NAI FINAL REVIEW SET

Adena (and dates given in class)

- Mound site Adena mortuary site complex: 2600-2000 years ago

Oglala Sioux

- One of the seven subtribes of Lakota people who, along with the Nakota and Dakota, make up the Great Sioux Nation - majority of the Oglala live on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States

The Great Basin

- encouraged to marry outside group to maintain good ties divorce allowed by both parties, had to remarry quickly child not full person until named and accepted by community- could take 2-3 years supernatural entities feared 2 deserts within, arid climate with very hot summer and very cold winter, Shoshone, Paiutes, Utes, Washoe, and Bannock live there. These groups were pretty small but are classified into tribal groupings mostly due to US regulation

cohokia (general dates for rise and fall)

1050-1250 AD

Red Power Movement

American Indian movement; advocated for recognition and equality for unrecognized tribes - Occupation of Alcatraz - 1969 89 "Indians of All Tribes" (IAT) → We are stronger together Stayed for 14 months, massive press coverage The Native Americans were fighting to get back their land. They felt that they had to get violent in order to regain their civil rights.

Geronimo

Apache Warrior blessed with sacred Apache "power" where he would never die in battle. He was a fierce warrior and powerful figure, fighting huge quantities of Mexican and United States soldiers with only 39 men - carry out numerous raids as well as resistance to US and Mexican military campaigns in northern Mexico, and the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona. - raids and related combat actions were a part of the prolonged period of the Apache-United States conflict, that started with American settlement in Apache lands following the end of the war with Mexico in 1848.

Meadowcroft Rockshelter

Archeological Site of a 1570s Monongahela Indian village - 970s a pittbsburg professor finds rock shelter in PA, human artifacts from 16,000 Represents pioneer phase of colonization Pioneer phase: few small, spread out, widely dispersed sites virtually invisible

The abandonment of the Colorado Plateau

Century of turmoil and instability about 1300 years ago Move up into nested areas in cliff palaces Built for defense bc food was becoming scarce, people were not longer aligned, fighting against each other Betatakin was expanded and abandoned in less than two generations (was a cliff) 1300s, another large collapse

Five civilized tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw Americans thought theses natives groups lifeways and cultures resembled their own

Paleoindian tool manufacture and the materials from which they were often made

Clovis points are longer than folsom and dalton points

Holocene

Epoch that began after pleistocene at approx. 9700 BC - Warmer climate led to water level rising 10,000 years ago to present New species introduced and thrived, and some went extinct Fires and storms intensified River channels changed Populations experienced long and far migrations "How was change experienced in everyday living?" Epoch that began after Pleistocene at approx. 9700 BC

Seminole

Established very powerful presence in region Egalitarian in beliefs and lifeways, but very rigid in protection of territory / This tribe was formed after European contact. It formed as a result of the coalescence of runways, refugees, and break-away factions of a number of Southeastern tribes in southern Florida. They eventually became known as one of the powerful "civilized tribes" of the Southeast / black drink--. drank at ceremonies where you would get visions and vomit

Native Identity

Even though the natives were still extremely proud of their individual tribes, they began to feel a sense of connection between all tribes, and started to see themselves as one whole group.

serpent mounds

Excavated by Fredric Ward Putnam in late 1800s Researchers reopened excavation in 1990s to confirm mound was built by Adena culture (radiocarbon dating of charcoal flakes from no specific feature of mound)

likeliest route pre clovis groups took in the western hem

First humans arrived across glacier that connected NA to Asia (may or may not be right) siberia to US (15 thousand years ago) By boat Coastal route: paddle along coast of Japan → north to beringia→ east to Alaska→ down western coast of N. America

Carlisle Indian Industrial School

Founded 1879 by Richard Henry Pratt, modeled off how he treated Florida Apache in prisons, often mental or physical abuse, forced labor, parents left uninformed about well-being of child, even if they child died - 1840-1924 is best known as the founder and longtime superintendent of the influential Carlisle Indian Industrial School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He is associated with the first recorded use of the word "racism", which he used in 1902 to criticize against racial segregation, as well as the phrase "kill the Indian... and save the man" in reference to the efforts to educate Native Americans

Paisley Cave

Four caves in desolate region of Oregon. Proves oldest human evidence in North America (14,300 years ago) - *is a system of four caves in an arid, desolate region of south-central Oregon, United States. *One of the caves may contain archaeological evidence of the oldest definitively-dated human presence in North America *oldest DNA evidence of human habitation in North America. The DNA, radiocarbon dated to 14,300 years ago, was found in fossilized human coprolites uncovered in the Paisley Five Mile Point Caves in south-central Oregon OLdest human evidence in North America 14,300 years ago

Samuel de Champlain

French St. Lawrence Iroquoians had disappeared by the time Champlain returned Set up first permanent trading post Tadoussac in 1600 Transition from seasonal coastal to permanent interior trade Marked by Quebec on St. Lawrence River, created by Samuel De Champlain July 3rd, 1608 - Champlain landed at point of Quebec Built 3 wooden buildings, moat, original founding of Quebec Happy to let natives exist as long as the helped French

Jacques Cartier

French navigator--> the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island First voyage, 1534 Second voyage, 1535-1536 Third voyage, 1541-1542

Shell Mound Archaic

From 4000-1200 BC mixture of cultural debris suck as rocks, earth, bone and artifacts. People lived on/around mounds of shells

The Battle of Little Big Horn / Custer's Last Stand

General Custer, killed in battle - Overwhelming Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho victory, lead by Crazy Horse, inspired by Sitting Bull (who did not partake in battle)

Huron

Huron cease to exist as cohesive nation after 1650's and Jesuit introduction 1638 - Large mission in Huron territory → St. Marie among the Hurons Built longhouses in Iroquoian style to draw natives in Divisiveness of converted natives and those that remained loyal to traditional values

The general timing (although still controversial) of the arrival of the Pre-Clovis groups took into the Western Hemisphere

Ice bridge crossed between 45000-12000(?)

