threatened by communism or the Soviet Union 1947, Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program 1947, Marshall Plan 1947, National Security Act 1948, Smith-Mundt Act 1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1950, NSC-68 1950, Internal Security Act (also known as the McCarran Act and the Subversive Activities Control Act) 1951, Psychological Strategy Board 1952, Immigration and Nationality Act (also known as McCarran Walter Immigration Act)

5. Of the roughly 9.4 million workers directly engaged in war work during World War I, how many were women?

2.25 million

21.4 Challenges to Progressivism 1. Approximately how many Japanese immigrated to the United States between 1900 and 1920?

200,000

3. African American communities grew in northern cities like Detroit, Chicago, and New York due to __________.

African American communities grew in northern cities like Detroit, Chicago, and New York due to __________.

15. Which statement best describes the African American experience in World War I?

African Americans served with distinction in the French army but suffered gross injustice at home.

3. Which statement best describes the economic interaction between the United States and Europe at the beginning of the Great Depression?

After the 1929 stock market crash put an end to American loans for Germany, the critical link in the international cash flow had collapsed.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Agency established in 1947 that coordinates the gathering and evaluation of military and economic information on other nations p. 588

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement reached in 1993 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to substantially reduce barriers to trade. p. 702

Camp David Accords

Agreement signed by Israel in Egypt in 1978 that set the formal terms for peace in the Middle East. p. 681

1. Which statement accurately paraphrases the Populist slogan adopted by the Democrat candidate in the 1896 presidential election?

All Americans should be treated equally, and none of them should be given special treatment.

4. How did the UN Security Council differ from the UN General Assembly in terms of membership?

All fifty nations were represented in the General Assembly, but only a very select group of five made up the Security Council.

5. How was Truman's presidency linked to scandal?

Allegations surfaced that several agencies were taking kickbacks on government contracts.

Remaining controversial issues from WWII

Allied insistence on unconditional surrender and the decision to atom-bomb Japan remain two of the most controversial political and moral questions about the conduct of World War II An intelligence document of April 30, 1946, stated that "the dropping of the bomb was the pretext seized upon by all [American] leaders as the reason for ending the war, but [even if the bomb had not been used] the Japanese would have capitulated upon the entry of Russia into the war." There is no question, however, that the use of nuclear weapons did strengthen U.S. policymakers' hand.

14. Which statement best summarizes President Woodrow Wilson's decision to declare war on Germany during World War I?

Although committed to U.S. neutrality, Wilson also believed that America had a special mission as the world's most enlightened nation.

24.5 The Limits of Reform 1. Why, after so much work of women New Dealers in the 1930s, did women still end up in low-paying, low-status jobs?

Employers continued sexual stereotyping.

3.What best describes the role of party machines in urban politics at the turn of the century?

Although these political systems thrived on corruption, they also secured access to services for many immigrant and working-class populations.

5. Which of these emerged out of the depression of the 1890s as the strongest and most stable workers' organization?

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

3. LULAC and the GI Forum initially contended that Mexican American civil rights activists needed to focus their efforts on __________.

American citizens of Mexican descent

5. Which of these prompted the formation of the Anti-Imperialist League?

American military action in the Philippines

Open Door

American policy of seeking equal trade and investment opportunities in foreign nations or regions p. 484

21.3 Social Control and its Limits 1. Progressive reformers looked to the public school primarily as an agent of __________.

Americanization

Shared Writing: Discuss the reasons the protest movement against the Vietnam War started on college campuses. Describe how these movements were organized and how the opponents of the war differed from supporters.

Americans from all walks of life began to question the reasons why the United States remained in Vietnam, especially when viewing the scenes of human suffering and devastation portrayed on television. Before Morley Safer portrayed the Vietnam War from a contrasting viewpoint, network news either ignored coverage of Vietnam or supported United States involvement without question. CBS news reported a very different story when they televised Marines setting fire to the thatched roofs of civilian homes. Americans asked how the current administration could justify the war on moral grounds as a defense of freedom and democracy. College students were already visibly active on stances of racial discrimination. SDS called on college students to demand an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. After Freedom Summer, students returned to initiate the free speech movement staging a sit-in, demanding participatory democracy. With the average age of soldiers at nineteen, baby boomers found themselves at the forefront of protest. They differed greatly from their parent's generation. Recognized by their music, dress and hairstyle, "flower children" became synonymous with the sixties generation. College students across the nation began demanding a say in their education. After Operation Rolling Thunder was announced, peace activists called for a one day boycott of classes to allow students and faculty to discuss the war. Referred to as "Teach-ins," the movement spread from the U.S. to Europe and Japan. The SDS mobilized 20,000 people in an antiwar march in Washington, D.C. After students protested against any war-related research conducted on their campuses and received no response, they turned to civil disobedience. Some protestors burned their draft cards or refused to be inducted. Bombings and bomb threats resulted in property damages and 43 deaths. America was concerned that if communism gained control in Vietnam, neighboring countries would also fall into communism. Kennedy increased military advisors and Special Forces in South Vietnam to help prevent this from happening, but Johnson made the decision for America to enter the war. Johnson campaigned for restraint in Vietnam, but instead escalated U.S. involvement in order to avoid a disastrous and humiliating defeat. When Johnson used a Vietcong attack on Marines at Pleiku to justify Operation Rolling Thunder, he refused to explain his policy to the American people, ignoring his advisers. With his actions, Johnson continued his path of intentional deceit.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

An 1890 act that directed the Treasury to increase the amount of currency coined from silver mined in the West and also permitted the U.S. government to print paper currency backed by the silver. p. 442

Welfare Reform Act

An act passed by Congress in 1996 that abolished the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) welfare program p. 701

Pure Food and Drug Act

An act that established the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which tested and approved drugs before they went on the market p. 476

War Powers Act

An act that gave the U.S. president the power to reorganize the federral government and create new agencies; to establish programs censoring news and information; to abridge civil liberties; to seize foreign-owned property; and to award government contracts without bidding p. 561

Americans with Disabilities Act

An act that required employers to provide access to their facilities for qualified employees with disabilities p. 694

Hepburn Act

An act that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by authorizing it to set maximum railroad rates and inspect financial records p. 476

Lend-Lease Act

An arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services, to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in World War Ii p. 559

10. How did Roosevelt and the War Department justify the refusal to bomb rail lines leading to Nazi death camps?

An attempt to rescue civilians would divert resources from military operations.

How did an expanding mass culture change the contours of everyday life in the decade following World War I? What role did new technologies of mass communication play in shaping these changes? What connections can you draw between the "culture of consumption" then and today? Answer: The new mass culture established national norms for things like dress, social behavior, and language. Movies were the most prominent as new genres like gangster films, musicals, comedies and the stars promoted by the studios became popular. Then, as now, millions of Americans were fascinated with the stars and what they wore and other gossip regarding their lives. Other technologies like radio, the phonograph, and tabloid journalism created a mass national culture, one that depended upon advertising and consumer consumption. The 1920s were a golden decade for baseball as Babe Ruth and others embodied the new celebrity athlete.

An expanding mass culture changed the contours of everyday life in the decade following World War I by establishing a national standard with regard for acceptable social behaviors, dress and language. Movies, radio, new forms of journalism and the recording industry all promoted this new "culture of consumption" that had the opportunity to reach everyone no matter how rural their community. This new "good life" could be experienced by the promotion of the new media's idea of American culture. Hollywood's star system created larger than life public figures whose lives were managed carefully by the film studios such as Theda Bara whose Hollywood persona was both erotic and exotic as Hollywood promoted her as the daughter of a sheik and a princess, rather than her normal American middle-class Jewish upbringing. The movie industry promoted musicals, gangster films and comedies that fascinated the general public especially immigrants and the working class. Inventions such as the radio and the phonograph also helped foster this new mass national culture. Now dependent on advertising and the consumption of the American consumer, the every day lives of Americans changed as they experienced a celebration of "youth, athleticism and the liberating power of consumer goods" as portrayed in Hollywood movies. Just as movies reached national views, radio was able to reach national listeners, thus promoting forms of American music such as country-and-western, blues and jazz that had been isolated before. Advertisers used radio listeners to influence Americans to buy their products. The phonograph and recording industry transformed American culture with record companies introducing country music, blues and jazz. Radio was able to reach millions of Americans and was instrumental in introducing these musical genres to many more Americans. Radio also helped many more Americans experience sports such as football and baseball and through the new media helped create national athletic heroes. During postwar America, the tabloid style of newspaper was created and its portable size made it easy for commuters to read as they traveled on subways or buses. The gossip column was especially popular as the writers spelled out the "secret lives of public figures," allowing the reader a glimpse into the world of celebrity lives. Athletes such as Babe Ruth introduced the iconic celebrity athlete experienced today, promoted postwar through radio, newspapers, magazines and newsreels. Advertising and technology are as instrumental in advancing the "culture of consumption" today as they were during the "roaring twenties" and can reach even more Americans through avenues such as social media. Americans still desire to know the gossip of celebrities and relish learning about their secret lives and even the lives of other Americans as experienced through reality television. Athletes exemplify celebrity status even more so today and through even more media configurations, they can also cross into Hollywood movies and advertising to help promote ideas of American culture.

National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956

Another key boost to postwar growth, especially in suburbs, came from the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956. It is significant that the program was sold to the country partly as a civil defense measure (supposedly to facilitate evacuating American cities in case of nuclear attack). By 1972, the program had become the single largest public works program in American history, laying out 41,000 miles of highway at a cost of $76 billion.

To what extent were the grim realities of the depression reflected in popular culture? To what degree were they absent?

Answer: The themes of the depression found expression in many forms of popular culture. Government support for intellectuals and the arts reached unprecedented levels during the Great Depression and many photographers, artists and writers chronicled the challenges of depression life. At the same time, big band jazz and the growing popularity of soap operas broadcast on the radio served as an escape for people from the difficulties of the 1930s. The themes of the Great Depression were reflected in American culture in several ways. Times were grim but through government support allotted within the New Deal, writers, painters, musicians, photographers and theater artists were allowed an opportunity to celebrate American values and culture. Although artistic messages could sometimes be contradictory even within the same novel or movie, Americans experienced messages of protest and revolution through an expression of individualism that attempted to portray American core virtues. Through the WPA allotment of $300 million for those unemployed in these fields, Federal Project No. 1 provided work for four years. Film makers and directors such as Walt Disney and Frank Capra provided Americans an opportunity to escape with characters like Mickey Mouse and films such as It Happened One Night. Through the Federal Writers Project, many writers such as Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, Margaret Walker, John Cheever, Saul Bellow and Zora Neale Hurston were able to achieve prominence among their craft. Many communities in America were allowed the opportunity to experience and enjoy opera for the first time. T.S. Elliot, Maxwell Anderson and Orson Welles produced works for the theater. Through the Federal Music Project, the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra employed 15,000 musicians who presented low-priced concerts for the American public to enjoy in addition to the commission of new works by young American composers. Painters such as Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and Louise Nevelson received assistance through the Federal Art Project. Such artistic expressions can still be seen in public and federal buildings today. The Documentary Impulse became a prominent style used by photographers, artists, novelists, journalists and filmmakers to depict Americans in their struggle to cope and manage through this trying time. Through the photography of Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans, this ill forgotten time in American history was documented with their powerful visual records as they traveled throughout rural small town America and the migrant labor camps. Mass culture was influenced by the radio as it found a place in almost every home in America. Sponsors became synonymous with their shows as soap operas and thrillers became heavily anticipated entertainment in their daily lives. Jazz music was popularized through radio broadcasts of big bands led by Duke Ellington, Count Basie and Benny Goodman whose music enjoyed the mass exposure and escapism radio provided. The grim realities of the depression reflected in popular culture were at times absent as Hollywood avoided any social or political controversy, choosing to focus on their own personal perspectives of American core values. Photographers in their attempts to portray the social, economic and racial inequalities within American agriculture, faced several obstacles such as working in harsh weather and having to wait weeks for their processed photographs. Even the choice of using Kodachrome or black-and-white imagery became controversial as many believed that the black-and-white images provided a more "realistic" documentation.

McCarthyism

Anti-Communist attitudes and actions associated with Senator Joe McCarthy in the early 1950s, including smear tactics and innuendo. p. 590

1956 Suez Crisis

Arab nationalism continued to vex American policymakers, culminating in the 1956 Suez Crisis. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, a leading voice of Arab nationalism, dreamed of building the Aswan High Dam on the Nile to create more arable land and provide cheap electric power. To build the dam, he sought American and British economic aid. When negotiations broke down, Nasser turned to the Soviet Union for aid and announced he would nationalize the strategically vital—and British-controlled—Suez Canal. Eisenhower refused European appeals for help in forcibly returning the canal to the British. British, French, and Israeli forces then invaded Egypt in October 1956. The United States sponsored a UN cease-fire resolution demanding withdrawal of foreign forces.

12. By the 1980s, more than 80 percent of all legal immigrants to the United States came from either __________.

Asia or Latin America

Truman

Aspiring to enlarge the New Deal, he settled on a modest domestic agenda to promote social welfare and an anti-isolationist, anti-Communist foreign policy. Fatefully, during his administration, domestic and foreign policy became increasingly entangled. Out of that entanglement emerged a distinctive brand of liberalism—Cold War liberalism. The responsibilities of reestablishing peacetime conditions seemed to overwhelm the new president. "To err is Truman," critics sneered The demand for consumer items rapidly outran supply, fueling inflation and a huge black market. In 1945 and 1946, the country appeared ready to explode.While homemakers protested rising prices by boycotting neighborhood stores, industrial workers struck in unprecedented numbers. 4.6 million workers on picket lines, the new president was alarmed. Congress defeated most of Truman's proposals to revive the New Deal. One week after Japan's surrender, the president introduced a twenty-one-point program that included greater unemployment compensation, higher minimum wages, and housing assistance. Later he added national health insurance and atomic-energy legislation. Congress rejected most of these bills and passed the Employment Act of 1946, but only with substantial modification. The act created the Council of Economic Advisers, experts who would counsel the president.

Cold War Justifies Military Spending

At the height of the Korean War, defense expenditures swallowed up about half the federal budget, or 14 percent of GNP; after Korea, though military spending declined, by 1960 defense contracts still constituted about 10 percent of GNP

Division of Europe

Atlantic Charter of 1941, the United States and Great Britain proclaimed the right of all nations to self-determination and renounced claims to new territories as spoils of war. Before the war ended, though, Churchill and Roosevelt violated the charter by dividing Europe into spheres of influence During the Cold War, Europe was divided into opposing military alliances, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact (Communist bloc). For Roosevelt, that strategy had seemed compatible with ensuring world peace. FDR balanced his internationalist idealism with a belief that the United States was entitled to extraordinary influence in Latin America and the Philippines and that other great powers might have similar privileges or responsibilities elsewhere By July 1946, Americans had begun to withhold reparations due to the Soviets from their occupation zone and began to grant amnesty to some former Nazis.

49. The first territory annexed by Hitler, in 1938, was:

Austria

2. Which nation was a Central Power in World War I?

Austria-Hungary

Military and Vietnam

Between 1960 and 1962, defense appropriations increased by nearly a third, from $43 billion to $56 billion The Special Forces, authorized by Kennedy to wear the green berets that gave them their unofficial name, reflected the president's desire to acquire greater flexibility, secrecy, and independence in the conduct of foreign policy. But incidents in Southeast Asia showed there were limits to advancing American interests with covert actions and Green Berets. In Laos, the United States had ignored the 1954 Geneva agreement and installed a friendly, CIA-backed military regime, but it could not defeat Soviet-supported Pathet Lao guerrillas. In Laos, the United States had ignored the 1954 Geneva agreement and installed a friendly, CIA-backed military regime, but it could not defeat Soviet-supported Pathet Lao guerrillas. Kennedy's approach to Vietnam reflected an analysis of the situation in that country by two aides, General Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow, who saw things solely through Cold War spectacles. "The Communists are pursuing a clear and systematic strategy in Southeast Asia," Taylor and Rostow concluded, ignoring the inefficiency, corruption, and unpopularity of the Diem government The South Vietnamese army, bloated by U.S. aid and weakened by corruption, continued to disintegrate. In the fall of 1963, American military officers and CIA operatives stood aside with approval as a group of Vietnamese generals toppled Diem, killing him and his top advisers. It was the first of many coups that racked the South Vietnamese government over the next few years. By November 1963, the situation in South Vietnam was deteriorating; Diem's overthrow and murder in a U.S.-backed coup was symptomatic of U.S. failure to secure an anti-communist alternative to Ho Chi Minh's revolutionary movement. Kennedy understood this. There are some indications that he was thinking of cutting losses, perhaps after winning reelection in 1964; there are other signs that he was preparing to escalate the U.S. commitment. Most likely, he meant to keep all options open. But we will never know what he would have done about Vietnam.

3. The most segregated big city in America in the early 1960s was __________.

Birmingham, Alabama

2. Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the Versailles Treaty?

Bitter resentment in Germany over the punitive treaty sowed the seeds for the Nazi rise to power in the 1930s.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Black civil rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. and other clergy. p. 634

12. How did the Manhattan community of Harlem become an exclusively black neighborhood in the twenties?

Black migration from the South and the Caribbean encouraged realtors and landlords to market only to black residents.

Council of Economic Advisers

Board of three professional economists established in 1946 to advise the president on economic policy. p. 586

Women's Educational and Industrial Union

Boston organization offering classes to wage-earning women. p. 427

4. Why was Johnson convinced that winning the war in Vietnam was so critically important?

Both President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara stressed the pivotal significance of victory.

3. How did rural areas in the Midwest compare to Rustbelt cities in the 1970s?

Both areas lost population due to decline in the types of work at which many people in those areas made their living.

11. How did Eisenhower's relationship with business resemble the Republican ideology of the 1920s?

Both limited the role of the federal government in business and encouraged a voluntary government-business relationship.