The timing of the Paleoindian Period

Ice bridge crossed between 45000-12000, Paleoindian period 10500-9500 big game hunters appeared on great plains - The Paleoinidan period 13,000-10,000 years ago

Shamanism and witchcraft

Important to Navajo culture

Trail of tears

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

Eskimo (Inuit)

Lack of vegetation, frozen landscape Sea ice needed for travel/hunting Walrus, whales, seals, sea lions, musk ox Nenana Complex 13,000 years ago, off of Moose Creek in Alaska About same time as Paleoindian in So Eskimo-Inuit First contact w/ Russians in 1700's Sheltered from mass epidemics for a long time, geographically removed Arctic peoples: Collectors / specialists Require extensive knowledge of surroundings Modesty, self-control, sharing highly valued and required for survival Unangan (Aleut) Fish and sea mammals Aleutian islands Yup'ik Southern/central Alaska Most terrestrial Inuit Northern coast of Arctic Igloos or skin tents Dog sleds Most dependent on seals Small bands, extreme emphasis on family Tribal affiliations on imposed in modern area for US/Canadian govt regulations

Chohokia (general dates for rise and fall)

Largest city in north America until 1780 from 6000-40000 residents between 1050AD-1250AD

Beothuk

Lived in Newfoundland - independent, self-sufficient, extended family groups of 30 to 55 people - caribou, salmon, and seals for food - canoes of caribou and seal skins - painted themselves entirely from head to food in red grease / paint, very important to identity and culture - Maybe Algonquian group / language base? - Association with original Red Paint People? - Fisherman / Explorer named John Guy in 1612 = first contact - Initially friendly trade relationship - As 1600's progressed, chose to disassociate themselves with English - Fishing and exploration resulted in Beothuk deprivation of resources - Beothuk receded into interior of area → people thought they vanished / died out

Iroquois Agriculture

Main crops Lifeways around 1300-1400 intimately involved with raising corn, beans, and squash → "the three sisters" Cosmology, religion, ceremonially important Utilized fire to burn land for corn agriculture Tobacco important for community and religion Pottery / women oversaw agriculture

St. Lawrence Iroquois

Men were gone during the winter months hunting deer, elk, wild turkey, beaver, fowl, and other woodland animals -Being so close to the St. Lawrence river, they also relied heavily on fishing as a constant source of food - caught several types of fish including salmon, trout, and bass. / lived in present day Quebec, had longhouses and agriculture, mysteriously disappeared sometime after last voyage of Cartier (75 years before Champlain) --> disappeared 16th century

Mourning Wars

Middle woodland wars between tribes Most mourning wars were fought over blood feuds. When a member of a tribe was killed by a member of a neighboring tribe, the first tribe would attack members of the second tribe in revenge. Most of the conflicts consisted of kidnappings and small fights, as large battles with many warriors were very rare. Finally, the fights also served as a way for young men to learn how to defend their tribe and family members, and ultimately become a respected member of the tribe. Surprisingly, the wars were never fought over rights to land

Hopi

Modern day: reservation north east of Arizona, Believe they came from "atkyaqw" (down below) Religion is connected to growing corn - Navajo given by hopi Hopi only major Pueblo that occupied Colorado lived at Hopi mesa, isolated from drought/hardship occupied since 1000 AD (still reside there today) Lives centered around corn and figures called "katchinas" Very good at using little water resources Farmed mainly corn, also beans, squash, tomatoes. Matriarchy ran clans Bringing rain was the main goal of ceremonies.

Fluted spear points (also referred to as Clovis points)

Monument of Clovis culture - Paleo indian people the most masterful stone craftsman in archeological world Made large spear points, last step distinguishes them from everyone else bc of clovis point Parallel sides/fluted part only half the face/ relatively long and thick Clovis people: highly mobile with low population densities **as time progressed clovis expanded across america and knowledge of landscape and environment became more detailed which led to stability within population

Trade Goods (brass kettles, glass beads, axes, etc)

Natives used traded goods likes kettles until they were repurposed as a mark of status and prestige Trade / glass beads Colors connoted spiritual precepts Axes / knives traded as well Alcohol and guns

general timing of arrival of pre clovis people

Pre Clovis period: 20,000-13,000 years ago

Red Paint People aka the Maritime Archaic

Pre columbian culture in New England named because they made graves with no bones and red ocher made clovis points with translucent material from rama bay in northern Labrador Maritime adaptation allowed survival Traveled in small bands to hunt caribou Hunted seals/whales in open ocean on kayaks Kept similar lifestyle for thousands of years

Pre-Clovis people

Prior to 15,000 years ago, thought to have come over 22,000 years ago. Crossed land bridge from europe to america

Pueblo

Pueblo people also called Anasazi, The western Pueblo, Native American cultures located in the southwestern United States include the Hopi, Zuni, Tewa Village (on the Hopi Reservation), Acoma Pueblo, and Laguna Pueblo

Blood Quantum

Put in place by the US gov't to determine how much reparations or assistance you got. Certain tribes have certain recognition levels (1/2, 1/4, etc). This was a made up thing by the US that got Indians to go against each other, which was never the intent of the Indian ways

Complex chiefdoms

Ruled by a single chief with multiple tiers of hierarchy

Tadoussac

Samuel De Champlain French St. Lawrence Iroquoians had disappeared by the time Champlain returned Set up first permanent trading post Tadoussac in 1600 (Innu)

Secret Societies of the Iroquois (False Face Societies and Little Water Medicine Society)

Secret societies Had to keep rituals secret, not even to be mentioned False Face Society, responsible for well-being of group--> The Iroquois believed that the masks used in the ceremonies of this secret society has souls. The masks, it was believed, had to be fed and taken care of in order for them to remain happy and continue bestowing their good will upon the people

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Tecumsah and brother Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) Leaders of Shawnee Must give up weapons, liquor, all Euro-style clothing, all trade unless absolutely necessary, refuse to give any more land to American colonies Wanted to found Pan-tribal confederacy to fight Europeans and American expansion Powerful, quasi-religious force to counter early American aggression out on the plains

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 — also known as Popé's Rebellion — was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province

Seneca

The Seneca are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League (Haudenosaunee) in New York before the American Revolution. A majority of them were moved to Oklahoma

Ghost Dance Religion

Wovoka, - 1890- new religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems. According to the teachings of the Northern Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka (renamed Jack Wilson), proper practice of the dance would reunite the living with spirits of the dead, bring the spirits of the dead to fight on their behalf, make the white colonists leave, and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to Indian peoples throughout the region.

the Sun Dance

a ritual preformed by the Lakota Sioux and other plains natives American groups that often evolved the evocation of pain by placing hooks through skin

Jesuits

accompanied French explorers; surveyed many of the First Nations in New France - English crown briefly took over Quebec City and expelled all denominations except Jesuits Jesuits debated and explored history of their religion Informal religious monopoly → set up mission system

Bureau of Indian Affairs

agency of the federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of the Interior. - responsible for the administration and management of 55,700,000 acres (225,000 km2) of land held in trust by the United States - responsibilities include providing health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives

alcohol

alcoholism is prevalent among many reservations today, 4x as common as normal US. Used as a trading tool by colonists, as it made deals go much easier.

buffalo (bison)

animal hunted by Plains Indians that were essential to their way of life - (Lakota tribe) Buffalo populations depleted throughout 1800's Shot for sport from trains Near extinction, Native populations left out in the cold "Buffalo" Bill Cody lakota followed buffalo around plains

Moundbuilding

dated back to 5000 years ago years ago where mounds were built for religious, ceremonial, burial, and elite residents (archaic and woodland periods) - The Moundbuilders (3,200 years ago) Squire and Davis set out to map mounds, thought they weren't built by NA Many of maps they made are of mounds/earthworks that don't exist anymore

Revitalization movements

deliberate, conscious effort by members of society to construct a more satisfying culture and they must perceive areas of culture as a system. Examples: Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, Handsome Lake, Wovoka/Ghost Dance, Red Power Movement, Occupation of Alcatraz - Religious Revitalization A revitalization movement is a "deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture Period of revitalization: (1) reformulation of the cultural pattern; (2) its communication; (3) organization of a reformulated cultural pattern; (4) adaptation of the reformulated pattern to better meet the needs and preferences of the group; (5) cultural transformation; (6) routinization, when the adapted reformulated cultural pattern becomes the standard cultural behavior for the group.

Plymouth landing

early relations were friendly and taught eachother how to survice, had a firs thanksgiving, relations quickly went to shit

Narragansett

eastern seaboard, fishing, developed agriculture, pilgrims clashed with this tribe the most, hunting and gathering

Pleistocene

epoch lasting from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago

Fort Orange

established trading post by the Dutch, 18 french speaking men established it. They then aided the Mohawk in war against other tribes. VITAL IN FUR TRADE - Dutch established Fort Orange - 1624 Everything was traded (guns, alcohol included) with Mohicans Mohawk warred with Mohicans so they could have sole trading monopolies with Dutch Not what Dutch wanted, wanted to trade with everyone Agreed because of violence and insistence of Mohawk 1625 and continuing years - Mohawk brought beaver and otter pelts By 1640, all beavers in all of 5 nations Iroquois country were gone Mohawks attacked surrounding neighbors in order to continue supply of beavers for trade with Dutch

Ghost Dance

peaceful Paiute ritual started by Wavoka that would result in white people going away and the Earth's resources being restored. Emphasized leaving whites alone and in the next life they will be gone and native people can leave happily, spread a lot and became a common belief and practice even outside of the Paiutes. - Sickness in Navajo world if you got sick/illness could only be caused by supernatural beings, was not a result of chants Chants would ward off these spirits -people abided by these rules, they would be united with their friends and family in the other world, and in God's presence, there would be no sickness, disease, or old age Healers led ceremonies, divided visions to help people by ingesting datura (class of drugs called delirians, brain can shut off) jimson weed→ extremely poisonous, can die

guns

"they're bad" - vital trading tool for europeans; used in multiple wars and conflicts by both sides. Many times Indians were ordered to disarm themselves and this created conflicts - Dutch established Fort Orange - 1624 Everything was traded (guns, alcohol included) with Mohicans Mohawk warred with Mohicans so they could have sole trading monopolies with Dutch Not what Dutch wanted, wanted to trade with everyone Agreed because of violence and insistence of Mohawk