2. Which statement most accurately describes of the experiences women in the WACS and WAVES during World War II?

Both male soldiers and commanders were suspicious of their morality and were hostile toward them.

4. How was Kennedy's interpretation of the situation in Vietnam similar to Eisenhower's policies?

Both reflected upon Vietnam through a Cold War perspective

8. Financial Panic in which of the following countries helped trigger a depression in the United States in 1893?

Britain

Sedition Act

Broad law restricting criticism of America's involvement in World War I or its government, flag, military, taxes, or officials p. 498

50. Which of the following was NOT part of Elvis's blend of music? Selected Answer: Correct Broadway show tunes Answers: gospel intensity black rhythm and blues white country Correct Broadway show tunes

Broadway show tunes

4. What key government agency was in charge of organizing large water projects in the American West during the Great Depression?

Bureau of Reclamation

3. Why did the idea of universal free schooling take hold during the last three decades of the nineteenth century?

Business and civic leaders realized that the welfare of society depended on an educated population.

7. In Birmingham, the SCLC agreed to an immediate end to the protests in exchange for what?

Businesses would desegregate and begin hiring African Americans.

3. The Tet Offensive was successfully stopped by the United States __________.

But nevertheless weakened the resolve of many Americans to continue in the war

12. How did Hollywood deal with the Great Depression in its films?

By and large, it avoided social and political controversy.

15. What do the 1934 elections suggest about the public's response to Roosevelt's critics on the right?

By and large, the public was unconvinced by conservative Republican arguments.

5. How did American writers respond to American cultural values in the 1920s?

By and large, they felt alienated from American society, and both ridiculed and criticized it.

"good war"

By the mid-1940s, popular culture had helped to shape a collective memory of World War II as "the good war," the standard by which the nation's subsequent wars would be judged

Death, Medical Corps

By the time the war ended, nearly 500,000 Americans died in military actions. Although the European Theater produced the most casualties, the Pacific held grave dangers beyond enemy fire. For soldiers in humid jungles, malaria, typhus, diarrhea, or dengue fever posed the most common threat to their lives. The prolonged stress of combat also took a toll in "battle fatigue"—the official army term for combat stress and what would today be called posttraumatic stress. More than 1 million soldiers suffered at one time or another from debilitating psychiatric symptoms. The cause, psychiatrists concluded, was not individual weakness but long stints in the front lines. In 1944, the army concluded that eight months in combat was the maximum. When replacements were available, a rotation system relieved exhausted soldiers. Army Medical Corps doctors went to the front lines "wonder drugs" such as penicillin to save many wounded soldiers who in earlier wars would have died. Overall, less than 4 percent of all soldiers who received medical care died of their injuries. Much of the success in treatment came from the use of blood plasma, which reduced the often lethal effect of shock from severe bleeding. many soldiers nevertheless named medics the true heroes of the battlefront. Like medics, army nurses went first to training centers in the United States, learning how to dig foxholes and dodge bullets before being sent overseas. By 1945, approximately 56,000 women, including 500 African American women, were on active duty in the Army Nurse Corps, staffing medical facilities in every theater of the war.

11. The tenant farmers and sharecropper families who were forced off the land became part of a stream of "Okies" looking for better opportunities in __________.

California

5. How did consumer-based industries change the everyday lives of Americans?

Canning, chemicals, synthetics, and plastics allowed for new mass-marketed products.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Cartel of oil-producing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that gained substantial power over the world economy in the mid-to late-1970s by controlling the production and price of oil. p. 676

2. After October 1949, Truman was blamed for the "loss" of __________.

China

31. In 1949, Jiang Jeishi was defeated and Mao Zedong took over:

China

4. In 1949, Jiang Jeishi was defeated, and Mao Zedong took over __________.

China

43. In 1949, these two events occurred that increased Cold War anxiety in the United States.

China becomes communist, the Soviet Union explodes an atomic bomb

4. Discriminatory practices fell hardest on what group of workers?

Chinese

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Civil rights group formed in 1942 and committed to nonviolent civil disobedience. p. 636

Pentagon Papers

Classified Defense Department documents on the history of the United States' involvement in Vietnam, prepared in 1968 and leaked to the press in 1971 p. 671

Albany movement

Coalition formed in 1961 in Albany, a small city in southwest of activists from SNCC, the NAACP, and other local groups. p. 638

Albany movement

Coalition formed in 1961 in Albany, a small city in southwest, of activists from SNCC, the NAACP, and other local groups. p. 638

New Deal coalition

Coalition that included traditional-minded white Southern Democrats, big-city political machines, industrial workers of all races, trade unionists, and many depression-hit farmers. p.543

3. On November 3, 1903, the province of Panama declared itself independent of __________.

Colombia

2. The first World's Fair, held in Chicago, commemorated _____________.

Columbus's landing in the New World

22.3 American Mobilization 1. In an effort to organize public opinion in support of the war, President Woodrow Wilson created the __________.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

5. How did Congress respond when Truman sent a list of twenty-one proposals to revive the New Deal in 1946?

Congress rejected almost all of them.

Cuban missile crisis

Crisis between the Soviet Union and the United States over the placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. p. 623

12. Which statement accurately describes why the federal government was forced to consider the demands of unions more carefully during wartime than in the past?

Declining immigration and the draft had made labor scarce and more important.

8. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 created the __________.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

12. What event did President Roosevelt describe as "a date which will live in infamy"?

bombing of Pearl Harbor

8. Which statement best describes the reasons that drove Europeans to immigrate to the United States in the early twentieth century?

European immigrants were both pushed by circumstances at home and pulled by opportunities in the United States.

Trail of Broken Treaties

Event staged in 1972 by the American Indian Movement (AIM) that culminated in a weeklong occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. p. 666

5. Which statement best describes the reasons for the second New Deal?

FDR feared the loss of electoral support on the left and conservative sabotage in the Supreme Court.

5. How did Kennedy avert nuclear war during the Cuban missile crisis?

He secretly agreed to remove American missiles from Turkey.

8. How did Interior Secretary Albert Fall personally benefit during the Harding administration?

He received payoffs for secretly leasing oil reserves in Wyoming and California to private developers.

Open shop

Factory or business employing workers whether or not they are union members; in practice, such a business usually refuses to hire union members and follows antiunion policies. The name for a workplace where unions were not allowed, p. 471

open shop

Factory or business employing workers whether or not they are union members; in practice, such a business usually refuses to hire union members and follows antiunion policies. p. 509

Nativism

Favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants. p. 444

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Federal agency created in 1958 to manage American space flights and exploration. p. 621

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Federal agency created in 1970 to oversee environmental monitoring and cleanup programs p. 677

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)

Federal agency that coordinated many programs of the War on Poverty between 1964 and 1975 p. 656

Central Powers

Germany and its World War I allies in Austria, Italy, Turkey, and Bulgaria p. 487

5. Why did Martin Luther King Jr. become more outspoken in his opposition to the war in the years before his death?

He recognized a connection between domestic unrest and the war abroad.

"Ike" enters Presidency 1953

Eisenhower developed new strategies for the containment of what he called "international communism," including a greater reliance on nuclear deterrence and aggressively using the CIA for covert action. Yet Eisenhower also resolved to do everything possible to forestall an all-out nuclear conflict. December 1952 Eisenhower traveled to Korea just after his election and spent three days at the front. He returned home determined to end the fighting. The death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in March 1953, along with the exhaustion of Chinese and North Korean forces, created conditions favorable for a truce. In July 1953, a cease-fire agreement—not a peace settlement—brought the fighting to an uneasy end, freezing the division of North and South Korea near the 38th Parallel. A conservative vision of community lay at the core of Eisenhower's political philosophy. He saw America as a corporate commonwealth, similar to Herbert Hoover's "associative state" of a generation earlier As president, Eisenhower sought to limit New Deal trends that had expanded federal power, and he encouraged a voluntary, as opposed to a regulatory, government-business partnership. To him, social harmony and "the good life" at home were closely linked to maintaining a stable, American-led international order abroad. He was fond of the phrase "middle of the road." The majority of the American public agreed with Eisenhower's seemingly easygoing approach. feared "garrison state" As a percentage of the federal budget, military spending fell from 66 percent to 49 percent during Eisenhower's two terms. Much of this saving was gained through increased reliance on nuclear weapons and long-range delivery systems, which were relatively cheaper than conventional forces. Sec of State Dulles called not simply for "containing" communism, but for a "rollback." Eisenhower recognized that the Soviets would defend not just their own borders, but also their domination of Eastern Europe, by all-out war if necessary.

28.2 No Easy Road to Freedom, 1957-1962 1. In the late 1950s, what convinced civil rights activists that they could not rely on federal help and needed to organize and help themselves?

Eisenhower's reluctance to intervene in Little Rock

1952 Election

Democrats lost b/c rumours of corruption signs - Truman squashed reelection. Dems lacked strong candidate to address threats Soviet Union, stalemate Korean War soft on communism Republican retired Gen. Eisenhower president and Republican control of Congress, prospect of peace, moderate welfare state, made good use of TV - w/ running mate Nixon captured almost 55% of vote The Republicans made the most of the Democrats' dilemma. Without proposing any sweeping answers of their own, they zeroed in on "K1C2"—Korea, Communism, and Corruption. When opinion polls showed retired General Dwight D. Eisenhower with an "unprecedented" 64 percent approval rating, they found in "Ike" the perfect candidate. modern republicanism Voters wanted peace and a limited welfare state. He called New Deal reforms "a solid floor that keeps all of us from falling into the pit of disaster," and without going into specifics promised "an early and honorable" peace in Korea. Whenever he was tempted to address questions of finance or the economy, his advisers warned him: "The chief reason that people want to vote for you is because they think you have more ability to keep us out of another war." On national television, he pathetically described his wife Pat's "good Republican cloth coat" and their struggling life, but then contritely admitted to indeed accepting one gift: a puppy named Checkers that his little daughters loved and that he refused to give back. The masterfully maudlin "Checkers Speech" defused the scandal without answering the most important charges. The speech also underscored how important television was becoming in molding voters' perceptions. Soaring above the scandal, Eisenhower inspired voters as the peace candidate. Ten days before the election, he dramatically announced: "I shall go to Korea." Eisenhower carried 55 percent of the vote and thirty-nine states, bringing an unusually large harvest of voters in normally Democratic areas, such as the South, and in New York, Chicago, Boston, and Cleveland. Riding his coattails, the Republicans regained narrow control of Congress. The New Deal coalition—ethnic minorities, northern blacks, unionized workers, liberals, Catholics, Jews, and white southern conservatives—no longer commanded a majority.

Americanizing experience

Despite segregation, the armed forces ultimately pulled Americans of all varieties out of their separate communities. Many Jews and other second-generation European immigrants, for example, described their military stint as an "Americanizing" experience. For the first time in their lives, many Indian peoples left reservations as approximately 25,000 served in the armed forces. In the Pacific war, Navajo "code talkers" used their native language (a complex, unwritten language unknown to the Japanese) to transmit information from the front lines and also improved their English in special classes. many African Americans, military service provided a bridge to postwar civil rights agitation.

9. What do crime statistics reveal about the true nature of juvenile delinquency in the 1950s?

Despite some increases in juvenile crime, especially in the suburbs, the severity of the issue was exaggerated.

8. Which statement is accurate regarding the battles of Okinawa and Iwo Jima?

Despite suffering massive casualties, the United States was victorious in the end.

2. Which statement best describes a paradox of the youth culture of the 1950s and 1960s?

Despite the accent on a distinctive youth culture, many young Americans rushed into marriage.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Direct federal money for relief, funneled through state and local governments

19. In 1951, Truman fired this World War II hero and Korean War commander for publicly criticizing Truman's policies.

Douglas MacArthur

Health Care

Dramatic improvements in medical care allowed many Americans to enjoy longer and healthier lives. New antibiotics such as penicillin, the "wonder drug" of World War II, became widely available to the general population Perhaps the most celebrated achievement of postwar medicine was the victory over poliomyelitis. Between 1947 and 1951, this disease, which usually crippled those it did not kill, struck an average of 39,000 Americans every year. In 1955, Jonas Salk pioneered the first effective vaccine against the disease, using a preparation of killed virus. A nationwide program of polio vaccination, later supplemented by the oral Sabin vaccine, virtually eliminated polio by the 1960s. The American Medical Association (AMA), which certified medical schools, did nothing to increase the flow of new doctors. The number of physicians per 100,000 people actually declined between 1950 and 1960; doctors trained in other countries made up the shortfall. President Truman had proposed national health insurance, to be run along the lines of Social Security, and President Eisenhower later proposed a program that would offer government assistance to private health insurance companies. The AMA denounced both proposals as "socialized medicine." Until 1965, with the advent of Medicare (for the elderly) and Medicaid (for the poor)—both of which it also opposed—the AMA successfully fought any form of direct federal involvement in health care.

3. Which statement best describes the historical significance of Roosevelt's first one hundred days?

During this time period, FDR pushed through Congress an extraordinary amount of improvised reforms and relief measures.

4. Who was the chief justice of the Supreme Court who presided over Brown v. Board of Education?

Earl Warren

4. Which of these groups had the most experience with urban life when they arrived in America?

East European Jews

29.3 War on Poverty 1. The cornerstone of Johnson's Great Society plan was the __________.

Economic Opportunity Act

Tennessee Valley Authority

Economic development and cheap electricity for Tennessee Valley

9. Both progressives and Christian moralists supported prohibition, imposed by the:

Eighteenth Amendment

Taft-Hartley Act

Federal legislation of 1947 that substantially limited the tools available to labor unions in labor-management disputes. p. 587 The Republicans, dominant in Congress for the first time since 1931, mounted a counterattack on the New Deal, beginning with organized labor. Unions had peaked in size and prestige; membership topped 15 million and encompassed nearly 40 percent of all wage earners. Claiming that "Big Labor" had gone too far, the Eightieth Congress aimed at abolishing many practices legalized by the Wagner Act of 1935 (see Chapter 24). The resultant Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, passed over Truman's veto, outlawed the closed shop, the secondary boycott, and the use of union dues for political activities; mandated an eighty-day cooling-off period in the case of strikes affecting "national safety or health"; and required all union officials to swear that they were not Communists. Truman himself would later invoke the act against strikers.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Federal legislation that outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment on the basis of race, skin color, sex religion or national origin. p. 641.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Federal legislation that outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment on the basis of race, skin color, sex, religion, or naitonal origin. p. 641

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Federal regional planning agency established to promote conservation, produce electric power, and encourage economic development in seven Southern states. p. 539

2. Which of these is an example of deregulation during the Reagan administration? The National Labor Relations Board toughened its antiunion stance. Cuts were made to more than 200 social and cultural programs. Formerly protected wetlands were opened up for private development. Taxes were cut and government spending increased to stimulate the economy.

Formerly protected wetlands were opened up for private development.

Tenements

Four-to-six-story residential dwellings, once common in New York, built on tiny lots without regard to providing ventilation or light. p. 423

34. The majority of fighting seen by American soldiers in World War I was in:

France

2. What was the most important consequence of A. Philip Randolph's threat to lead a march on Washington?

Franklin Roosevelt integrated the armed forces industry, which created numerous jobs for African Americans.

Detente

French for "easing of tension," the term is used to describe the new U.S. relations with China and the Soviet Union in 1972. p. 681

By Air

German luftwaffe Allied aerial bombing was increasing the pressure on Germany. Some U.S. leaders believed that the B-17 Flying Fortress, "the mightiest bomber ever built," could win the war from the air without any western troops having to fight their way into Europe. The U.S. Army Air Corps (predecessor of the Air Force) described the B-17 as a "humane" weapon, capable of hitting specific military targets while sparing civilians. That claim was nonsense. Especially when weather or darkness required bombardiers to sight with radar, they could not distinguish between industrial, military, and civilian targets, and even with the best available targeting, bombs might land anywhere within a nearly two-mile radius

Battle of the Bulge

German offensive in December 1944 that penetrated deep into Belgium (creating a "bulge"). Allied forces, while outnumbered, attacked from the north and south. By January, 1945, the German forces were destroyed or routed, but not without some 77,000 Allied casualties p. 573 That winter, making a final, desperate effort to break the Allied momentum, Hitler sent his last reserves, a quarter-million men, against Allied lines in Belgium's dense Ardennes forest. In this so-called Battle of the Bulge, the Germans surprised the Allied forces, but also exhausted their capacity for counterattack. After Christmas Day 1944, the Germans had to retreat into their own territory. The end approached. In March 1945, discovery of a single intact bridge across the Rhine allowed the Allies to roll into the heart of Germany, taking the heavily industrialized Ruhr Valley. By that time, Soviet offenses were crushing the German army in the east. The Red Army had reached Warsaw in the midsummer of 1944, but then stood by while the anti-Russian Polish resistance rose up—only to be destroyed (along with most of the city) by the Nazis. While that tragedy unfolded, the Soviets occupied the Balkans and battled the Germans in Hungary. Only in January 1945 did the Red Army sweep across Poland and by April besiege Berlin, where Hitler had holed up.

blitzkrieg

German war tactic in World War II ("lightning war") involving the concentration of air and armored firepower to punch and exploit holes in opposing defensive lines p. 559

2. How did Germany respond when the United States declared war on Japan?

Germany (and Italy) declared war on the United States.

Fourteen Points

Goals outlined by Woodrow Wilson for war p. 493

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Government agency during World War I that sought to shape public opinion in support of the war effort through newspapers, pamphlets, speeches, films, and other media p. 489

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Government agency established in 1914 to provide regulatory oversight of business activity p. 478

5. Which statement expresses the essence of the social gospel message?

Government ought to be more responsible toward impoverished citizens.