Dorset

(500 BCE-1500 CE) - Paleo-Eskimo culture, preceded the Inuit in the Arctic of North America - named after Cape Dorset in Nunavut, Canada where the first evidence of its existence was found - culture has been defined as having four phases due to the distinct differences in the technologies relating to hunting and tool making - artifacts include distinctive triangular end-blades, soapstone lamps, and burins. / didn't have bow and arrow, so they had to rely upon sea mammals which they hunted from holes in ice

Salmon

(Northwest) This natural resource made it possible for Northwest Coast groups to develop a significant level of social and political complexity despite their lack of agriculture.

Pueblo Bonito

largest and best-known great house in Chaco Culture National Historical Park, northern New Mexico, was built by the Ancestral Puebloans, who occupied the structure between AD 828 and 1126.

Walrus

(inuit) *Walrus ivory was a particularly essential material, used to make knives The environment in which the Inuit lived inspired a mythology filled with adventure tales of whale and walrus hunts. Long winter months of waiting for caribou herds or sitting near breathing holes hunting seals gave birth to stories of mysterious and sudden appearance of ghosts and fantastic creatures

disease and epidemics

(native people of southeast) Disease-ridden area after human contact due to densely populated areas, as well as wet/swampy areas 1539 - De Soto landed in Gulf Coast of Florida with small army to find plunder--> brought pigs, big vectors for disease

Pinyon nut

(pine nuts) were the primary plant staple for groups in the great basin - For Indian people in the Great Basin-the Shoshone, Paiute, Washo, and Ute-one of the important traditional resources of the region was the piñon pine whose nuts provided them with nutrition. staple winter food, diet highly based on plants the seeds were parched on a basketry tray with coals, winnowed, and then either stored in woven sacks or pits, or ground into a flour from which bread or soup could be made.

John Ross

*(Mysterious Little White Bird) During the War of 1812, he served as adjutant of a Cherokee regiment under the command of Andrew Jackson. started a ferry service that carried passengers from the south side of the river (Cherokee Nation) to the north side (USA) was elected to national council of cherokee after he was a spokesperson for his people in US Gov't The Treaty Party was convinced to sign the Treaty of New Echota on December 29, 1835, requiring the Cherokee to leave by 1838. Neither Ross nor the council approved it, but the Federal government regarded the treaty as valid. It would send the Army to move those who did not depart by 1838 in an action known ever after as the "Trail of Tears." About one-fourth of the Cherokee forced to move died along the trail. The dead included Ross's wife, Quatie.

Ice free corridor

*During the Late Wisconsinan Glaciation (about 25,000 - 10,000 years BP) two massive ice sheets, the Laurentide in the east and the Cordilleran in the west, covered most of Canada and the northern United States. *According to this hypothesis, the ancestors of the Clovis hunters crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia, traversed unglaciated regions in Alaska and the Yukon, and then followed this ice-free corridor to settle in the lands to the south of the ice sheets by 11,500 years BP. Evidence was oldest, shut down, now said only open 12,000 year BP Prior to 15,000 years ago, thought to have come over 22,000 years ago Crossed land bridge from Europe to America

whale

*In particular, he found that adequate vitamin C could be obtained from items in their traditional diet of raw meat such as ringed seal liver and whale skin The European arrival tremendously damaged the Inuit way of life, causing mass death through new diseases introduced by whalers and explorers, and enormous social disruptions caused by the distorting effect of Europeans' material wealth.

Bluefish Cave

*archaeological site in Yukon, Canada * initial radiocarbon dating suggested an ago of 25,000 before present (BP).[4] This was considered controversial as it was in contrast to the Clovis-First theory, widely accepted by academics at the time, which considered the earliest settlement date of North America to be around 13,000 BP Earliest site of human colonization in canada

Taima Taima

*indicates a pre-Clovis settlement of South America; the site is used as evidence for people arriving to South America earlier than previously believed *Cruxent discovered a mastodon pelvic bone that was pierced by a stone spearpoint. Geological and radiocarbon dating of the find both indicate the date of 13,000 BP (11,000 BC) tools and weapons found in large megafauna and other extinct animals remains well intact because of dry climate 14000 years old

Kennewick Man

*name generally given to the skeletal remains of a prehistoric Paleoamerican man found on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington, United States, on July 28, 1996.[1] It is one of the most complete ancient skeletons ever found Radiocarbon tests on bone have shown it to date from 8.9k to 9k calibrated years before present *legal battle over rights to bones, some NA groups thought they had ownership

Mesa Verde

*preserved stone dwelling * Mesa Verde, the best-known site for the large number of well-preserved cliff dwellings, housing, defensive, and storage complexes were built in shallow caves and under rock overhangs along canyon walls. *high defensible structure that they retreated too

Great House

*the largest and best-known great house in Chaco Culture National Historical Park, northern New Mexico, was built by the Ancestral Puebloans, who occupied the structure between AD 828 and 1126. made up of 200,000 trees, provide very accurate dating Great houses weren't for anyone to live in Functioned as religious center