13. The Atlantic Charter created an undeclared alliance between which two nations?

Great Britain and the United States

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Group of Native American political activists who used confrontations with the federal government to publicize their case for Indian rights p. 666

Irreconcilables

Group of U.S. senators adamantly opposed to ratification of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I p. 503

Temperance groups

Groups dedicated to reducing the sale and consumption of alcohol, p. 461

9. How did U.S. companies impede economic growth in Latin American nations during the 1920s?

Growing American investments made it difficult for these nations to grow their own food or diversify their economies.

Guatemala United Fruit

Guatemala saw the most publicized CIA intervention of the Eisenhower years (see Map 27.1). In that impoverished Central American country—where 2 percent of the population held 72 percent of all farmland and the American-based United Fruit Company owned vast banana plantations—a fragile democracy took root in 1944. President Jácobo Arbenz Guzmán, elected in 1950, aggressively pursued land reform, encouraged the formation of trade unions, and tried to buy (at assessed value) enormous acreage that United Fruit owned but did not cultivate. The company demanded far more compensation for this land than Guatemala offered and, having powerful friends in the administration (CIA director Dulles had sat on United Fruit's board of directors), it began lobbying intensively for U.S. intervention, linking land-reform programs to international communism. United States intervention began when the Navy stopped Guatemala-bound ships and seized their cargoes, and on June 14, 1954, the U.S.-trained antigovernment force invaded from Honduras. Guatemalans resisted by seizing United Fruit buildings, but U.S. Air Force bombing gave the invaders cover. In 1957, Castillo Armas was assassinated, initiating a decades-long civil war between military factions and peasant guerrillas.

32. In the election of 1944, FDR's running mate—who became president with FDR's death in 1945—was:

Harry Truman

7. How did Stalin respond to plans for the political and economic unification of the western zones of Germany?

He blockaded West Berlin.

13. How did the president of U.S. Steel, Elbert Gary, manage to turn public opinion against steel strikers and their demands for union recognition, an eight-hour day, and wage increases?

He branded them as revolutionaries.

5. Why did Father Charles Coughlin attack President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his passionate broadcasts from suburban Detroit?

He charged that Roosevelt wanted dictatorial powers and that New Deal policies were part of a communist conspiracy.

14. How did Truman gain congressional approval for aid to Greece and Turkey?

He convinced the members of Congress that the aid was necessary to preserve freedom.

6. How did President Roosevelt respond to the challenge of Republican Alfred M. Landon in the 1936 election?

He decried the "economic royalists" who denied that government could protect its citizens in their right to work and live.

10. How did President Woodrow Wilson win over many in the American public who had been reluctant to go to war?

He defined the call to war as a great moral crusade.

13. How did President George H. W. Bush anger conservative Republicans?

He did not veto a small tax increase on wealthy taxpayers.

5. Which statement is true of Reagan's approach to organized labor? He did not see organized labor as an impediment to growth. He appointed liberals to the National Labor Relations Board. He agreed to most of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization's demands except for increases in pay. He fired all the strikers of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization.

He fired all the strikers of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization.

5. How did Dallas dentist Hiram W. Evans transform the Ku Klux Klan when he became the organization's imperial wizard?

He hired professional fund-raisers, and paid commissions to those who sponsored new members.

4. How did Woodrow Wilson respond to British and French pressure to intervene in the revolutionary developments in Russia?

He initially resisted, but then agreed to send about 15,000 American troops into Siberia to control strategically important railway lines there.

15. How did President Woodrow Wilson change race relations in the federal government during his tenure?

He introduced racial segregation in federal offices.

14. How did President Reagan respond to the rise of acquired immune deficiency syndrome?

He largely ignored the epidemic.

21.6 National Progressivism 1. Which statement best explains how President Woodrow Wilson aided the cause of labor during his first term in office?

He supported the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, which exempted unions from antitrust prosecution.

11. Why did Booker T. Washington enjoy the financial backing and respect of white philanthropists and progressives?

He urged blacks to focus on self-improvement and self-reliance rather than on civil rights.

3. Why did President Woodrow Wilson set out on a cross-country speaking tour in 1919?

He wanted to drum up support for the League of Nations and the peace treaty.

4. Why did President Franklin D. Roosevelt suggest the appointment of additional justices to the bench of the U.S. Supreme Court for every sitting justice over seventy?

He wanted to ensure that his programs would be upheld by the Supreme Court.

13. Which of these explains the desire of Leonid Brezhnev to meet with Nixon in 1972?

He was anxious about U.S. involvement in China and eager for economic assistance.

26. Which of the following was NOT an immediate response of President Wilson after the Lusitania and the Sussex incidents? Correct He went to Congress to ask for a declaration of war. Answers: He threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany. Correct He went to Congress to ask for a declaration of war. He got a pledge from Germany to visit or warn vessels before attack. He increased financial assistance to the Allies.

He went to Congress to ask for a declaration of war.

2. What best describes the role of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., on the U.S. Supreme Court during the progressive era?

He wrote a number of notable dissents to conservative court decisions.

13. How did Florence Kelley shape the lives of working women in Illinois?

Her report on dismal conditions in sweatshops there became the basis for the state law mandating an eight-hour workday for women.

3. Eisenhower's view of government most resembled the "associative state" embraced by__________.

Herbert Hoover

4. Who did President Woodrow Wilson appoint to lead the Food Administration?

Herbert Hoover

Conspicuous consumption

Highly visible displays of wealth and consumption. p. 424

5. How was the Mondale presidential ticket different from all others in American history?

His running mate was a woman.

March on Washington

Historic gathering of more than 250,000 people in Washington, DC, in 1963 marching for jobs and freedom p. 640

March on Washington

Historic gathering of more than 250,000 people in Washington, DC, in 1963 marching for jonbs and freedom. p. 640.

2. What is the central contention of Andrew Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth?

Honest success is praiseworthy.

5. What poem established Allen Ginsberg as an important new voice in American literature?

Howl

4. After Robert Kennedy was assassinated, who rose to become the presidential candidate for the Democratic Party?

Hubert H. Humphrey

2. Who posed the greatest potential threat to Franklin Roosevelt's leadership?

Huey Long

Landrum-Griffin Act

In 1959, after highly publicized hearings on union corruption, Congress passed the Landrum-Griffin Act, which widened government control over union affairs and further restricted union use of picketing and secondary boycotts during strikes.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

In April 1949, ten European nations, Canada, and the United States formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual-defense alliance. NATO complemented the Marshall Plan, strengthening economic ties among the member nations ( Table 26.1). It also deepened divisions between Eastern and Western Europe, making a permanent military mobilization on both sides almost inevitable.

12. How did the Hepburn Act increase the power of the federal government to intervene in the abuse of corporate power?

It authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and inspect financial records.

25.2 The Great Arsenal of Democracy 1. How did the New Deal fare during the year 1942?

It basically withered away due to economic progress and the addition of many new Republicans in Congress.

Eisenhower and Iran

In Iran in 1953, the CIA produced a swift, major victory. The popular Iranian prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, had nationalized Britain's Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and the State Department worried that this might set a precedent throughout the oil-rich Middle East. A CIA-sponsored opposition movement drove Mossadegh from office and put in power an autocratic monarch (shah), Riza Pahlavi. The shah proved his loyalty to his American sponsors by renegotiating oil contracts, assuring American companies 40 percent of Iran's oil concessions. But U.S. identification with the shah's repressive regime in the long run created a groundswell of anti-Americanism among Iranians.

World Bank and International Monetary Fund

In July 1944, representatives from forty-four Allied nations met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, and established the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). help rebuild war-torn Europe and Asia. The United States was the principal supplier of funds for the IMF and the World Bank (more than $7 billion to each) and thus, by determining the allocation of loans, could unilaterally reshape the global economy The Soviet Union participated at Bretton Woods, but refused to ratify the agreements. Accepting World Bank and IMF aid would, Stalin believed, make the Soviet Union an economic colony of the capitalist West. By spurning this aid, the Soviet Union economically isolated itself and its East European satellites.

Allies

In World War I, Britain, France, Russia, and other belligerent nations fighting against the Central Powers, not including the United States p. 487

Joseph McCarthy McCarthyism Jr. Senator from Wisconsin

In a sensational Lincoln Day speech to the Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virginia, on February 9, 1950, Republican senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin announced that the United States had been sold out by the "traitorous actions" of men holding important positions in the federal government. These acted as part of a conspiracy, he charged, of 205 card-carrying Communists in the State Department Although investigations uncovered not a single Communist in the State Department, McCarthy launched a flamboyant offensive against New Deal Democrats and the Truman administration for failing to defend the nation's security. He gave his name to the era: McCarthyism. During nationally televised congressional hearings in 1954, not only did McCarthy fail to prove his wild charges of Communist infiltration of the Army, but also in the glare of television appeared deranged. Cowed for four years, the Senate finally censured him for "conduct unbecoming a member." The tables turned on Senator Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) after he instigated an investigation of the U.S. Army for harboring Communists. A special congressional committee then investigated McCarthy for attempting to make the Army grant special privileges to his staff aide, Private David Schine. During the televised hearings, Senator McCarthy discredited himself. In December 1954, the Senate voted to censure him, thus robbing him of his power. He died three years later. Communism - It compelled patriots to prepare Americans even for atomic warfare: "Better Dead Than Red."

2. Why didn't the Brown decision deal immediately with the issue of the implementation of desegregation?

In order to gain a unanimous decision, the chief justice had to compromise.

Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, 1963

In the late 1950s, Betty Friedan, a wife, mother, and journalist, began a systematic survey of her Smith College classmates. She found "a strange discrepancy between the reality of our lives as women and the image to which we were trying to conform." Extending her research, in 1963 Friedan published her landmark book The Feminine Mystique, which gave voice to the silent frustrations of suburban women and helped to launch a new feminist movement.

Shared Writing: How did the war affect the lives of American women? *The war affected the lives of American women first and most importantly in the types of jobs that became open to them. Because so many American men joined the war effort, jobs previously held by these men were vacated. New workers were in demand in record numbers due to the wartime economy. By 1945, the female labor force grew by 50 percent dramatically changing the wage-earning patterns of women and this was especially prevalent in white women over age thirty-five. For the first time, married women became the major source of income for the family. The employment rate was not as drastic for African American women as ninety percent had been members of the labor force since 1940. The change for these women was experienced in their actual type of employment as they left domestic service and found employment in the much higher-paying industrial jobs. Industry and government communicated that such jobs had to be filled by any available men first before offered to any women. Although "Rosie the Riveter" became synonymous with the female worker employed during the war, these jobs were expected to only last for the war's duration. Women employed in the auto industry rose to 200,000 from only 29,000 and those working in the electrical industry rose from 100,000 to 374,000. Seventy-five percent of women asked stated that they wished to keep working after the war and preferred this type of employment. During World War II, record numbers of marriages occurred possibly due to the uncertainties of wartime. Women faced difficulties with the challenges of both working full-time and the demands of caring for a household, especially with regard to childcare. Japanese American women faced internment with their families due to charges of sedition. Due to the demands of fabric for parachutes and uniforms, production of nylon stockings came to a halt in addition to the fashion industry shortening skirts to save on fabric. When Congress approved the bill establishing the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and the Women's Army Corps (WAC) in 1942, in addition to other bills establishing the women's division of the navy (WAVES), the Women's Air Force Pilots and the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, women were officially entered in the war. With two-thirds of women serving in the WAC and WAVES, more than 350,000 women would eventually serve during World War II. Although the majority were better skilled and educated than their male counterparts, they were paid much less and due to military policy were prohibited from the supervision of male workers. Women were barred from any combat but serving as nurses, found themselves battlefront as they treated male soldiers, even digging their own foxholes. Although not during combat missions, women flew over 1,000 planes. Most women served stateside working in administrative jobs in communications, clerical, or health care facilities. Women serving in the WAC and WAVES experienced negative publicity and hostility as rumors of their prostitution and immoral behaviors were spread, leading to the War Department's close monitoring and establishment of stricter rules for women and not men. Women received training for digging foxholes and dodging bullets before they were sent overseas just like medics. Most women served on active duty in the Army Nurse Corps working on staff in the medical facilities of every theater of the war and after 1945, approximately 56,000 women, including 500 African American women had served in these positions.

In what ways did women and minorities benefit from their WWII experience? Can you anticipate how this would lead to problems after the war? Answer: Women entered the workforce in massive numbers as men left factories to join the military. Industry propaganda compared factory labor to the domestic chores women had responsibility for in the home. No one, however, expected women to remain in the workforce once the war ended. Many other women joined the military auxiliaries, serving as nurses, in clerical and communication positions, and in some noncombat flight missions. African Americans promoted the "Double-V" campaign, victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. African Americans took advantage of new opportunities in industry as well as the military. President Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802 barred discrimination in defense industries. One million black Americans served in the armed forces during World War II, but they endured segregation, poor equipment, and the taunts of white officers. Despite this, military service proved to be a vital training ground for future civil rights activists.

6. "Wobblies" was a popular name for the __________.

Industrial Workers of the World

What provoked paranoia for Cold War and Second Red Scare?

Instead of peace in the wake of World War II, "Cold War"—tense, icy relations but no outright fighting—prevailed between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Liberty Bonds

Interest-bearing certificates sold by the U.S. government to finance the American World War I effort p. 494

League of Nations

International organization created by the Versailles Treaty after World War I to ensure world stability p. 493

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

International organization established in 1945 to assist nations in maintaining stable currencies p. 582

World Trade Organization (WTO)

International organization that sets standards and practices for global trade, and the focus of international protests over world economic poicy in the late 1990s. p. 702

13. In 1953, the CIA intervened to put in power Shah Riza Pahlavi as ruler of__________.

Iran

3. Which population in the United States was likely to support the Central Powers at the beginning of World War I?

Irish Americans

24.4 The New Deal in the South and West 1. How did the federal government respond to the soil erosion in the Dust Bowl region?

It altered land-use patterns and restored grasslands

Ch. 30.1 The Overextended Society 1. In 1973, what did the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) do?

It announced an oil embargo on certain countries for foreign policy reasons.

Truman and WWII and Atomic Bomb

It was at Potsdam that Truman learned a closely guarded secret: that on July 16 the United States had successfully tested an atomic bomb in New Mexico. As a senator and as vice president, Truman had not been informed of the existence of the Manhattan Project; he first heard about it upon Roosevelt's death. Until the moment of the test, Truman had been pressing Stalin to make good his Yalta promise to enter the Pacific war three months after Germany's surrender—a deadline that would fall on August 8. But then Secretary of War Stimson received a cable: "Babies satisfactorily born." Truman and his advisers concluded that Soviet assistance was no longer needed to end the war.

22.5 Repression and Reaction 1. Why did southern African American women during World War I often make the trip to northern industrial cities before the rest of the family followed?

It was easier for them to obtain steady work as maids, laundresses, or cooks.

2. What was the significance of Operation Torch?

It was the first time American troops went into action in the European Theater.

2. How did the Woman's Christian Temperance Union try to protect women and children from the abuse of fathers and husbands?

It worked toward ending the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol.

4. Why was the Interstate Commerce Ineffective?

Its rate-setting policies were usually voided by the Supreme Court.

2. Who ran for President as a Dixiecrat in 1948?

J. Strom Thurmond

2. Who wrote the "Beat manifesto," On the Road?

Jack Kerouac

7. What US secretary of state worked under the Garfield and Harrison administrations to establish a Good Neighbor policy with Latin American countries?

James G. Blaine

No Compromise for Axis Powers

January 1943, while the fighting raged in North Africa, Roosevelt and Churchill met at Casablanca in Morocco and announced that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of their enemies. There would be no negotiations with Hitler and Mussolini. Stalin, who did not attend, criticized the policy, predicting that it would only increase enemy determination to fight to the end and thereby prolong the war and swell the casualty list.

1. In 1905, Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between which two nations at war?

Japan and Russia

4. The commander of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I was __________.

John J. Pershing

Muckraking

Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by Theodore Roosevelt for its "raking the muck" of American society, p. 459

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the day of the first paratroop drops and amphibious landings on the coast of Normandy, France, in the first state of Operation Overlord during World War II p. 572 Within days, though, more than 175,000 Allied troops and 20,000 vehicles were battling the Germans—the largest landing operation in history. Over the next six weeks, nearly 1 million more Allied soldiers came ashore. Not until mid-July did this invasion army finally break out of Normandy and drive into the French interior. D-Day landing, June 6, 1944, marked the greatest amphibious maneuver in military history. Troop ships ferried Allied soldiers from England to Normandy beaches. Within a month, nearly 1 million men had assembled in France, ready to retake western and central Europe from German forces. With Free French and Allied troops, General Charles de Gaulle entered Paris on August 25 and announced a reconstituted French Republic

3. Which regions were hit the hardest by the Dust Bowl?

Kansas, eastern Colorado, and western Omaha

My Lai Massacre

Killing of as many as 500 Vietnamese civilians by U.S. forces during a 1968 search-and-destroy mission p. 671

Knights of Labor

Labor union founded in 1869 that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender. p. 416

Espionage Act

Law whose vague prohibition against obstructing the nation's war effort was used to crush dissent and criticism during World War I p. 495

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws p. 523

2. The most important of the Fourteen Points, in Wilson's opinion, was the __________.

League of Nations

12. Following John F. Kennedy's assassination, what did the Warren Commission conclude?

Lee Harvey Oswald was acting alone.

18. After Kennedy's assassination, the Warren Commission concluded that:

Lee Harvey Oswald was acting alone.

Voting Rights Act

Legislation in 1965 that overturned a variety of practices by which states systematically denied voter registration to minorities p. 644

Voting Rights Act

Legislation in 1965 that overturned a variety of practices by which states systematically denied voter registration to minorities. p. 644

Iron Curtain

March 1946, in a speech delivered in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill spoke to the end of wartime cooperation. With President Truman at his side, the former British prime minister solemnly intoned: "An iron curtain has descended across the [European] continent."He called directly upon the United States, standing "at this time at the pinnacle of world power," to recognize its "awe-inspiring accountability to the future" and, in alliance with Great Britain, act vigorously to stop Soviet expansion. As a policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies, the "containment" of Communism had a powerful ideological dimension—an "us-versus-them" division of the world into "freedom" and "slavery."

First New Deal Hundred Days

March 9 - June 16, 1935

4.The leader of the birth control movement was _______

Margaret Sanger

Shared Writing: Discuss the varieties of white resistance to the civil rights movement. Which were most effective in slowing the drive for equality?

Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's decision to promote the Civil Rights Movement through nonviolent passive resistance was insightful. Very little progress could have been gained if they had chosen to use violence to defeat violence. Using the tactic of nonviolent civil disobedience required discipline and sacrifice from its practitioners who literally had to lay down their lives when met with white resistance. Because the South presented the greatest challenge in obtaining civil rights, this is where the movement had to focus their energy. White resistance organized Citizens' Councils to protest integration and civil rights. This method proved effective because it united the resistance. The Civil Rights Movement was faced with traditional southern values that narrowed their view and understanding of equality and liberty. Brown v. Board of Education was prevented from its implementation by creating various blocks including administrative delays. Congressional members from former Confederate states signed the Southern Manifesto that urged resistance in complying with desegregation. President Eisenhower's refusal to publicly endorse Brown also contributed. Governor Faubus of Arkansas made his defiance of the court order a campaign issue in order to gain votes during his reelection. White extremists addressed the movement with "murderous outrage" and they were resolved to preserve the racial status quo. During the Freedom Rides in the spring of 1961, police refused to protect the "troublemakers" that arrived in Montgomery. Although the rides brought attention to southern racism, white resistance to desegregation showed how ineffective federal intervention actually was. The Ku Klux Klan was active in their attempts to prevent any progress with the movement. The most difficult effort attempted by the movement occurred in Mississippi during the Mississippi Freedom Summer. This effort was also one of the most effective means used for white resistance. The white and black volunteers that came from the North to Mississippi to register black voters were met not only with white resistance but also by the State Patrol and local police departments with harassment, tickets and arrests. Although the activists included mostly white college students to register voters, teach and help build the Freedom Party, the movement could not have predicted the murderous violence, arrests, beatings, shootings and bombings they would be forced to endure.

1. The largest sums of social welfare spending under the Great Society went to __________.

Medicare

Bolsheviks

Members of the Communist movement in Russia that established the Soviet government after the 1917 Russian Revolution p. 492

11. In the Eisenhower administration's "Operation Wetback," __________.

Mexican American citizens were often treated as illegals

25. The Zimmermann note was a coded message proposing an alliance between Germany and:

Mexico

Preparedness

Military buildup in preparation for possible U.S. participation in World War I p. 488

5. How did the war break down ethnic and regional barriers between Americans?

Military service pulled Americans out of their local communities and put them in more diverse social situations.

5 Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent approach was most influenced by __________.

Mohandas Gandhi

Greatest Experience in lives WWII

Most veterans looked back on World War II, with all its dangers and discomforts, as the greatest experience they ever knew. As The New Republic predicted in 1943, they met other Americans from every part of the country and recognized for the first time in their lives "the bigness and wholeness of the United States." The army itself promoted such expectations. Twenty-Seven Soldiers (1944), a government-produced film for the troops, showed Allied soldiers of several nationalities all working together in harmony.

4. The urban uprisings of the mid- and late-1960s prompted President Johnson to create the __________.

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

National Security Act 1947

National Security Act, passed by Congress in July 1947, established the Department of Defense and the National Security Council (NSC) to administer and coordinate defense policies and advise the president. The act also created the National Security Resources Board (NSRB) to coordinate plans throughout the government "in the event of war" and, for the first time in American history, to maintain military preparedness in peacetime. The Department of Defense and the NSRB also became the principal sponsors of scientific research during the first 10 years of the Cold War . Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was another product of the National Security Act. With roots in the wartime Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the new CIA became a permanent operation devoted to collecting political, military, and economic information for security purposes throughout the world. (It was barred from domestic intelligence gathering, which was the domain of its rival, the FBI.)

4. In April 1918, President Woodrow Wilson appointed AFL leader Samuel Gompers to the __________.

National War Labor Board

Pre Vietnam Creation of SEATO

National elections and reunification were promised in 1956. But the United States refused to sign the accord. Instead, the Eisenhower administration created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), a NATO-like and U.S.-dominated security pact including the United States, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Eisenhower's commitment of military advisers and economic aid to South Vietnam, based on Cold War assumptions, had laid the foundation for the Vietnam War of the 1960s. Ngo Dinh Diem, who quickly emerged as South Vietnam's president - corrupt repressive

2. The new coalition that voted Franklin D. Roosevelt into office in 1936 became known as the __________.

New Deal coalition

10. The most popular destination in the United States for Caribbean immigrants in the early twentieth century was __________.

New York City

15. Why did technological innovation ultimately fail to reduce housework for middle-class women?

New décor and complex meals required more time and energy.

Contras

Nicaraguan exiles armed and organized by the CIA to fight the Sandinista government of Nicaragua p. 687

Doughboys

Nickname for soldiers during the Civil War era who joined the army for money p. 482

2. Which statement summarizes the women's liberation movement's most important principle? Women have authority over their own bodies, and therefore have the right to an abortion. A woman's role outside the home is more significant than that within the home. No aspect of life lacks a political dimension. Women must be freed from "implements of human torture."

No aspect of life lacks a political dimension.

17. If you were a U.S. soldier and part of the D-Day invasion, where would you be landing?

Normandy

22. The Korean War began when:

North Korea launched a military attack on South Korea.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Organization cofounded by W.E.B. Du Bois in 1910 dedicated to restoring African American political and social rights p. 474

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Organization founded to campaign for the enforcement of laws related to women's issues p. 664

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Organization of ten European countries, Canada, and the United States whom together formed a mutual-defense pact in April 1949. p. 585

Protective Association

Organizations formed by mine owners in response to the formation of labor unions. p. 440

House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

Originally intended to ferret out pro-fascists, it later investigate "un-American propaganda" that attacked constitutional government. p. 590

5. How was the Agricultural Adjustment Administration supposed to provide relief to the nation's farmers?

The AAA established prices for basic farm commodities and introduced subsidies

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. National Security Act, passed by Congress in July 1947, established the Department of Defense and the National Security Council (NSC) to administer and coordinate defense policies and advise the president. The act also created the National Security Resources Board (NSRB) to coordinate plans throughout the government "in the event of war" and, for the first time in American history, to maintain military preparedness in peacetime.

40. What event prompted FDR to announce it was "a date which shall live in infamy"?

Pearl Harbor

Operation Torch

The Allied invasion of Axis-held North Africa in 1942 p. 571

4. Which of these new agencies was responsible for building public support for the war?

OWI - Office of War Information

27. 2 The Affluent Society 1. The embodiment of the new "centerless city" of postwar America was __________.

Orange County, California

4. Initially, acquired immune deficiency syndrome primarily affected __________.

homosexual men

Neutrality Act of 1939

Permitted the sale of arms to Britain, France, and China p. 559

Free silver

Philosophy that the government should expand the money supply by purchasing and coining all the silver offered to it. p. 442

Contract with America

Platform proposing a sweeping reduction in the role and activities of the federal government on which many Republican candidates ran for Congress in 1994 p. 701

12. England and France declared war on Germany when the nation invaded:

Poland

Wobblies

Popular name for the members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) p. 471

Red Scare

Post-World War I public hysteria over Bolshevik influence in the United States directed against labor activism, radical dissenters, and some ethnic groups p. 504

Shared Writing: Analyze the origins of postwar youth culture. How was teenage life different in these years from previous eras? How did popular culture both reflect and distort the lives of American youth?

Postwar youth culture differed from previous eras in several ways. The term "teenager," used only in America, was conceived in reference to this new demographic. The generation after WWII was born into a world no one had ever experienced before. Believing that they were a special community "united by age, rank, and status," they were supported in this belief by advertisers, music and movies. Their parents on the other hand still viewed them as young adults and their behaviors were expected to exemplify this maturity. Parents felt that their authority was threatened. Postwar teens were bombarded with advertisers presenting a new view of these difficult years. Postwar teenagers were more affluent than their predecessors and advertisers used this to their advantage, using teens as "secret persuaders" involving large purchases made by their parents. Teenagers were presented with a rebellious life filled with fun and lowered expectations. Teens believed that they were different, and this attitude created this rebellious behavior. Postwar music experienced a major change, introducing a new musical genre with rock' n roll. African American artists like Chuck Berry, Little Richard and Fats Domino were among the first to "crossover" into the more established music scene. This trend was recognized by record companies who offered a calmed down version of this music by white singers. Rock' n roll found an audience among both African American teens and white teens. The music of Elvis Presley offered a musical bridge that defied previously understood racial identification. Teens felt conflicted trying to both identify as teenagers while also seeking to identify as adults. Their dilemma was addressed with "teen-oriented magazines, music, and movies" that offered both advice and sympathy. Two-car families allowed for more teen drivers. Teenagers dated earlier and married much earlier than before the war. Parents expressed concern over their teens listening to rock' n roll music, associating it with juvenile delinquency, but the severity of the problem was most likely exaggerated. The gradual loss of adult authority and anxiety over family life were more problematic than rock' n roll. Parents felt threatened by the teen idols of the era that presented their teens with "sexual energy and lack of discipline" that was outside the boundaries of middle class suburbia.

Truman Doctrine

President Harry Truman's statement in 1947 that the United States should assist other nations that were facing external pressure or internal revolution. p. 584

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

President Reagan's program, announced in 1983, to defend the United States against nuclear missile attack with untested weapons systems and sophisticated technologies. p. 687

Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt's policy asserting U.S. authority to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations; an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine p. 484

3. Prior to the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Rural Electrification Administration (REA), about what percentage of rural Southerners had access to electricity?

Prior to the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Rural Electrification Administration (REA), about what percentage of rural Southerners had access to electricity?

Alliance for Progress

Program of economic aid to Latin America during the Kennedy administration. p. 622 Kennedy saw the Alliance for Progress as a Marshall Plan that would benefit Latin America's poor and middle classes.

Kosovo

Province of Yugoslavia where the United states and NATO intervened militarily in 1999 to protect ethnic Albanians from expulsion. p. 702

Public Works Administration

Public Works Administration Federal public works projects to increase employment and consumer spending

10. What was Hoover's most important institutional response to the depression?

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

Replaced the old Sherman Act of 1890 as the nation's basic antitrust law. It exempted unions from being construed as illegal combinations in restraint of trade, and it forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions against strikers p. 478

22.6 An Uneasy Peace 1. Why did the United States neither sign the Versailles Treaty nor join the League of Nations?

Republicans under Henry Cabot Lodge made a series of amendments to the treaty, which Wilson and the Democrats rejected.

Gulf of Tonkin resolution

Request to Congress from President Lyndon Johnson in response to North Vietnamese torpedo boat attacks in which he sought authorization for "all necessary measures" to protect American forces and stop further aggression. p. 651

House Concurrent Resolution 108

Resolution passed in 1953 that allowed Congress to pass legislation to terminate a specific tribe as a political entity. p. 646

House Concurrent Resolution 108

Resolution passed in 1953 that allowed Congress to pass legislation to terminate a specific tribe as a political entity. p. 646.

5. The Wisconsin Republican who forged a coalition of angry farmers, small businessmen, and workers with his attacks on railroads and large corporations was __________.

Robert M. La Follette

22.1 Becoming a World Power 1. To prevent armed intervention by the Europeans, in 1904 President Roosevelt proclaimed what became known as the __________.

Roosevelt Corollary

United Nations

Roosevelt hoped to ease the harshness of these imperialistic goals by creating a global peacekeeping organization, the United Nations, and by using promises of postwar American economic aid to persuade Stalin to behave with restraint in countries, like Poland, that the Red Army was liberating and occupying. The biggest and most controversial item on the agenda at Yalta was the Soviet entry into the Pacific war, which Roosevelt believed necessary for a timely Allied victory. 1944 at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, and again in April 1945 at San Francisco, the Allies worked to shape the United Nations (UN) as a world organization that would arbitrate disputes among member nations and stop aggressors, by force if necessary. Although all fifty nations that signed the UN charter voted in the General Assembly, only five (the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and China) served permanently on the Security Council, and each had absolute veto power over the Council's decisions. UN achieved its greatest success with its humanitarian programs The UN also dedicated itself to the high principles of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which owed much to Eleanor Roosevelt, one of the first delegates from the United States. the UN operated strictly along lines dictated by the emerging Cold War

Grandfather Clauses

Rules that required potential voters to demonstrate that their grandfathers had been eligible to vote; used in some Southern states after 1890 to limit the black electorate. p. 444

11. How did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk affect World War I?

Russia's defection allowed for a massive move of German troops to the western front.

Manhattan Project

Scientific research project during World War II specifically devoted to developing the atomic bomb. p. 596 By May 1945, under Robert Oppenheimer's leadership, a "target committee" had outlined a list of conditions necessary to deploy the "gadget" (a code name for the atomic bomb) against Japan. They acknowledged "the military advantages and the saving of American lives" that deployment against Japan might bring, but warned that such gain "may be outweighed by the ensuing loss of confidence and wave of horror and repulsion, sweeping over the rest of the world, and perhaps dividing even the public opinion at home." They also recommended that, rather than immediately deploying the bomb, the United States invite nations to witness a demonstration on a barren island or desert. Oppenheimer and Fermi, however, both disagreed and held firm to the letter of their assignment: to produce the bomb for military use. In secret correspondence, which is now declassified, two of the top scientists of the Manhattan Project map the opposing positions. Leo Szilard (1898-1964), a Hungarian-born scientist, is said to have conceived of the idea of nuclear chain reaction, the process that in uranium provides the power for nuclear energy. In a letter to President Truman in July 1945, he warns against using the atomic bomb against Japan

Marshall Plan

Secretary of State George C. Marshall's European Recovery Plan of June 5, 1947, committing the United States to help in the rebuilding of post-World War II Europe. p. 585

Jim Crow Laws

Segregation laws that became widespread in the South during the 1890s. p. 444

National Industrial Recovery Act

Self-regulating industrial codes to revive economic activity

Servicemen's Readjustment Act - GI Bill

Servicemen's Readjustment Act, popularly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights, passed by Congress in 1944, offered stipends covering tuition and living expenses to veterans attending vocational schools or college. Between 1945 and 1950, 2.3 million students benefited from the G.I. Bill. At the University of Washington, the student population in 1946 had grown by 50 percent over its prewar peak of 10,000, with veterans representing two-thirds of the student body. low interest loans, living expenses, tuition for higher education

War on Poverty

Set of programs introduced by Lyndon Johnson between 1963 and 1966 designed to break the cycle of pverty by providing funds for job training, community development, nutrition, and supplementary education. p. 656

4. How did Eleanor Roosevelt assist the Kennedy administration?

She chaired a commission that helped Kennedy revive attention to the status of women.

Ch. 30.2 The New Right 1. Why did Phyllis Schlafly enter the political arena?

She opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.

14. Why did Margaret Sanger move to Europe in October 1914?

She was facing forty-five years in prison for violating obscenity laws.

Executive Order 9835

Signed by Harry Truman in 1947 to establish a loyalty program reqiring federal employees to sign loyalty oaths and undergo security checks p. 587

Bay of Pigs

Site in Cuba of an unsuccessful landing by 1,400 anti-Castro Cuban refugees in April 1961. p. 622

The War in Asia and the Pacific

Six months after Pearl Harbor, the United States began regaining naval superiority in the central Pacific. The Americans had been supremely lucky that their aircraft carriers were out at sea during the Pearl Harbor attack; that luck was spectacularly demonstrated in the great naval battle of the Coral Sea on May 7-8, 1942, in which carrier-based American aircraft blocked a Japanese thrust at Australia. With only 200,000 troops, Japan easily overran Southeast Asia because so few people in the British, French, and Dutch colonies would fight for their imperial masters. Japan installed puppet governments in Burma and the Philippines, and independent Thailand became a Japanese ally. But the new Japanese empire proved terrifyingly cruel. Local nationalists from Indochina to the Philippines turned against the Japanese, forming guerrilla bands that harassed the invaders. In China, Japan's huge land army bogged down fighting both the Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist People's Liberation Army led by Mao Zedong.

2. In 1930, Congress decided to raise import duties to the highest levels in American history with the __________.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

7. What was the consequence of the United States' support of the mujahedeen in Afghanistan?

Some U.S. allies eventually formed the Taliban and al-Qaeda.

7. The SEATO alliance created by Eisenhower linked the United States to countries in__________.

Southeast Asia

2. Martin Luther King Jr. founded the __________.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev enjoys a bite to eat during his tour of an Iowa farm in 1959. A colorful, earthy, and erratic man, Khrushchev loomed as the most visible human symbol of the Soviet Union for Americans. On this trip he called for Soviet-American friendship, yet he also boasted "We will bury you."

fireside chat

Speeches broadcast nationally over the radio in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt explained complex issues and programs in plain language, as though his listeners were gathered around the fireside with him. p. 538

Granger Laws

State laws enacted in the Midwest in the 1870s that regulated rates charged by railroads, grain elevator operators, and other middlemen p. 436

5. How did Roe v. Wade impact the legal landscape?

State laws that made abortion a crime during the first two trimesters of pregnancy were declared unconstitutional.

Atlantic Charter

Statement of common principles and war aims developed by President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at a meeting in August 1941 p. 559 had stated noble objectives for the world after the defeat of fascism: national self-determination, no territorial aggrandizement, equal access of all peoples to raw materials and collaboration for the improvement of economic opportunities, freedom of the seas, disarmament, and "freedom from fear and want." Now, four years later, Roosevelt realized that neither Great Britain nor the Soviet Union intended to abide by any code of conduct that compromised their national security or conflicted with their economic interests. In October 1944, Stalin and Churchill met secretly in Moscow and reached a new agreement, one projecting their respective spheres of influence in Eastern Europe. February 1945, Roosevelt met with Churchill and Stalin at Yalta, a Crimean resort on the Black Sea.