De Soto

1539 - De Soto landed in Gulf Coast of Florida with small army to find plunder Made no attempts to befriend NA, demanded corn, women, if denied, would battle and sometimes burn down villages Brough pigs, big vectors for disease Radically altered carefully balanced alliances / stalemated conflicts European trade goods represented wealth / prestige 1565 - More sustained colonization by Spanish Setting up towns, colonies, missionization (conversion to Christianity) St. Augustine in Florida created

Iroquois warfare (especially Mohawk)

1609 - Champlain meets Mohawk, they demand his help with war against Iroquois Agreed in order to establish good connections July 29th, Champlain and party encounter Iroquois Fired rifle, killing two men w/ one shot, men fled but did not forget aggression and power of Champlain, wanted to acquire powerful weapons

St. Marie Among the Hurons

1638 - Large mission in Huron territory → St. Marie among the Hurons Built longhouses in Iroquoian style to draw natives in Divisiveness of converted natives and those that remained loyal to traditional values

The Long Walk

1864 - Navajo genocided and forced to walk to New Mexico to move onto unsuccsessful Bosque Regano reservation callously grouped with Apache, many died of starvation etc on walk. - General carlton→ planned attack who were quickly defeated Navajo crops destroyed, men killed, houses burned, women and children captured, literal decimation of entire communities Finally surrendered in 1864 Long Walk- 9,000 people in scorching desert for 300 miles to Fort Sumner, many people died of starvation and exhaustion US established largest reservation called Bocas Rondo, utter failure, designed to supply livestock, agriculture

Social Hierarchy regarding Northwest Coast peoples

3 social groupings Elite Commoners Slaves

mississippian period (and dates)

800 AD-1500AD Cultivation of beans and maize led to larger population densities/larger food surpluses/ complex social/political organization Populations restricted to floodplains aquatic , game, and vegetable resources abundant in low-lying floodplains for 1000 yrs fertile soils formed bands within this environment providing more resources exploited high energy resources and deliberately destroyed natural landscape for agriculture (selective hunter-gatherers) Small game or game likely to prey on maize fields and fish *wild plant foods most vital especially nuts in fall* Dealt with food shortages bc lived in permanent settlements Practice of communal gardens/stockpiles under control of chieftains to avoid famine Not organized along strict formal class lines Autonomous: production and exchange between kin groups based on reciprocal obligation Long distance exchange brought culture continuity across vast area and common religious tradition chunkey game game that was gambled on, most elite levels Roll a hockey puck down a strip, people would throw spears to try and hit it Spread throughout entire mississippian sphere Players would often wager everything: kids, lives, etc Losers sometimes known to commit suicide

Chaco Canyon (and general dates of rise and fall)

850-1250 ad - Chaco canyon- series of great houses including Pueblo Bonito Interconnected kivas Chaco canyon was modified by humans to channel rainfall into areas to grow corn Check dams, subtle terraces After 200 years shit was rapidly abandoned, collapse of hierarchal societies w/ great leaders (pueblo) Great Houses Massive series of interconnected rooms/buildings w/ kivas (14 Great Houses) Largest is Pueblo Bonito Made of 200,000 trees, provide very accurate dating

Casinos

Because reserved areas have tribal sovereignty, states have limited ability to forbid gambling there, as codified by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. As of 2011, there were 460 gambling operations run by 240 tribes, with a total annual revenue of $27 billion.

Apache

Came from Canada,

Navajo

Came from Canada, Horses were important to them, if you fell off your horse you had bad karma and did something wrong or are cursed. Ate datura and tripped. Lived in Wiokiop structures made of sticks covered in buffalo skins or leaves and mats

Coronado Exploration

Coronado and his men acted as middlemen, controlled trade Introduced horse to the southwest, NA raids that stole horses from Spaniards

Ghost shirts

Cult of the Ghost Dance → evolved into ghost shirts that would make them immune to American bullets Payute, out in the Great Basin Ceremony spread among tribes of Great Plains, Southwest

Language and culture revitalization

Cultural revitalization Language revitalization Extinct languages 293 languages, 29 language families, 27 isolate languages

Burns Paiute

Descendants of northern Paiutes who were hunter-gatherers traditionally living in Central and Southern Oregon (GB). The Burns Paiute formed when Northern Paiutes gathered in Burns Oregon and the surrounding region

Watson Brake

Earliest mound complex in North America dated before poverty point - Watson Brake Mounds, Louisiana→ first large amount of communal labor to build mounds Signals large amount of communal labor probably for religious or spiritual reasons

English vs French Colonial Programs

Early attempts to reform and educate natives in Western ways Universities and exchange programs created People trying to co-exist, not exterminate, natives by enculturating them in Western ways Civilization Fund of 1819 $10,000, usually given to missionaries to continue trying to "Christianize/civilize" natives Carlisle Industrial Indian School - founded 1879 Often mental or physical abuse, forced labor, parents left uninformed about well-being of child, even if they child died

Eastern Agricultural Complex

Eastern agricultural complex- one of 10 early

pre paleoindian or pre clovis people

Either pre clovis people died out or the Paleo indians are decsendants of pre clovis ppl Small bands/few and far apart Hunted big game Made stone tools from natural glass 20,000-13,000 years ago

The Mexican government and the Apache

Enemies, Mexicans slaughtered many Indians and conflict between these two groups was prevalent.