Dixiecrat

States' Rights Democrats. p. 589

22.2 The Great War 1. Prior to World War I, the alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia was also known as the __________.

Triple Entente

"Domino Theory"

Still, Eisenhower feared that the loss of one country to communism would inevitably lead to the loss of others. This so-called "domino theory" meant that the "loss" of Vietnam would threaten other Southeast Asian nations (Laos, Thailand, and the Philippines) and perhaps even India and Australia.

free speech movement

Student movement at the University of California, Berkeley, formed in 1964, to protest limitations on political activities on campus. p. 652

5. While the nation's education system was becoming more inclusive during this period, in what ways was it also becoming more differentiated?

Students were tracked by race and gender to fill certain roles.

Referendum

Submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct popular vote for approval or rejection, p. 462

1948 Election

Summoning Congress back for a special session after the summertime political conventions of 1948, he dared it to enact the Republican platform—and when it predictably failed—lambasted the "do-nothing Congress." Wallace and the Republican nominee, New York governor Thomas E. Dewey, had taken strong leads on civil rights, but Truman outflanked them. In July 1948, he issued executive decrees desegregating the armed forces and banning discrimination in the federal civil service. In response, some 300 southern delegates bolted from the Democratic National Convention and named a States' Rights ("Dixiecrat") ticket, headed by the staunchly segregationist governor of South Carolina, J. Strom Thurmond. "Give 'em Hell Harry's" vigorous campaign slowly revived the New Deal coalition. Truman won the popular vote by a 5 percent margin, trouncing Dewey 303 to 189 in electoral votes. Democrats regained majorities in both houses of Congress

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court decision in 1954 that declared that "separate but equal" schools for children of different races violated the Constitution. p. 631

CH. 30 The Conservative Ascendancy 1974 - 1991

TIMELINE:

CH. 31 The United States in a Global Age 1992 - Present

TIMELINE:

CH. 26 The Cold War Begins 1945-1952

TIMELINE: 1944: International Monetary Fund and World Bank founded 1945: United Nations charter signed 1946: Churchill's Iron Curtain speech 1947: *Truman Doctrine announced; Congress appropriates $400 illion in aid for Greece and Turkey; Marshall Plan announced *National Security Act establishes Department of Defense and National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency 1948: *Berlin blockade begins *Truman elected president, defeating Dewey, Wallace, and Thurmond; Democrats sweep both houses of Congress 1949: *Truman announces Fair Deal *North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) created 1950: Korean War begins 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower wins presidency, defeating Adlai Stevenson; Richard Nixon becomes vice president 1954: Army-McCarthy hearings end, discrediting McCarthy

CH. 28

TIMELINE: 1948: President Truman issues executive order desegregating the armed forces 1954: In Brown v. Board of Education, Sjupreme Court rules segregated schools inherently unequal and unconstitutional 1956: Montgomery bus boycott ends in victory as Supreme Court affirms district court ruling that segregation on buses is unconstitutional 1957: President Eisenhower deploys federal troops to protect African American students integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Ark 1960: Sit-in movement begins in Greensboro, NC spreads throughout the South, and results in founding of Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 1961: Freedom Rides force confrontation over federal enforcement of integration in the South 1963: SCLC initiates desegregation campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, March on Washington in August 1964: Mississippi Freedom Summer project; President Johnson signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965: Voting Rights Act enacted following voter registration campaign in Selma, Alabama 1965: Immigration and Nationality Act passed

Ch. 28 The Civil Rights Movement 1945-1966

TIMELINE: 1948: President Truman issues executive order desegregating the armed forces 1954: In Brown v. Board of Education, Sjupreme Court rules segregated schools inherently unequal and unconstitutional 1956: Montgomery bus boycott ends in victory as Supreme Court affirms district court ruling that segregation on buses is unconstitutional 1957: President Eisenhower deploys federal troops to protect African American students integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Ark 1960: Sit-in movement begins in Greensboro, NC spreads throughout the South, and results in founding of Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 1961: Freedom Rides force confrontation over federal enforcement of integration in the South 1963: SCLC initiates desegregation campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, March on Washington in August 1964: Mississippi Freedom Summer project; President Johnson signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965: Voting Rights Act enacted following voter registration campaign in Selma, Alabama 1965: Immigration and Nationality Act passed

9. Which statement best describes why the presidential election of 1896 was considered the most important since Reconstruction?

The 1896 election ended the Populist challenge to the nation's governing system and realigned voting blocs.

Federal Reserve Act

The 1913 law that revised banking and currency by extending limited government regulation through the creation of the Federal Reserve System p. 478

Volstead Act

The 1919 law defining the liquor forbidden under the Eighteenth Amendment and giving enforcement responsibilities to the Prohibition Bureau of the Department of the Treasury p. 520

1944 GI Bill of Rights

The 1944 Servicemen's Readjustment Act—the G.I. Bill of Rights—made an unprecedented impact on American life. In addition to educational grants, the act gave returning veterans low-interest mortgages and business loans, thus subsidizing suburban growth as much as the postwar expansion of higher education. By 1956, of the roughly 15.4 million military veterans of World War II, 12.4 million, or 78 percent, received some form of benefits from the law. More than 2 million enrolled in colleges and universities, and nearly 6 million received vocational training. Another 3 million got loans to run businesses and farms.

Allies Advantages

The Allies did enjoy several important advantages: America's vast natural resources and a skilled workforce with sufficient reserves to accelerate the production of weapons and ammunitions; the determination of millions of antifascists throughout Europe and Asia; and the capacity of the Soviet people to endure immense losses. Slowly at first, but then with quickening speed, these advantages came into play.

5. Why was Woodrow Wilson so disappointed with the peace treaty that was signed in Versailles on June 28, 1919?

The Allies had compromised endlessly on his ideal of nations' right to self-determination.

6. How did the Potsdam Conference foreshadow the coming of the Cold War?

The Allies proved unable to agree on the postwar status of Germany.

2. What led to Senator McCarthy's fall from power?

The Army-McCarthy hearings revealed his allegations were unfounded.

Berlin Blockade

The Berlin blockade created both a crisis and an opportunity for the Truman administration. With help from the Royal Air Force, the United States began an unprecedented around-the-clock airlift. "Operation Vittles" delivered nearly 2 million tons of supplies to West Berliners. Stalin finally lifted the blockade in May 1949, clearing the way for the western powers to merge their occupation zones into a single nation, the Federal Republic of Germany. The Soviet Union countered by turning its zone into the Communist-dominated German Democratic Republic.

Shared Writing: How did the Cold War shape mid-twentieth-century American culture?

The Cold War shaped mid-twentieth-century American culture by placing fear and anxiety in the forefront. Although the economy was strong and families could afford the consumer products introduced to them, the fear of backsliding remained running in the background in addition to the stress faced by returning war veterans as exemplified by Hollywood in the movie The Best Years of Our Lives. UFO sightings and the movie Invasion of the Body Snatchers were examples of the Red Scare experienced by the American public. McCarthyism was an example of the anxious mood Americans experienced. Americans believed that they not only had to contain communism but also rededicate themselves to the American beliefs in democracy and freedom. Core values of the family and the family itself became standards for defense against the anxieties experienced. These traditional beliefs enacted a defensive strategy as it was the opposite of the family of the Soviet Union. The "traditional" American family woman did not work outside the home in opposition to the Soviet Union woman who did. Couples married young and gave birth to the "baby boomer" generation. The traditional woman was portrayed in magazines and television shows and women were educated that staying at home and devoting themselves to their families would be best for their children. Statistics in women's higher education showed that in 1940 women represented 40 percent of all college graduates, yet only a decade later, they only represented 25 percent. The fear of nuclear bombing also shaped American culture during this era as fear of bombing by the Soviet Union encouraged stock piling of nuclear bombs and "nuclear preparedness" as communities installed air raid sirens and families build bomb shelters. Vast interstate highways were built so that troops could move easily if the United States was invaded. Duck-and-cover drills were practiced in American schools. Although Americans were living and experiencing the American Dream, the Cold War introduced a paranoia that created such a fear that took very little evidence if any at all to point fingers at a neighbor thought to sympathize with the Soviet Union.

5. How did the U.S. Supreme Court respond to several cases in which plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?

The Court upheld the government's authority to restrict free speech in times of crisis.

3. Which of these beliefs shaped Kennedy's policies toward Cuba?

The Cuban people were not behind Castro and would rise up once given the opportunity.

5. Which of these was an important difference between the Grange and the Farmer's Alliance?

The Farmers' Alliance did not hesitate to put up candidates for political office.

6. Why did the National Industrial Recovery Act raise workers' expectations and spark union organizing?

The NIRA required that workers be allowed to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing.

Grange

The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, a national organization of farm owners formed after the Civil War p. 436

island-hop

The Pacific campaigns of 1944 that were the American naval versions of the blitzkrieg p. 574 The U.S. command, divided between MacArthur in the southwest Pacific and Admiral Chester Nimitz in the central Pacific, developed a strategy to strangle the Japanese import-dependent economy and to "island-hop" from one strategic outpost to another, closing in on the home islands. Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands was first of these assaults in November 1943; it cost more than 1,000 U.S. Marine lives. In June 1944, simultaneously with the Normandy landings, the U.S. Navy inflicted crippling losses on the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Then in August 1944, the Americans took Guam, Saipan, and Tinian in the Mariana Islands, for the first time bringing the Japanese home islands within bomber range. And in October of that year, MacArthur led an American force of 250,000 to retake the Philippines. Trying to hold the islands, practically all that remained of the Japanese navy threw itself at the Americans in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history. The United States gained control of the Pacific. While MacArthur mopped up operations in the Philippines—at a cost of 100,000 Filipino lives and leaving Manila devastated—the small but strategically important island of Iwo Jima, south of Japan, fell. Here, too, the American death toll was high; casualties were estimated at nearly 27,000. Even bloodier was the struggle for Okinawa, an island 350 miles southwest of the Japanese home islands and the site of vital airbases. The invasion—the largest American amphibious operation in the Pacific war—began on April 1, 1945. Waves of Japanese kamikaze ("divine wind") pilots, flying suicide missions with a 500-pound bomb and only enough fuel for a one-way flight, met the marines on the beaches. On Okinawa, more Americans died or were wounded than at Normandy. At the end of June, when the ghastly struggle ended, 140,000 Japanese were dead, including 42,000 civilians. The war was over in Europe, and the Allies could concentrate on Japan alone. Tokyo and other Japanese cities were targeted by B-17s and new B-29s flying from Guam with devastating results. Without a navy or air force, critically important oil, tin, rubber, and grain could not be transported to maintain its soldiers or feed its people.

10. Why did the United States invade Grenada?

The Reagan administration claimed that it had become a Cuban military base

At War's End

The death of Franklin Roosevelt of a massive stroke on April 12, 1945, cast a dark shadow over all hopes for long-term, peaceful solutions to global problems. The president did not live to learn of Hitler's suicide in his Berlin bunker on April 30, 1945, or the unconditional surrender of Germany one week later, on May 8. Harry Truman, his successor, lacked both foreign-policy experience and FDR's finesse and prestige. From July 17 to August 2, 1945, he met at Potsdam, just outside Berlin, with Stalin and Clement Atlee, Churchill's successor, to discuss the future of defeated and occupied Germany, the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, reparations and economic aid to rebuild a shattered Europe, and crucial details about organizing the United Nations. The Big Three clashed sharply over most of these issues, but they held fast in demanding the unconditional surrender of reeling but still-defiant Japan.

3. Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the new racial category of "Asian" for the purpose of codifying racial exclusion in immigration law?

United States v. Thind

Sputnik

The Soviet Union's dramatic launch of Sputnik, the first earth-orbiting satellite, in October 1957 upset Americans' precarious sense of security. This demonstration of Soviet technological prowess raised fears about Russian ability to deploy thermonuclear-tipped intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) against American cities. Two measures did emerge from Congress with Eisenhower's support: creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to coordinate space exploration and missile development, and the National Defense Education Act, which funneled more federal aid into science and foreign-language education. A bipartisan majority in Congress also voted to increase the military budget by another $8 billion, accelerating the arms race and bloating the defense sector of the economy. In the wake of the Soviet launch of the Sputnik satellite in the fall of 1957, the Eisenhower administration pledged to strengthen support for educating American students in mathematics, science, and technology. The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 allocated $280 million in grants for state universities to upgrade their science facilities. The NDEA also created low-interest loans for college students and fellowship support for graduate students planning to go into college and university teaching.

10. Why was Cuba made a protectorate of the United States rather than given its own sovereignty?

The United States wanted the economic and strategic advantages that came with control of Cuba

22.4 Over Here 1. Why did President Woodrow Wilson create the War Industries Board (WIB)?

The WIB was supposed to serve as a clearinghouse for industrial mobilization to support the war effort.

7. How did revolutionary changes in Russia change domestic politics in the postwar years?

The accusation of Bolshevism became a powerful weapon against strikes and all types of political dissent.

2. Which statement best summarizes the effect of the War Powers Act?

The act expanded executive authority and created a precedent that endured much longer than the war.

1962 Missile Crisis

The aftermath of the Bay of Pigs led to the Cold War's most serious superpower confrontation: the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 Khrushchev responded in the summer of 1962 by shipping to Cuba a large amount of sophisticated weaponry, including intermediate-range nuclear missiles capable of hitting Washington, the Northeast, and the Midwest. Kennedy went on national television on October 22 to announce discovery of the missile sites. He publicly demanded the removal of all missiles and proclaimed a naval "quarantine" of offensive military equipment shipped to Cuba. (This was actually a blockade; Kennedy avoided the word because a blockade is an act of war.) Eyeball to eyeball, each superpower waited for the other to blink. On October 26 and 27, Khrushchev blinked, ordering twenty-five Soviet ships off their course to Cuba, thus avoiding a challenge to the U.S. Navy. Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for a pledge from the United States not to invade Cuba and later added a demand for removal of American weapons from Turkey, which is as close to the Soviet Union as Cuba is to the United States. Secretly, Kennedy assured Khrushchev that the United States would dismantle its obsolete missiles in Turkey. On November 20, after weeks of delicate negotiations, Kennedy announced the withdrawal of Soviet missiles and bombers from Cuba. Shortly after, Washington and Moscow set up a "hot line"—a direct phone connection to permit instant communication during times of crisis.

4. Why did Mexicans migrate into the United States in the early twentieth century and the 1920s?

The agricultural expansion in the American Southwest brought employment opportunities.

Social Darwinism

The application of Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution to society, holding that the fittest and wealthiest survive, the weak and the poor perish, and government action is unable to alter this "natural" process, p. 459

11. In Gorbachev's view, what was the first step that needed to be undertaken to reform the Soviet economy?

The arms race had to be halted.

3. Why was the heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia on June 28, 1914?

The assassin was a Serbian nationalist who fought for the Serbian annexation of Bosnia.

Kennedy Assassination The assassination of President John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963,

The assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963, sent the entire nation into shock and mourning. Just forty-six years old and president for only three years, Kennedy quickly ascended to martyrdom in the nation's consciousness. Millions had identified his strengths—intelligence, optimism, wit, charm, coolness under fire—as those of American society. In life, Kennedy had helped put television at the center of American politics. In the aftermath of his death, television riveted a badly shocked nation. One day after the assassination, the president's accused killer, an obscure misfit named Lee Harvey Oswald, was himself gunned down before television cameras covering his arraignment in Dallas. Two days later, tens of millions watched the televised spectacle of Kennedy's funeral, trying to make sense of the brutal murder (see Seeing History). Although a special commission headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren found the killing to be the work of Oswald acting alone, many Americans doubted this conclusion. Kennedy's death gave rise to a host of conspiracy theories, none of which seems provable. We will never know, of course, what Kennedy might have achieved in a second term. In his 1,000 days as president, he demonstrated a capacity to change and grow in office.

28.3 The Movement of High Tide, 1963-1965 1. How did the Birmingham campaign change the nature of black protest?

The black unemployed and working poor cared less about nonviolence and more about immediate practical gains.

Vertical Integration

The consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm. p. 413

5. Why did President Johnson, who took pride in overseeing the creation of programs leading to the largest commitment to federal spending on welfare since the New Deal, have difficulty achieving his objectives?

The costs of sustaining both welfare programs and an expensive war abroad were prohibitive.

Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs

The direct impetus for the Alliance for Progress was the 1959 Cuban Revolution, which loomed over Latin America—inspiring the left and alarming the right Although Castro had not yet joined the Cuban Communist Party, he turned to the Soviet Union after the United States withdrew economic aid. He began to sell sugar to the Soviets and soon nationalized American-owned oil companies and other enterprises. Eisenhower established an economic boycott of Cuba in 1960 and then severed diplomatic relations. Eisenhower established an economic boycott of Cuba in 1960 and then severed diplomatic relations. Kennedy inherited from Eisenhower plans for a U.S. invasion of Cuba, including the secret arming and training of Cuban exiles. The CIA drafted the invasion plan, which was based on the assumption that a U.S.-led invasion would trigger a popular uprising and bring down Castro. Kennedy went along with the plan, but at the last moment decided not to supply Air Force cover for the invaders. On April 17, 1961, a ragtag army of 1,400 counterrevolutionaries led by CIA operatives landed at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba's southern coast. Castro's efficient and loyal army easily subdued them. The debacle revealed that the CIA, blinded by Cold War assumptions, had failed to understand the Cuban Revolution. There was no popular uprising against Castro. An embarrassed Kennedy reluctantly took the blame for the disaster, and his administration was censured time and again by Third World delegates in the United Nations. The botched invasion had strengthened "Fidel's" standing among the urban poor and peasants, already attracted by his programs of universal literacy and medical care many Cuban intellectuals and professionals fled to the United States. These middle-class émigrés would transform Miami from a retirement resort into a bustling entrepreneurial center, but the growing Cuban presence in electoral-vote-rich Florida also created a powerful lobby for rigid anti-Castro U.S. policies. Even before the end of Kennedy's administration, the CIA's support for anti-Castro operations included at least eight attempts to assassinate Fidel, and the U.S. economic embargo against Cuba continues to this day.

3. Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the influenza pandemic of 1918?

The disease highlighted the importance of public health policy.

Two Income Family

The expansion of the female labor force—from 17 million in 1946 to 22 million in 1958—was a central economic fact of the post-World War II years. By 1960, 40 percent of women were employed full-time or part-time, and 30 percent of married women looked to supplement the family income and ensure a solidly middle-class standard of living

Sherman Antitrust Act

The first federal antitrust measure, passed in 1890; sought to promote economic competition by prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade or commerce p. 475

Sheppard-Towner Act

The first federal social welfare law, passed in 1921, providing federal funds for infant and maternity care. p. 523

National Security Council (NSC)

The formal policymaking body for national defense and foreign relations, created in 1947 and consisting of the president, the secretary of defense, the secretary of state, and others appointed by the president. p. 588

19.2 Labor in the Age of Big Business 1. Which statement best describes the gospel of work?

The gospel of work affirmed the dignity of production and the importance of individual initiative.

13. Which statement best synthesizes the historical impact of Herbert Hoover's notion of the "associative state"?

The government ended up fostering the further concentration of corporate wealth and power.

Southern Farmers' Alliance

The largest of several organizations that formed in the post-Reconstruction South to advance the interests of beleaguered small farmers p. 437

Selective Service Act

The law establishing the military draft for World War I p. 491

15. How did the popular film Rebel Without a Cause challenge traditional gender roles in American culture?

The leading male had a domineering mother and his fictional father did house chores.

9. Why did mass-production industries like the automobile, steel, rubber, electrical goods, and textile industries have weaker and smaller unions until the 1930s?

The leading union, the AFL, organized skilled labor and generally ignored unskilled workers.

2. Which statement was true of women and the poverty level in the 1970s and 1980s? Both men and women suffered a decline in their standard of living after a divorce. Most men paid child support for more than five years, alleviating poverty for some women. The majority of jobs available to single mothers paid too little to support themselves and their children. Divorce, which affected half of all new marriages, was the leading cause of poverty among women.

The majority of jobs available to single mothers paid too little to support themselves and their children.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North, spurred especially by new job opportunities during World War I and the 1920s p. 499

Horizontal combination

The merger of competitors in the same industry. p. 413

Rosenberg Spy Case

The most dramatic spy case of the era involved Julius Rosenberg, a former government engineer, and his wife Ethel, who were accused of conveying atomic secrets to Soviet agents during World War II. Although the Rosenbergs maintained their innocence to the end, in March 1951 a jury found them both guilty. They died in the electric chair on June 19, 1953. Documents declassified in the 1990s provided evidence of Julius (but not Ethel) Rosenberg's guilt.

10. Why did Americans in rural areas and small towns worry about the impact of Hollywood movies?

The movies emphasized sexual themes, celebrated youth, and threatened traditional morality.

5. Which statement accurately describes why the American business community in 1911 was nervous about the future of its investments in Mexico?

The nation's new leader, Francisco Madero, had promised economic reform for landless peasants.

Great Depression

The nation's worst economic crisis, extending throught the 1930s, producing unprecedented bank failures, unemployment, and industrial and agricultural collapse p. 534

5. Which statement accurately describes changes in the labor economy of the late 1970s? Most new jobs were clustered in middle-income, white-collar sectors. Employment opportunities abounded in urban areas around the country. The widening gap between rich and poor was not definable by race. The number of Americans with full-time jobs but who still earned below poverty-level incomes increased by 50 percent.

The number of Americans with full-time jobs but who still earned below poverty-level incomes increased by 50 percent.

Second Red Scare

University of Washington Seattle second red scare FBI director J. Edgar Hoover testified that the college campuses were centers of "red propaganda." Due to "Communistic" teachers and "Communist-line textbooks," a senator wailed, thousands of parents sent "their sons and daughters to college as good Americans," only to see them return home "four years later as wild-eyed radicals." The overwhelming majority of college graduates in the late 1940s and 1950s were conservative and conformist. Washington, enacted or revived loyalty-security programs, obligating all state employees to swear in writing their loyalty to the United States and to disclaim membership in any subversive organization. Nationwide, approximately 200 "radical" faculty members were dismissed outright and many others were denied tenure. House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), a permanent standing committee since 1945, began hearings on Communists and the Hollywood film industry in October 1947. Hollywood studios would not employ any writer, director, or actor who refused to cooperate with HUAC. The resulting blacklist remained in effect until the 1960s and limited the production of films dealing with "controversial" social or political issues. The labor movement also became a victim of this second Red Scare. Like the Hollywood film industry, a sizable portion of its leaders and members had affiliated with the Communist Party or supported liberal causes in the 1930s, and they emerged from their wartime experiences even more deeply committed to social justice. HUAC also acted to identify spies and agents of espionage in the United States. August 1948, Time magazine editor Whittaker Chambers appeared before HUAC to name Alger Hiss as a fellow Communist in the Washington underground during the 1930s. Hiss, a former member of FDR's State Department, denied the charges and sued his accuser for slander. Civil rights organizations faced the worst persecution since the 1920s Aided by FBI reports, the federal government fired up to sixty homosexuals per month in the early 1950s.

Higher Education

The number of students enrolled in colleges and universities climbed from 2.6 million in 1950 to 3.2 million in 1960, and then more than doubled—to 7.5 million—by 1970, as the baby boomers reached college age. Most of these new students attended greatly enlarged state university systems. A college degree opened a gateway to the middle class. It became a requirement for a whole range of expanding white-collar occupations in banking, insurance, real estate, advertising and marketing, and corporate management in general

26.4 The Cold War at Home 1. The G.I. Bill led to an upsurge in male college enrollment. How did women's collegiate experience change in the early postwar years?

The number of women who graduated from college dropped sharply between 1940 and 1950.

14. Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris?

The pact renounced war in principle, but offered no method of enforcement and proved meaningless in foreign relations.

4. Why were many African American writers drawn to the Communist Party?

The party militantly opposed lynching, job discrimination, and segregation.

Imperialism

The policy and practice of exploiting nations and peoples for the benefit of an imperial power either directly through military occupation and colonial rule or indirectly through economic domination of resources and markets p. 486

Cold War

The political and economic confrontation between Soviet Union and United States that dominated world affairs 1946-1989. It was the Cold War, however, that by reviving defense funding gave the western economy its most important boost. So much defense money—nearly 10 percent of the entire military budget—was poured by the federal government into California that the state's rate of economic growth between 1949 and 1952 outpaced that of the nation as a whole; nearly 40 percent came from aircraft manufacturing alone. Ten years later, an estimated one-third of all Los Angeles workers were employed by defense industries, particularly aerospace, and the absolute number of defense workers far exceeded those of the peak production years in World War II. The Bay Area also benefited economically from defense spending, and cities such as San Jose began their rise as home to the nation's budding high-technology industry. The Cold War pumped new life into communities that had grown up during World War II. Hanford, Washington, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, both centers of the Manhattan Project, employed more people in the construction of the Cold War nuclear arsenal than in the development of the atom bomb Between 1950 and 1953, approximately twenty western bases were reopened. California became at least a temporary home to more military personnel than any other state, and Texas was not far behind. New populations - growth highways - pollution - For those populations living near nuclear testing grounds, environmental degradation complemented the ultimate threat to their own physical well-being: Over the next 40 years, cancer rates soared

4. Why did Mexican immigration pick up considerably after 1911?

The politically inspired violence of the Mexican Revolution of that year motivated the move across the border

Bombing of Japan

The president was eager to get Soviet participation in what everyone said would be a horrendously bloody U.S. invasion of Japan, and indeed he did extract Stalin's promise to attack Japan on schedule. But then Secretary of War Stimson received a cable: "Babies satisfactorily born." Truman and his advisers concluded that Soviet assistance was no longer needed to end the war. On August 3, 1945, Japan announced its refusal to surrender Three days later, the B-29 bomber nicknamed Enola Gay dropped the five-ton uranium bomb that destroyed the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Instantly, some 40,000 people died; in the following weeks, 100,000 more perished from radiation poisoning or burns. Albert Einstein, whose physics provided the foundation for the Manhattan Project (but in which he had taken no part), said that the atomic bomb had changed everything—except the nature of man. Americans first heard of the atomic bomb on August 7, when the news reported the destruction and death it had brought to Hiroshima. But fears about the implications of the appalling new weapon were overwhelmed by an outpouring of relief: Japan surrendered—still not unconditionally—on August 14, several days after a second nuclear bomb destroyed Nagasaki. Although Truman insisted in his memoirs (written years later) that he gave the order so as to save "a half a million American lives" in ground combat, no such official estimate exists. An intelligence document of April 30, 1946, stated that "the dropping of the bomb was the pretext seized upon by all [American] leaders as the reason for ending the war, but [even if the bomb had not been used] the Japanese would have capitulated upon the entry of Russia into the war."

4. How did the key New Deal reforms of the 1930s affect the lives of Mexican Americans?

The reforms did not help Mexican Americans, since they either excluded farm workers or benefited larger property owners.

4. Which statement summarizes how immigrants, in letters to people in their home countries, described their experiences in American society?

The riches of America can be acquired only through hard work and stress, and the undertaking is not for the weak.

5. How did African Americans establish a small middle class of entrepreneurs and professionals in southern cities at the turn of the century?

They sold services and products to the black community.

2. How did psychological and social theories of the 1920s interpret the importance of sexuality in the human experience?

They stressed that sex was a positive and healthy impulse that should play a central role in the human experience.

2. Which of these best captures the neoconservative position on the Vietnam War?

They were angered over the U.S. defeat, which they believed could have been avoided.

4. What did Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg have in common?

They were both Beats.

Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

Treaty signed by the United States, Britain,and the Soviet Union that outlawed nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater. p. 623 More substantial was the Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, signed in August 1963 by the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain. The treaty prohibited above-ground, outer-space, and underwater nuclear weapons tests, easing global anxieties about radioactive fallout. But underground testing continued to accelerate for years. The limited test ban was perhaps more symbolic than substantive, a psychological breakthrough in East-West relations after three particularly tense years.

Holocaust

The systematic murder of millions of European Jews and others deemed undesirable by Nazi Germany p. 575 As part of a comprehensive plan for achieving Aryan superiority and the "final solution of the Jewish question," Hitler had ordered the systematic extermination of "racial enemies" and others deemed undesirable, including mentally and physically disabled German children and adults. The toll included some 6 million Jews, 250,000 Romany (Gypsies), and 60,000 homosexuals, all deemed enemies of the German Reich and its "master race." Throughout almost the entire war, the U.S. government released little information about what came to be known as the Holocaust. Although liberal magazines such as The Nation and small committees of intellectuals tried to call attention to what was happening in the Nazi death camps, major news media like the New York Times treated reports of genocide as minor news items. Leaders of the American Jewish community, however, had been petitioning the U.S. government since the mid-1930s to suspend immigration quotas that barred significant numbers of German Jews from taking refuge in the United States. It was not until January 1944 that Roosevelt responded to pressure. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, Jr., the only Jew in the president's cabinet, presented a report on "one of the greatest crimes in history, the slaughter of the Jewish people in Europe," and charged the State Department with actually thwarting rescue efforts. Within a week, in part to avoid scandal, Roosevelt issued an executive order creating the War Refugee Board. Still, Roosevelt and the War Department refused to bomb rail lines leading to the Nazi death camps. Attempts to rescue civilians—such was the government's unshaken position—would divert resources from military operations.

Militarism

The tendency to see military might as the most important and best tool for the expansion of a nation's power and prestige p. 486

Soviet-American harmony

The war that had engulfed the world from 1939 to 1945 created an international interdependence that no country could ignore. Never before, not even at the end of World War I, had hopes been so strong for a genuine "community of nations." But, as a 1945 opinion poll indicated, most Americans believed that prospects for a durable peace rested to a large degree on one factor: Soviet-American harmony.

24.6 Depression-Era Culture 1. Which statement best describes the "documentary impulse" among artists and writers during the 1930s?

The works of photographers like Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans produced powerful images of despair and resignation, and of hope and resilience.

7. How had American farmers in the Great Plains contributed to the environmental disaster of the Dust Bowl?

Their aggressive farming practices had stripped the landscape of its natural vegetation.

5. What effect did the progressive reformers' approach to the social ills of prostitution have on the sex trade?

Their anti-vice crusades closed red-light districts and brothels but pushed prostitution into the street.

4. What caused the demise of the Black Panther Party?

Their leaders were arrested, prosecuted, and sentenced to long jail terms.

33. Whose diplomacy was based on the principle of the "big stick"?

Theodore Roosevelt

Gospel of wealth

Thesis that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth, implying that poverty is a character flaw. p. 413

4. What compromise did Roosevelt and Churchill reach regarding where to specifically attack Germany in 1942?

They agreed to send smaller armies into the Mediterranean but prepared for a larger assault in France.

3. Which assessment best describes the historical significance of the Espionage and Sedition Acts of June 1917 and May 1918?

They became a convenient vehicle for striking out at socialists, pacifists, and radical labor activists.

2. How had the war experience changed the attitude of young African American men in Harlem in the early 1920s?

They brought home a militant spirit and maturity that gave them the confidence to express their beliefs and sentiments.

27.3 Youth Culture 1. Why did songs by musicians like Chuck Berry and Little Richard capture the devotion of teen fans in the 1950s?

They centered on youthful subject matter such as high school society, first loves, and fast cars.

5. Why were civil rights leaders and participants willing to suffer mistreatment and imprisonment for the sake of their cause?

They counted on the violent reaction of extreme segregationists and their harsh measures to draw attention to and garner support for their cause.

2. Why did Colorado mine workers and their families live in makeshift tent colonies during their strike?

They had lived in company housing

.3. How did the National Association of Manufacturers, founded in 1903, try to eradicate unions altogether?

They launched campaigns for an "open shop," in which unions were not allowed.

4. How did new weapons like the machine gun and the tank affect warfare in World War I?

They led to a trench warfare that resulted in unprecedented casualties for all involved.

4. How did the Anti-Saloon League try to stop the consumption of alcohol?

They organized local-option campaigns

7. Why did American cities continue to attract millions of new residents during the 1920s?

They promised business opportunities, good jobs, and personal freedom.

5. How did books such as How to Live with Your Teenager and Understanding Teenagers define teenagers in America?

They reinforced the idea of teenagers as a special community united by age and status.

3. Which statement best explains why many local businessmen supported the Anti-Saloon League?

They saw a link between alcohol and worker productivity.

3. How did FDR's advisers plan to ensure America's leadership in the global economy after World War II?

They searched for new and bigger markets.

CH. 23 The Twenties 1920 - 1929

Timeline: 1920: Prohibition takes effect 1921: First immigration quotas are established by Congress Sheppard-Towner Act establishes first federally funded health care program 1923: Equal Rights Amendment is first introduced in Congress 1924: Reed-Johnson Immigration Act tightens quotas established in 1921 Calvin Coolidge elected to full term as president 1925: Henry Ford's Highland Park assembly plant completing one Model T every ten seconds. Scopes trial pits religious fundamentalism against modernity. 1926:National Broadcasting Company establishes first national radio network 1927: Warner Brothers produces The Jazz Singer: the first feature-length motion picture with sound 1928: Herbert Hoover defeats Al Smith for the presidency

CH. 24 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1929-1940

Timeline: 1929: *Stock market crash 1932: *Bonus Army marches on Washington *Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president 1933: *Roughlky 13 million workers unemployed *The "Hundred Days" legislation of the First New Deal 1934: *Mass deportations of Mexican nationals 1935: *Boulder Dam completed *Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) established *Dust storms turn the southern Great Plains into the Dust Bowl *Social Security Act and National Labor Relations Act 1936: *Roosevelt defeats Alfred M. Landon in reelection landslide *Sit-down strike begins at General Motors plants in Flint, Michigan 1937: *Roosevelt's "Court-packing" plan weakens him politically *"Roosevelt recession" begins 1938: *Fair Labor Standards Act establishes the first federal minimum wage

CH. 19 PRODUCTION and CONSUMPTION in the Gilded Age 1865 - 1900

Timeline: 1862: Morrill Act authorizes "land-grant" colleges 1869: Knights of Labor founded 1873: Financial panic brings severe depression 1881: Tuskegee Institute founded 1882: Peak of immigration to the United States (1.2 million) in the nineteenth century Chinese Exclusion Act passed 1886: Campaigns for eight-hour workday peak American Federation of Labor founded 1890: Sherman Antitrust Act passed

Ch. 20 Democracy and Empire 1870 - 1900

Timeline: 1883: Pendleton Act Passed 1887: Interstate Commerce Commission created 1889: National Farmers' Alliance Formed 1890: Sherman Silver Purchase Act McKinley Tariff enacted 1892: Populist (People's) Party formed Homestead strike 1893: Financial panic and depression 1894: "Coxey's Army" marches on Washington, D.C. Pullman strike and boycott 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson upholds segregation William McKinley defeats William Jenning Bryan for president 1898: Hawaii's annexed Spanish-American War begins

CH. 25 World War II 1941-1945

Timeline: 1933: Adolf Hitler seizes power 1939: Germany invades Poland: World War II begins 1941: A. Philip Randolph plans March on Washington * Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; United States enter the war 1942: Executive order mandates internment of Japanese Americans 1943: Soviet victory over Germans at Stalingrad 1945: Roosevelt dies in office; Harry Truman becomes president; Germany surrenders; United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Japan surrenders

9. Which statement accurately provides an underlying reason for the zoot suit riots?

To some sailors, the suits were both defiant and unpatriotic. night of June 4, 1943, sailors poured into nearly 200 cars and taxis to drive through the streets of East Los Angeles in search of Mexican Americans dressed in "zoot suits." zoot-suiters, however, represented less than 10 percent of the Hispanic community's youth. More than 300,000 Mexican Americans were serving in the armed forces, often in the most hazardous branches, as paratroops and marines city council passed legislation making the wearing of a zoot suit in public a criminal offense.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Treaty signed in 1972 by the United States and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race p. 671

Marshall Plan

Truman Doctrine complemented the European Recovery Program, commonly known as the Marshall Plan. Introduced in a commencement speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947, by Secretary of State George C. Marshall, the plan sought to reduce "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" and to restore "the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole." Indirectly, the Marshall Plan aimed to turn back left-wing Socialist and Communist bids for votes in Western Europe. Not least, the plan was also designed to boost the U.S. economy by securing a European market for American goods. Considered by many historians the most successful postwar U.S. diplomatic venture, the Marshall Plan improved the climate for a viable capitalist economy in Western Europe and, in effect, brought aid recipients into bilateral agreements with the United States ( Table 26.1). In addition, the United States and seventeen Western European nations ratified the tariff-cutting General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade pact, thus opening all to U.S. trade and investment costly initial year 12% Federal budgetIn the European nations covered by the plan, industrial production increased by 35 percent between 1947 and 1952, living standards improved, and American consumer goods and the American lifestyle became familiar. Truman later acknowledged, the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine were "two halves of the same walnut." The Marshall Plan drove a deeper wedge between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Truman

Truman's greatest domestic achievement was to articulate the basic principles of Cold War liberalism, which would remain the northern Democratic agenda for decades to come. Truman's Fair Deal promoted bread-and-butter issues and economic growth. His administration insisted, therefore, on an ambitious program of expanded foreign trade, while relying on the federal government to encourage higher productivity. Equally important, Truman reshaped liberalism by making anticommunism a key element in both foreign policy and domestic affairs. Thousands of letters and telegrams poured into Congress demanding Truman's impeachment, while MacArthur returned home to a hero's welcome. Large-scale corruption came to light in Truman's administration, with several agencies allegedly dealing in 5 percent kickbacks on government contracts. Business and organized labor complained about price and wage freezes during the Korean War. A late 1951 Gallup poll showed the president's approval rating at 23 percent. In March 1952, Truman announced he would not run for reelection, even though he was constitutionally permitted another term.