Fur trade

English, french, dutch trying to grow their economies. They established Fort Orange to trade furs with Indians. This led to the destruction of the beaver population by 1641 - Early 1600's Fur trade (beaver) → near extinction Natives were critical partners in early years for relationships with Europeans 1700 - fur trade expanding into new territories Natives groups had to band together or face annihilation

Shoshone

Great Basin group, foragers/generalists, used a wide range of animals and plants as their foods, so long as there weren't droughts food was prevalent, so they were not starving and desperate as often as they are portrayed to be.

Woodworking on the Northwest Coast

Haida House Craftspeople / woodworkers were employed and had food provided for them in exchange for commissioned work Totem poles commonly commissioned by new chiefs to represent new order of social hierarchy / Woodworkers were a class of specialists among many Northwest Coast Native groups / CEDAR

Simple chiefdoms

Hieararchical political organization controlled by a select few elites. Because of inherited role

Reservation conditions today

Highest poverty rates, extremely high suicide/drug/alcohol issues

Navajo and Hopi Reservations

Hopi reservation basically shoved within a Navajo reservation, which leads to lots of conflict and raiding(?). Navajo also had a railway put through their reservation which pissed them off.

Horse in Plains culture

Horse was used as form of wealth and currency among and between historic plain groups - Introduced by Coronado's expeditions 700 AD? Probably originally used for food or to replace dogs as pack animals Enabled quick and precise movement across landscape Expansive horse trading and breeding ensued / farming became less important and horses became wealth

Sovereignty

House Concurrent Resolution 108 - 1953 Wanted to make all NA "within the territorial limits of the US subject to the same laws and entitled to the same privileges and responsibilities as are applicable to any other citizens of the US" Ended tribal governing and sovereignty Public Law 280 - 1953 Established "a method whereby States may assume jurisdiction over reservation Indians" Caused relocation of over 100 tribes

John Ridge

In the 1830s, he was part of the Treaty Party with his father Major Ridge and cousins Elias Boudinot and Stand Watie. Believing that Indian Removal was inevitable, they supported making a treaty with the United States government to protect Cherokee rights. The land cession was opposed by the majority of the tribe and the Principal Chief John Ross, but the treaty was ratified by the US Senate was then assassinated by treaty party

Indian Termination Policy

Indian termination policy Kansas Act of 1940 Kansas wanted to take sovereignty over Indian country NA no longer granted govt immunity for crimes committed on reservation, subjected to all court / judicial systems, Main goal was said to be assimilation

Native American Urban Relocation program of 1956

Indians were bussed into cities to live and become part of american city culture. Indians in cities began to band together, some were marginalized

Iroquois Origins

Iroquois Onondaga creation myth( turtle in the sky) Speak Iroquoian, mostly in Northeast Cherokee, among other groups, speak Iroquoian

Katchina

Kachinas are spirits or personifications of things in the real world. These spirits are believed to visit the Hopi villages during the first half of the year. A kachina can represent anything in the natural world or cosmos - The kachina concept has three different aspects: the supernatural being, the kachina dancers (masked members of the community who represent kachinas at religious ceremonies), and kachina dolls, small dolls carved in the likeness of kachinas given as gifts to children

Kivas

Kivas are an important Southwestern architectural form. 'Kiva' is a Hopi word used to refer to specialized round and rectangular rooms in modern Pueblos.

Vikings

L'Anse aux Meadows The Vikings were the first Europeans to discover the New World. They arrived in what is today Newfoundland around the year 1000 AD no evidence of norse settlements on mainland north america

Danger Cave

North American archaeological site located in the Bonneville Basin of western Utah around the Great Salt Lakes region The data collected from the cave suggested that the Desert Culture had a sparse population, with small social units numbering no more than 25 to 30 people. The focus on survival prevented the inhabitants from building permanent structures, developing complicated rituals, or amassing extensive personal property. little evidence of human life

Poverty Point

Northern Louisiana, comprised of earthworks and mounds built between 1550 and 200 bc - Collection of earth and mound structures Represents monumental leap forward in terms of mound building and monumental architecture No clear use, probably ceremonial/religious site Ceremonial landscape, pilgrimage site??? Trading grounds?? Complex social organization pottery!!

New England

Opposite of New France

Wavoka

Paiute, Main preacher and teacher of the Ghost Dance - Jan 1st 1889--. had vision during solar eclipse, vision of a ghost dance, told to take it to all native peoples spoke with god and jesus if everyone danced, world would fill with peace, food, vanishing of white people Spread quickly, performed for 5 days / Was the Northern Paiute religious leader who founded a second episode of the Ghost Dance movement. Wovoka means "cutter" or "wood cutter"

Sitting Bull

Plains chief tried to evade or battle the Americans on numerous occasions until he was eventually forced to surrender in 1881

Standing Rock Sioux

Require ¼ native american blood The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is located in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States, and is occupied by ethnic Hunkpapa Lakota, Sihasapa Lakota and Yanktonai Dakota. The sixth-largest Native American reservation in land area in the US, Standing Rock includes all of Sioux County, North Dakota, and all of Corson County, South Dakota, plus slivers of northern Dewey and Ziebach counties in South DakotaStanding Rock Dakota Access Pipeline Standing Rock Sioux Native Americans from across the country began to coalesce around protests

Chunkey Game

Rolling stones across ground and trying to hit them with spears (originated around 600 CE)

Handsome Lake

Seneca religious leader of the Iroquois -played a major role in reviving traditional religion among the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy -preached catholicism, and prophetic visions that led to salvation. -Didn't preach open revolt or apocalyptic doom -Mixture of prophetic visions and Catholicism mixed with indigenous beliefs -Walk right path to benefit in afterlife "The Code of Handsome Lake"