Truman Doctrine shape U.S. postwar foreign policy? Truman Doctrine

Truman's statement in 1947 that US should assist other nations that were facing external pressure or internal revolution. Many Americans believed that Franklin D. Roosevelt, had he lived, could have smoothed tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. His successor sorely lacked FDR's diplomatic talent and experience. More comfortable with machine politicians than with polished New Dealers, Truman liked to talk tough and act defiantly. "I'm tired of babying the Soviets," he snapped. February 1946, George F. Kennan, the nation's premier diplomat in dealing with the Soviet Union, sent an 8,000-word "long telegram" from Moscow to the State Department, insisting that Soviet fanaticism made cooperation impossible. The Soviet Union intended to extend its realm not by military means alone, he explained, but by "subversion" within "free" nations. In the long run, Kennan predicted, the Soviet system would collapse from within, but until that happened the West should pursue a policy of containment. March 12, 1947, the president made his case in a speech to Congress. Never naming the Soviet Union, he appealed for all-out resistance to a "certain ideology" wherever it appeared in the world. The preservation of peace and the freedom of all Americans depended, the president insisted, on containing communism. Congress approved $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey, By dramatically opposing communism, Truman somewhat buoyed his sagging popularity and helped generate popular support for an anti-Communist crusade at home and abroad United States had declared its right to intervene to save other nations from communism They had fused anticommunism and internationalism into a strong foreign policy.

26. When Khrushchev pledged to withdraw Soviet missiles from Cuba, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove American missiles from:

Turkey

23. The Truman Doctrine was a response to the threat of subversion and revolution in

Turkey and Greece

Operation Desert Storm

U.S. military campaign to force Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. p. 696

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program. p. 417

Labor and Unions

Unions had peaked in size and prestige; membership topped 15 million and encompassed nearly 40 percent of all wage earners. Claiming that "Big Labor" had gone too far, the Eightieth Congress aimed at abolishing many practices legalized by the Wagner Act of 1935 The resultant Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, passed over Truman's veto, outlawed the closed shop, the secondary boycott, and the use of union dues for political activities; mandated an eighty-day cooling-off period in the case of strikes affecting "national safety or health"; and required all union officials to swear that they were not Communists. Truman himself would later invoke the act against strikers.

Operation Overlord

United States and British invasion of France in June 1944 during World War Ii p. 572 By early 1944, the United States and Britain advanced the plans for Operation Overlord, a campaign to retake the Continent with a decisive counterattack through France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was put in command.

Nisei

United States citizens born of immigrant Japanese parents p. 568 The Nisei 442nd fought heroically in Italy and France and became the most decorated regiment in the war. The army also grouped Japanese Americans into segregated units, sending most to fight far from the Pacific Theater. Better educated than the average soldier, many Nisei soldiers who knew Japanese served stateside as interpreters and translators.

Israel and Arab

United States policy throughout the Middle East was complicated by the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Immediately after the United States and the Soviet Union recognized the newborn Jewish state in 1948, the Arab countries launched an all-out attack. Israel repulsed the attack, drove thousands of Palestinians from their homes, and seized territory considerably beyond the lines of the projected UN partition of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.

2. How did late-1950s television reinforce the myth of national affluence and a content America?

Working-class subject matter had disappeared from network television.

5. Which state was the first to grant the right to vote to women in state and local elections?

Wyoming

3. In February 1945, where did Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill meet?

Yalta

29.6 The Nixon Presidency 1. President Nixon ordered a final bombing of North Vietnamese cities on Christmas Day 1972 in hopes of __________.

achieving a better negotiating position

5. In his failure to face the facts of the depression, President Herbert Hoover worried more about undermining individual initiative than providing what?

actual relief for victims

6. Which of these was true of the service of American women in the military during World War II?

Women were barred from supervising men.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Women's organization whose members visited schools to educate children about the evils of alcohol, addressed prisoners, and blanketed men's meetings with literature p. 438

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's 1912 program for limited government intervention in the economy to restore competition by curtailing the restrictive influences of trusts and protective tariffs, thereby providing opportunities for individual achievement p. 477

V-J Day

Victory of Japan, September 2, 1945 Victory in Japan (V-J) Day had escalated into two days of wild celebrations, ticker-tape parades, spontaneous dancing, and kisses for returning G.I.s. Americans, living in the richest and most powerful nation in the world, finally seemed to have gained the peace they had fought for and sacrificed to win. But peace proved fragile and elusive.

5. By 1967, U.S. news stories largely focused on __________.

Vietnam

Freedom Summer

Voter registration effort in rural Mississippi organized by black and white civil rights workers in 1964. p. 642.

22nd Amendment

Voters gave Republicans majorities in both houses of Congress and many state capitols. Symbolically repudiating FDR, Republican-dominated state legislatures ratified the Twenty-Second Amendment, limiting future presidents to two terms.

2. Which statement best characterizes the change in labor relations in the United States at the end of World War I?

Wartime labor peace had dissipated, and organized labor suffered devastating defeats nationwide. While public opinion was hugely in favor of organized labor's demands, the brutal force of federal troops cut down striking workers in cities across the nation. Following months of anti-immigrant suppression of labor unions, organized labor faced new opportunities after the war. The high wages of the war years had made workers complacent and reluctant to go on strike for more important civil rights. Wartime labor peace had dissipated, and organized labor suffered devastating defeats nationwide.

AFL-CIO and Labor

Whereas only one in eight nonagricultural workers were union members on the eve of the Great Depression, twenty-five years later the figure stood at one in three. Union influence in political life, especially within the Democratic Party, had also increased. Yet the Republican sweep to power in 1952 meant that for the first time in a generation organized labor was without an ally in the White House New leaders in the nation's two major labor organizations, the American Federation of Labor (AFL, dominated by old-line construction and craft unions) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, new unions in mass-production industry), pushed for a merger of the two rival groups as the way to protect and build on the movement's recent gains. In 1955, the newly combined AFL-CIO brought some 12.5 million union members under one banner. union membership helped bring the trappings of middle-class prosperity: home ownership, higher education for children, travel, and a comfortable retirement. The AFL-CIO merger marked the apex of trade union membership, and after 1955 its share of the labor market began a slow but steady decline. During the 1950s and 1960s, union membership among public sector employees increased dramatically as millions of civil servants, postal employees, teachers, police, and firefighters joined unions for the first time.

3. When President Theodore Roosevelt decided not to run for a third term in 1908, whom did he choose as his successor?

William Howard Taft

4. The prosecution in the Scopes "monkey trial" of 1925 was led by __________.

William Jennings Bryan

2. Who coined the term "iron curtain" to describe Soviet domination of Eastern Europe?

Winston Churchill

30. The British Prime Minister, with whom FDR formed a particularly close wartime relationship, was:

Winston Churchill

The Affluent Society (1958)

With the title of his influential book The Affluent Society (1958), economist John Kenneth Galbraith labeled postwar America. But Americans, he argued, needed to spend less on personal consumption and devote more public funds to schools, medical care, culture, and social services.

National Security Programs

Within two weeks of proclaiming the Truman Doctrine, on March 21, 1947, the president signed Executive Order 9835, establishing a civilian loyalty program for all federal employees. The loyalty review boards often asked employees about their opinions of the Soviet Union, the Marshall Plan, or NATO and whether they would report fellow workers if they found out they were Communists. Any employee could be dismissed merely on "reasonable grounds," including guilt by association (that is, knowing or being related to a "subversive" person), rather than on proof of disloyalty. In all, some 6.6 million people underwent loyalty and security checks. An estimated 500 government workers were fired, and perhaps as many as 6,000 more chose to resign April 1947, Attorney General Tom C. Clark aided this effort by publishing a list of hundreds of potentially subversive organizations. The famous "Attorney General's List" effectively outlawed many political and social organizations, stigmatizing hundreds of thousands of individuals who had done nothing illegal Fraternal and social institutions, especially popular among aging Eastern European immigrants, were among the largest organizations destroyed

6. Although Wilson's policy neutrality allowed the U.S. to trade with both Germany and England, in practice, most trade was with England because:

a British naval blockade prevented trade with Germany.

issei

a Japanese immigrant to North America

9. Which of these was most responsible for increased air pollution in the West during the 1950s and 1960s?

a population boom

6. In the 1960 election, the Republican platform contained __________.

a strong civil rights plank

29.1 The Vietnam War 1. Johnson's rationale for escalating the Vietnam War in February 1965 came in the form of __________.

a suicide bombing on a U.S. military base

8. Farm income declined dramatically during the 1920s because of:

a worldwide surplus of agricultural goods

Why did Szilard and his co-signers not speak up before July 1945?

a. They were worried that the enemies of the United States might develop atomic weapons first.

4. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 __________.

abolished quotas and replaced them with hemispheric limits

23.3 The New Mass Culture 1. Who paid for radio programs in 1920s America?

advertisers

48. In the 1920s, radio programs would eventually come to be paid for by:

advertisers.

19.3 The New South 1. Southern agricultural tradition included the practice of using the labor of __________.

all family members

Potsdam Conference Representatives of the "Big Three" nations—the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—gathered at Potsdam, Germany, near Berlin, July 17-August 2, 1945. They concluded by issuing the "Potsdam Declaration," which demanded Japan's unconditional surrender

allies met to decide future Germany They decided to divide the conquered nation into four occupation zones, each temporarily ruled by one of the Allied nations. They could not agree on long-term plans, however. Soviet Union was intent on reestablishing its 1941 borders. At the Potsdam Conference, held in the bombed-out Berlin suburb in July 1945, Stalin not only regained but also extended his territory, annexing eastern Poland with Western approval and the little Baltic nations without it

11. Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum (1891) encouraged many Catholics to ___________.

ally themselves with the labor movement

33. White "cover" versions of black music

almost always outsold the black originals

5. How did George Kennan's "long telegram" depict the future of foreign diplomacy?

an aggressive Soviet Union driven by expansionist communism

14. The Korean War ended with:

an armistice restoring the pre-war status quo.

4. What was one of the few components of the "Fair Deal" that became law?

an increase in the federal minimum wage

4. The "soft" currency policy advocated by farmers called for ____________.

an increased money supply and looser credit

2. In April 1914, Woodrow Wilson responded to a minor insult to U.S. sailors in the Mexican town of Tampico with __________.

an invasion of Mexico

1. The control of a market by a few large producers, which became the norm in the United States during the 1920s, is called __________.

an oligopoly

8. In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned of the danger of__________.

an overly powerful military-industrial complex

10. In his Farewell Address, Eisenhower warned of the danger of:

an overly powerful military-industrial complex.

White's attack on the liquor industry provides evidence of the link between the prohibition movement and __________.

anti-immigrant sentiment

14. Gandhi's influence on Martin Luther King Jr. indirectly shaped the civil rights struggle in the South, especially in the __________.

approach of student protesters in sit-ins and Freedom Rides

38. Betty Friedan's work The Feminine Mystique:

articulated the frustrations of suburban women.

4. How was the Interstate and Highway Act justified and marketed to the American people?

as a civil defense measure, to evacuate American cities in case of a foreign attack

12. How did Jimmy Carter present himself during the election of 1976?

as a man of personal integrity

21.5 Women's Movements and Black Activism 1. How did popular culture in turn-of-the-century America portray African Americans?

as innately inferior to other races

2. President George H. W. Bush sent U.S. troops to Panama __________.

as part of the war on drugs

2. Henry Luce's "American Century" essay argued that Americans must __________.

assert world leadership to promote America's interests

24.2 FDR and the First New Deal 1. During World War I, Franklin D. Roosevelt served as __________.

assistant secretary of the navy

26.1 Global Insecurities at War's End 1. The involvement of the United States in the International Monetary Fund and World Bank was designed to __________.

assure U.S. primacy in the postwar global economy

4. In 1940‒1941, Japan's leaders hoped the United States would __________.

be preoccupied with European diplomacy and would ignore Japanese conquests in Southeast Asia

4. After his election as president, George H.W. Bush __________.

began to pull away from President Reagan's agenda

6. Economic opportunity brought on by war prosperity triggered a massive migration of __________.

black Southerners to northern cities

10. What was the most dramatic social impact of rock 'n' roll?

bringing black music and culture into the American mainstream

Ch. 30.3 1. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 __________.

brought across-the-board tax cuts for individuals and corporations

2. The bracero program __________.

brought thousands of Mexicans to the United States as temporary agricultural workers

3. The conflict leading to the murder of Emmett Till illustrates the __________.

contrast between the South's racial code and the more accommodating North

8. In 1989, the stock market __________.

crashed, signaling the start of a recession

7. On signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Johnson privately commented that they had __________.

delivered the South to the Republicans for a long time to come

5. In Brown v. Board of Education, the sociological and psychological evidence presented showed that black children in segregated schools __________.

developed a negative self-image

2. "Jim Crow" refers to ___________.

discriminatory and segregationist laws

3. What development helped eliminate waste from horsecars?

electric trolleys

10. Upon its creation, the Central Intelligence Agency was specifically barred from __________.

domestic intelligence gathering

3. From 1871-1881 the size of the federal bureaucracy _______

doubled

4. The proportion of women college students __________ between 1870 and 1910.

doubled

25.4 Men and Women in Uniform 1. Due to major outbreaks of "battle fatigue," psychiatrists convinced the army command that __________.

eight months in combat should be the maximum

2. With more American men working in offices in the early twentieth century, more children attending school, and family sizes declining, the middle-class home was __________.

emptier

2. Most strikes during the late nineteenth century _________.

ended in failure

5. Which of the following was a common demand of both Asian American and Mexican American college students?

ethnic studies programs

3. What change, common in both the North and the South, led to the formation of the farmer's alliance?

failing crop prices

3. Why did the new middle class embrace "culture" such as museums and public libraries?

for self-improvement

Ch. 30.4 Best of Times, Worst of Times 1. The income of black families __________.

gained ground until 1975 and then began shrinking in comparison to that of white families

3. During World War I, the purpose of the 75,000 "Four Minute Men" was to __________.

give brief patriotic speeches before stage and movie shows

How did the war affect political life in the United States? What techniques were used to stifle dissent? What was the war's political legacy?

he war. The federal government became central in the management and regulation of wartime economy. Although some of the regulatory agencies were temporary, they allowed the government a taste of governmental control involving American livelihood. Wilson's War Industries Board and the Congressional passage of the Food and Fuel Act provide examples. With women as wage earners and volunteer workers, the vote for women was secured. Prohibition also triumphed. Public health became a major concern requiring governmental involvement to control the spread of venereal disease. As part of the Labor Department, The Children's Bureau was created to help working mothers and eventually leading to postwar clinics for prenatal and obstetrical care. The Espionage Act of 1917 was used as a tool to help suppress any antiwar attitudes and actions. Severe penalties with up to twenty years imprisonment and a $10,000 fine helped provide incentive to avoid insubordination, aid for the enemy or any other treasonous activities. From the enforcement of the Espionage Act and required increase of governmental police and surveillance came the creation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Sedition Act, an amendment to the Espionage Act, helped provide a means to stifle anyone including socialists, pacifists or radical labor activists who were perceived as dissenters to patriotism such as Eugene V. Debs. The Espionage Act of 1917 and agencies created to address public health are examples of the war's political legacy.

46. Wilson was NOT a candidate for president in 1920 because: : Incorrect he declined to run. Answers: he declined to run. Correct he was incapacitated after a stroke. the Republicans refused to renominate him. he lost the nomination to Harding.

he was incapacitated after a stroke

23. Many feminists supported the war and women's participation in hopes that it would:

help secure women's right to vote.

5. The American Federation of Labor concentrated on organizing __________.

highly skilled wage earners

2. What was the major source of urban growth in the late nineteenth century?

immigrants

4. The predominant audience of the early movie industry centered in New York City prior to World War I was __________.

immigrants and working-class Americans

3. The Office of Price Administration assisted U.S. mobilization efforts by __________.

implementing price controls to check inflation

14. The results of Kennedy's New Frontier domestic agenda are best described as__________.

modest and limited

4. William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic convention was __________.

in favor of free silver

26.2 The Policy of Containment 1. Why was the NATO alliance formed?

in response to the Berlin blockade and airlift crisis

8. The gay community began to gain visibility __________.

in the mid-1950s

42. The most important element of the Treaty of Versailles was, in Wilson's view:

inclusion of the League of Nations charter.

2. During World War II, membership in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People __________.

increased tenfold

5. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 created conditions that _________

increased undocumented immigration from Latin America

8. What was the focus of the Tuskegee Institute at its founding?

industrial and vocational education for blacks

41. At the end of the war, millions of people worldwide died from an epidemic of:

influenza

4. Nixon fired special prosecutor Archibald Cox because Cox __________.

insisted that Nixon hand over the Oval Office tapes

Ch. 20 Quiz 1. How did the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act attempt to curb the practices of the spoils system?

instituting qualifying examinations

2. The Dixiecrats split from the Democratic Party in 1948 because of Truman's __________.

integration of the military

14. Out of the experience of processing the wartime flood of recruits, what became a standard feature of American education?

intelligence testing

46. The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to:

intervention in any free country to prevent a communist takeover.

39. Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb against Japan, in part, to:

intimidate Stalin and assure post-war American dominance.

With what did Andreae equate prohibition?

intolerance and tyranny

4. What was the American Pacific campaign of 1942‒1944 often called?

island-hopping

13. By not joining the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the Soviet Union __________.

isolated itself economically

48. Between 1935 and the outbreak of World War II, the public mood in the U.S. would best be described as:

isolation from the world's problems.

11. Social Darwinists _______

justified why some grew rich and others remained poor

5. Which of these was a common complaint of Piedmont millworkers about community life?

lack of privacy

2. As conditions worsened in Vietnam during the winter and spring of 1964, Johnson's advisers quietly __________.

laid the groundwork for a sustained bombing campaign

Ch. 30.5 Toward a New World Order 1. Before the start of Operation Desert Storm, the United States __________.

led a coalition of nations to condemn the invasion of Kuwait

4. President Woodrow Wilson often couched his vision of a dynamic, expansive American capitalism in terms of a __________.

moral crusade

Shared Writing: How do the goals, methods, and language of progressives still find voice in contemporary America?

lisa greene|Jan 27 2:31 pm The goals, methods and language of progressives are still seen today and will most likely be used as a foundation for change during every election. For example, during the last presidential election, Bernie Sanders and Hilary Clinton each claimed that their campaign was more progressive, debating the meaning behind progressivism. As long as essential and crucial reform efforts are still required to address social problems such as political corruption, there will be the need for a call to action using progressive-type efforts. Progressive reformation endeavors today will still have to decide the full extent of governmental involvement required and tread lightly so that it does not interfere to the extent experienced in the past with prohibition. Today's progressives are met with even more challenges in addressing issues such as gender inequality and discrimination in addition to health care, public education and housing that may differ somewhat from what their predecessors were faced with but can still benefit from the methods and language of progressive reform. Today's progressives can still use Americans' alliance with government to advance social legislation necessary to improve the lives of American citizens. Answer: Progressive-type reforms can still be seen today, especially in grassroots reform efforts to promote social uplift. These efforts, however, still suffer from differences over the proper role and scope of government regulation, the ability of big business to shape reform efforts, and the limits of public focus on such issues. Still, calls to improve public education, improve basic housing and the debate over health care can all be traced to the progressive era.

5. All of the following placed strains on the American family during World War II EXCEPT: Selected Answer: Correct lower wages. Answers: increases in juvenile delinquency. Correct lower wages. housing shortages. lack of child care.

lower wages

10. The Jones Act of 1917 __________.

made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory of the United States

22. At the beginning of World War I, Wilson declared that the U.S. would:

maintain strict neutrality.

3. Ronald Reagan was able to defeat Jimmy Carter because he gained the support of __________.

many white, working Democrats

20. Buying stock with credit offered by a broker is called "buying on:

margin

12. Why did the American economy change from producer-durable goods to a consumer-durable goods economy?

mass production

4. The year-long Albany movement illustrated that __________.

mass protest without federal intervention could not end Jim Crow

35. While the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956 helped both the automobile and construction industries, it hurt:

mass transit systems and older cities.

3. Which group was most likely to advocate a ban on alcohol during the progressive era in the United States?

members of evangelical churches

Postwar

men lonely displaced family had moved on surviving Many Americans found, as one writer put it, a "defense—an impregnable bulwark" against the era's anxieties in their family life. Postwar prosperity also encouraged young couples to marry younger and produce more children than at any time in the past century. The Census Bureau predicted that the "baby boom" would be temporary. To everyone's surprise, the birthrate continued to grow at a record pace prosperity marry younger, In The Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956), for example, a small town is captured by aliens who take over the minds of its inhabitants when they fall asleep, a subtle warning against apathy toward the threat of Communist "subversion" By the time Truman left office, two-thirds of all American households claimed at least one television set. These two trends—the baby boom and high rates of consumer spending—encouraged a major change in the middle-class family. By 1952, 2 million more wives worked than during the war. Polls registered resounding disapproval—by 86 percent of those surveyed—of a married woman working if jobs were scarce and her husband could support her. Noting that most Soviet women worked outside the home, many commentators appealed for a return to an imaginary "traditional" American family where men alone were breadwinners and women were exclusively homemakers. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover exhorted the nation's women to fight communism by fulfilling their "natural" role as "homemakers and mothers." Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia Farnham, in their best-selling Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (1947), attributed the "super-jittery age in which we live" to women's abandonment of the home to pursue careers Patterns of women's higher education reflected this conservative trend. Having made slight gains during World War II, when college-age men were serving in the armed forces or working in war industries, women lost ground after the G.I. Bill created a huge upsurge in male enrollment. Women represented 40 percent of all college graduates in 1940, but only 25 percent a decade later.

3. Which of these played a particularly prominent role in the social gospel movement?

middle-class women

2. President Woodrow Wilson believed the hallmarks of the old European way were __________.

militarism and imperialism

4. In the U.S. in 1919,__________.

more than 4 million workers were involved in some 3,600 strikes

2. The Tet Offensive left 1,100 Americans dead, while leaving how many Vietcong and North Vietnamese dead?

more than 40,000

3. As new markets opened between 1870 and 1900, exports ___________.

more than tripled

Men and Women in uniform

most described war as a defining moment in their lives as service crossed racial barriers intermixed total dead/wounded one million close supervision women barred from combat, end of war personnel shortages African American men saw combat - for many African Americans military service provided bridge to postwar civil rights movement. World War II mobilized 16.4 million Americans into the armed forces. Although only 34 percent of men who served in the army saw combat—the majority during the final year of the war—the experience had a powerful impact on nearly everyone. On October 16, 1940, National Registration Day, all men between twenty-one and thirty-six had to register for military service. After the United States entered the war, the draft age was lowered to eighteen, and local boards were instructed to choose the youngest first. The draft law exempted those "who by religious training or belief"opposed war. About 25,000 conscientious objectors served in noncombatant roles in the military services; another 12,000 performed "alternative service." Approximately 6,000 men were jailed for refusing to register for the draft.One-third of the men examined by the Selective Service were rejected. Surprising numbers were refused induction as physically unfit. For the first time, men were screened for "neuropsychiatric disorders or emotional problems," and approximately 1.6 million were rejected for that reason.At a time when only one American in four graduated from high school, many conscripts were turned away as functionally illiterate. 1942, the U.S. Congress approved a bill forming the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), later changed to Women's Army Corps (WAC). Other bills, passed a short time later, established a women's division of the navy (WAVES), the Women's Air Force Service Pilots, and the Marine Corps Women's Reserve. more than 350,000 women served in World War II, two-thirds of them in the WAC and WAVES. As a group, they were better educated and more skilled—although paid less—than the average enlisted man. However, military policy prohibited women from supervising male workers, even in desk jobs. Stationed mainly within the United States, most women worked in familiar jobs, serving in administration, communications, clerical, or health care facilities. The WAC and WAVES were subject to both hostile commentary and bad publicity. The overwhelming majority of soldiers believed that most WACs were prostitutes; the War Department itself, fearing "immorality" among women in the armed forces, closely monitored their conduct and established much stricter rules for women than for men. African Americans enlisted at a rate 60 percent above their proportion of the general population. By 1944, black soldiers represented 10 percent of the army's troops, and overall approximately 1 million African Americans served in the armed forces during World War II. Only toward the end of the war, when the shortage of infantry neared a crisis, were African Americans permitted to rise to combat status. 99th Pursuit Squadron, trained at the new base in Tuskegee, Alabama, earned high marks in action against the feared German Luftwaffe. Even the blood banks kept blood segregated by race (although a black physician, Dr. Charles Drew, had invented the process for storing plasma)

Music, Movies, Fashion WWII

music crossed racial lines Hollywood build morale stimulate initiative & responsibility Fashion no nylons fabric needed for parachutes, cotton/wool for uniforms Production of nylon stockings was halted because the material was needed for parachutes; to save cotton and woolen fabric for the production of uniforms, women's skirts were shortened, while the War Production Board encouraged cuffless "Victory Suits" for men. Executive Order M-217 restricted the colors of shoes manufactured during the war to "black, white, navy blue, and three shades of brown." For many civilians, including civil defense volunteers and Red Cross workers, wearing a uniform demonstrated patriotism, and padded shoulders and straight lines became popular among fashion-conscious men and women.

EXAM 3 Ch. 25-26-27 1. Women in the military mainly worked in:

nursing and administration

2. Which industry helped transform the city of Houston from a railroad town into a busy metropolis?

oil refining

2. By 1929, how many cars were on American roads?

one for every five people

3. What portion of North Carolina mill operatives were sixteen years of age or younger?

one in four

4. African Americans served in combat in World War II __________.

only toward the end of the war, because of infantry shortages

8. What did these five countries have in common: United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and China?

permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

4. What caused the urban uprisings of the mid- and late-1960s?

poverty and unemployment in decaying inner cities

9. Booker T. Washington encouraged African Americans to strive for ___________

practical instruction

12. McKinley supported the Dingley Tariff of 1897, which ____________.

raised import duties to an all-time high

16. After 1915, Wilson followed a policy of:

preparing for war while working to stay at peace

4. The purpose of the March on Washington in August of 1963 was to __________.

pressure Congress and demonstrate the urgency of the cause

9. When progressive reformers spoke of the "white slave traffic," they were referring to __________.

prostitution

3. The CIA intervened in Guatemala to __________.

protect the interests of the United Fruit Company

2. Which of these was a Democratic goal in the 1870s and 1880s?

protection of states' rights

1. President Roosevelt encouraged the passage of the Lend-Lease Act because he wanted to __________.

provide aid to Britain in its struggle against Germany

14. What did "grandfather clauses" do?

provided loopholes that permitted poor whites to vote, while denying that right to blacks

3. Although many factors such as high rents, lack of adequate child care, and increases in juvenile delinquency placed strains on the American family during World War II, one notable improvement took place in __________.

public health and medical care

2.The right to a popular vote on proposed legislation is called __________.

referendum

9. The Freedom Summer project was launched by SNCC in order to __________.

register black voters and challenge segregation

According to Andreae, the large majority of prohibitionists were __________.

religious zealots

5. In the years between World War I and the beginning of World War II, what did most Americans believe the nation's role should be?

remain isolated from the world's problems

3. The sit-in movement was important because it __________.

represented a new form of direct-action protest that was dignified and powerful

20.2 Farmers and Workers Organize Their Communities 1. The most basic and fundamental impulse of populism was to ________?

restore control of government to the hands of the people

2. What did the Landrum-Griffin Act do?

restricted union use of picketing and boycotts

Which of these rights did Smith believe was being eroded?

right to hold unpopular beliefs

1. The most powerful sign of a deepening depression in the early 1930s was:

rising unemployment

4. Between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per worker-hour in the United States increased by 32 percent, while wages __________.

rose only 8 percent

13. The War Powers Act empowered Roosevelt to do all of the following EXCEPT: Selected Answer: Correct seize property owned by American citizens. Answers: Correct seize property owned by American citizens. reorganize the federal government. censor all news. seize property owned by foreigners.

seize property owned by American citizens.

21.1 The Origins of Progressivism 1. The sociologist Lester Frank Ward's pioneering work Dynamic Sociology (1883) offered an important critique of __________.

social Darwinism

3. Which of these prompted neoconservatives to turn against New Deal‒style liberalism?

social movements of the 1960s

5. Mass transportation such as electric trolleys________

sped the development of suburbs

3. Supporters of the "American way" attempted to shape public opinion during the Cold War by __________.

sponsoring "freedom rallies" and "freedom fashion shows"

6. Robert F. Kennedy was considered the Democratic candidate of choice for the 1968 election because of his __________.

strong record on civil rights

5. Progressives advocated citizen intervention, both politically and morally, to improve social conditions because they saw society's problems as __________.

structural in nature

Subsidizing Prosperity- FHA

subsidizing helped achieve middle-class status Federal aid helped people to buy homes, attend colleges and technical schools, and live in new suburbs. Much of this assistance expanded on programs begun during the New Deal and World War II. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA), established in 1934, extended the government's role in subsidizing the housing industry by insuring long-term mortgage loans to private lenders for home building. FHA policy favored the construction of single-family projects while discouraging multiunit housing, refused loans to repair older structures and rental units, and required for any loan guarantee an "unbiased professional estimate" rating of the property, the prospective borrower, and the neighborhood. In practice, these estimates resulted in blatant discrimination against racially mixed communities. Bluntly, the FHA's Underwriting Manual warned: "If a neighborhood is to retain stability, it is necessary that properties shall continue to be occupied by the same social and racial classes." Thus, the FHA reinforced racial and income segregation. Yet in 1960 not one of Levittown's residents was African American, and owners who rented out their homes were told to specify that their houses would not be "used or occupied by any person other than members of the Caucasian race"

4. Supply-side economic theory __________.

suggested that revenues lost in lower tax rates would be offset by increased revenue from economic growth

25.1 The Coming of World War II 1.In the Atlantic Charter, FDR and Churchill pledged to support __________.

the freedom of all peoples from tyranny

3. Supply-side economic theory calls for simultaneous __________.

tax cuts and reductions in public spending

44. In 1913, it took thirteen hours to produce one automobile. By 1925, Henry Ford's new plants were producing one every:

ten seconds

5. What did the Watergate tapes prove?

that Nixon had ordered the Watergate break-in

3. Which of these occurred during President George H. W. Bush's continuation of the war on drugs? the 1989 invasion of Panama a botched attempt to capture the leaders of the largest Mexican drug cartel a large-scale military intervention in Venezuela that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Venezuelan soldiers sharp cuts in the budget for drug control

the 1989 invasion of Panama

2. The crisis that led to the outbreak of World War I was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of:

the Austro-Hungarian empire

49. The 1919 Red Scare was an ugly response to:

the Bolshevik revolution in Russia.

43. The Fourteen Points were issued in January 1918 as a response to:

the Bolshevik takeover in Russia

9. Operation Overlord was the cover name given to secret planning for:

the D-Day landings in Normandy.

42. The greatest impact of World War II on the U.S. was:

the Depression ended

18. All of the following are attributed to Theodore Roosevelt EXCEPT: Correct the Fourteen Points. Answers: Correct the Fourteen Points. Open Door trade policy. Big Stick diplomacy. acquisition of the Panama Canal.

the Fourteen Points

3. What virtually destroyed the Knights of Labor?

the Haymarket affair in Chicago

11. The largest public works project ever undertaken by the federal government was:

the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956

37. Among the Allies, the fiercest fighting and greatest causalities were endured by:

the Soviet Union

5. What term is given to the increase in natural reproduction in America's postwar years?

the baby boom

5. What two trends shaped the middle-class family of the 1950s?

the baby boom and high rates of consumer spending

7. These two trends encouraged a change in the middle-class family.

the baby boom and high rates of consumer spending

29.2 A Generation in Conflict 1. Which of these terms was used to refer to the new community of young adults that emerged first in San Francisco in the 1960s?

the counterculture

New Deal

the economic and political policies of the Roosevelt administration in the 1930s. p. 539

5. What issue did Bill Clinton most effectively exploit against President Bush during the 1992 campaign?

the economy

1. What event convinced President McKinley that the time had come to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Spain?

the explosion on the USS Maine

2. Which of these was among the factors prompting African Americans to form their own baseball teams?

the firing of Moses "Fleet" Walker

15. In 1948, the Democratic National Convention split over the issue of civil rights, leading southern Democrats to __________.

walk out and nominate Governor Strom Thurmond

50. In its final form, the Treaty of Versailles:

was harsh and unfair and did little to solve the war's issues

23.1 Postwar Prosperity and Its Price 1. During the 1920s in the United States, large corporations began to employ a new strategy toward labor, known collectively as __________.

welfare capitalism

15. Despite deteriorating conditions found there, millions of African Americans continued to move to the cities because they __________.

were fleeing rural poverty

3. In 1964, Johnson campaigned on restraint in Vietnam __________.

while actually working to escalate U.S. involvement

15. What caused the Wilmington massacre?

white anger over blacks in minor political offices

6. How did American industry boost its overall efficiency during the 1920s?

with automatic machinery and unskilled and semiskilled workers