Arctic infanticide and senilicide

Senilicide: First, religious/cultural beliefs and the cold calculus of productivity aren't necessarily oppositional beliefs. Second, it's probably better to see Arctic senilicide as a form of altruistic suicide/assisted-suicide rather than as simple murder / in the event of deprivation or the failure to secure enough food for the group, certain Eskimo (or Inuit) groups would sometimes

Henry Hudson

Sent by Dutch to find route to Pacific Important for Dutch East India Company in order to get spices from SE Pacific islands Arrived off coast of Maine in early 1620's Encountered natives who were already familiar with Europeans and their goods Distrustful and violent towards native groups Sailed up Hudson River looking for route Found non-hostile natives and more than willing to trade with him (Mohicans)

Flintknapping

Shaping of rocks like flint or obsidian

Monte Verde

Site in Chile 14,000 years old. Evidence predates Clovis human settlement period - *Earliest known archaeological evidence of Americans found in Monte Verde, Chile Represents pioneer phase of colonization 14000 years old

Mound 72

Small ridgetop located near monks mound at Cohokia mounds in Illinois. Was a burial site of the "beaded burial" who was an elite person

Atlatl

Spear with a handle that increases the distance and power of throw. Used by Pleistocene people to hunt megafauna

Standing Rock protests

Standing Rock Dakota Access Pipeline Standing Rock Sioux Native Americans from across the country began to coalesce around protests

Eskimo (Inuit) technology

Stone tools, many very small Paleo-Arctic Tradition Micro blades Cores of cobbles used in absence of knappable flint/stones Arctic small tool tradition - 4,000 years ago Thule - beginning around 2,500 years ago Aleutian islands, open water hunting in boats Bering strait Spearpoints were detachable Used atl-atls Kayaks Meat stored and preserved/ animal hides, driftwood, and bones walrus ivory was a essential material used to make knives

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA - 1990)

The Act requires federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding[1] to return Native American "cultural items" to lineal descendants and culturally affiliated Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations. Cultural items include human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. A program of federal grants assists in the repatriation process and the Secretary of the Interior may assess civil penalties on museums that fail to comply.

Anasazi

The Anasazi ("Ancient Ones"), thought to be ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians, inhabited the Four Corners country of southern Utah, southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, and northern Arizona from about A.D. 200 to A.D. 1300, leaving a heavy accumulation of house remains and debris

Champlain Mohawk Engagement

The Battle of Sorel occurred on June 19, 1610, with Samuel de Champlain supported by the Kingdom of France and his allies, the Wyandot people, Algonquin people and Innu people against the Mohawk people in New France at present-day Sorel-Tracy, Quebec. The forces of Champlain armed with the arquebus engaged and killed or captured nearly all of the Mohawks. The battle ended major hostilities with the Mohawks for twenty years - 1609 - Champlain meets Mohawk, they demand his help with war against Iroquois Agreed in order to establish good connections July 29th, Champlain and party encounter Iroquois Fired rifle, killing two men w/ one shot, men fled but did not forget aggression and power of Champlain, wanted to acquire powerful weapons

Cherokee

The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language got ****ed by trail of tears

Andrew Jackson

The Cherokee removal in 1838 (the last forced removal east of the Mississippi) was brought on by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Georgia in 1828, resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush. also indian removal act of 1830

Civilization fund of 1819

The Civilization Fund Act was an Act passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819. The Act encouraged activities of benevolent societies in providing education for Native Americans and authorized an annuity to stimulate the "civilization process". - People trying to co-exist, not exterminate, natives by enculturating them in Western ways Civilization Fund of 1819 $10,000, usually given to missionaries to continue trying to "Christianize/civilize" natives Carlisle Industrial Indian School - founded 1879

Handsome Lake Religion

The Code of Handsome Lake was one of the most successful uprisings during the time. His Code combined traditional Iroquois religious values with Christian values, and then-President Thomas Jefferson gave his endorsement to Handsome Lake's code in 1803. - He preached against drunkenness and other evil practices. His message outlined a moral code that was eventually referred to as the Code of Handsome Lake. Today it is called the Longhouse Religion. Handsome Lake abolished societal sins, attempting to cleanse the tribes of all immoral actions. He threatened his people in order to show them the error of their ways. He insisted that Iroquois people must refrain from drinking, marital abuse, abortion, spouse and child abandonment, marriage is instituted by the Creator, selling of land, overconsumption, factory farms, and witchcraft.

Hopewell (and dates given in class)

The Hopewell mortuary complex: 2200-1500 years ago

wampum

The Iroquois used wampum as a person's credentials or a certificate of authority. It was also used for official purposes and religious ceremonies, and it was used as a way to bind peace between tribes. Among the Iroquois, every chief and every clan mother has a certain string of wampum that serves as their certificate of office. When they pass on or are removed from their station, the string will then pass on to the new leader. Runners carrying messages during colonial times would present the wampum showing that they had the authority to carry the message. also used as currency, and in burials - is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of the indigenous people of North America. a form of gift exchange between indians and colonists

Tattooed Serpent

Woman through babies in front of Tattoed serpent War chief of Natchez When Tattooed Serpent died, brother, Paramount Chief Great Sun, was so grief-stricken that he wanted to follow his brother in death by suicide, convinced not to, funeral included sacrifices of commoners by strangulation

Massacre at Wounded Knee

The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on December 29, 1890 On December 29, the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers under Big Foot, a Lakota Sioux chief, near Wounded Knee Creek and demanded they surrender their weapons. As that was happening, a fight broke out between an Indian and a U.S. soldier and a shot was fired, although it's unclear from which side. A brutal massacre followed, in which it's estimated 150 Indians were killed (some historians put this number at twice as high), nearly half of them women and children. The cavalry lost 25 men

Occupation of Pine Ridge (aka Wounded Knee Incident, Pine Ridge Shootout)

The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The protest followed the failure of an effort of the Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organization (OSCRO) to impeach tribal president Richard Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protesters criticized the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Native American people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations.

Iroquois expansion

The beaver wars were between the Iroquois trying to take control of the fur trade from the Hurons, the northern Algonquians, and their French allies The Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. They were a confederation of five nations—Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca The Iroquois were armed by their Dutch and English trading partners; the Algonquian were backed by the French, their chief trading partner. As the Iroquois destroyed several large tribal confederacies—including the Huron, Neutral, Erie, Susquehannock, and Shawnee, they became dominant in the region and enlarged their territory, realigning the tribal geography of North America

Thule

Thule - beginning around 2,500 years ago Aleutian islands, open water hunting in umiak or fleet of kayaks for whale Bering strait / The Thule archaeological culture apparently replaced the Dorset culture throughout the Arctic around the year 1000 AD. / began shifting to include semi subterranean houses to insulate heat

Tlingit

Tlingit made powerful and feared by what was obtained at potlashes (a tribe) / seperate language from other natives in Canada

longhouse

Traditional iroquois dwelling, housed many families

Quebec city

Transition from seasonal coastal to permanent interior trade Marked by Quebec on St. Lawrence River, created by Samuel De Champlain July 3rd, 1608 - Champlain landed at point of Quebec Built 3 wooden buildings, moat, original founding of Quebec Happy to let natives exist as long as the helped French English crown briefly took over Quebec City and expelled all denominations except Jesuits Jesuits debated and explored history of their religion Informal religious monopoly → set up mission system Exchange of children between Europeans and natives to educate St. Lawrence river groups desperate to re-establish relations Moved into villages, saw indigenous shamans, tried to expose "trickery" of religious ceremony, denounce any religion / ritual as idolatry or devil worshiping But used same trickery (magnets, prisms) to persuade people Natives weren't impressed 1638 - Large mission in Huron territory → St. Marie among the Hurons Built longhouses in Iroquoian style to draw natives in Divisiveness of converted natives and those that remained loyal to traditional values

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868

US govt tries to have lasting peace with plains groups Guaranteed Sioux ownership of Black Hills, fell through after gold was found in region

Wampanoag

Wampanoag lived in southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket - corns, bean, squash - 1615 to 1619 the Wampanoag suffered an epidemic, long suspected to be smallpox - nearly destroyed society - 90 percent death rate, those left aided pilgrims at Plymouth rock

Ways of Resistance

Ways of resistance Outright conflict Accommodation Treaties, agreements, brokerages Assimilation Survival strategy, adoption of new identity and lifeways Persecution, racism, reduced opportunities Avoidance What Beothuk did, until extinction Religious Revitalization

The Natchez

are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area in the Lower Mississippi Valley noted for being the only Mississippian culture with complex chiefdom characteristics to have survived long into the period after the European colonization of America began unusual social system of nobility classes and exogamous marriage practices. It was a strongly matrilineal kinship society, with descent reckoned along female lines. The paramount chief named the Great Sun was always the son of the Female Sun, whose daughter would be the mother of the next Great Sun. This ensured that the chiefdom stayed under the control of the single Sun lineage Around 1730, after several wars with the French, the Natchez were defeated and dispersed. Most survivors were sold by the French into slavery in the West Indies; Estimated 4 to 6 thousand Natchez warriors Great sun had supreme authority of Regularly performed human sacrifice Came upon death of "Sun" Wives would do ritual suicide 3 echelons Suns, most royal Commoners, marry into lineage of Suns to become elite Stinkurds, slaves, could get out of slavery through sacrifice Woman through babies in front of Tattoed serpent

Dawes Act of 1887 / General Allotment Act

authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. - Decade after founding of Carlisle, means to assimilate and Westernize NA, and get their land, authorized President to survey all NA land and divide them into specific sizes → divided for each member of the family Usually 160 acres / family of 4 Goal to make them go into the city

Boarding schools

first established by Christian missionaries - usually immersed in European-American culture through appearance changes with haircuts, were forbidden to speak their native languages, and traditional names were replaced by new European-American names (to both "civilize" and "Christianize"

The Coronado Expedition

francisco coronado led an expedition of conquistadors who killed many native

Mississippian Period (and dates given in class)

in south and southwest US, which lasted from 800-1600 AD

Huron Feast of the Dead

involved the digging up of relatives from their initial individual graves followed by their reburial in a final communal grave. A time for both mourning and celebration, the custom became spiritually and culturally significant. - Wyandot people of what is today central Ontario, Canada

New France

marked growth and emergence through the fur trade; European and indigenous alliances were formed here - New France / Newfoundland First contact - Vikings around 1000 AD Colonized by Jacques Cartier in 1534 with the exploration of the Gulf of St Lawrence extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian prairies and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, including all the Great Lakes of North America.

Innu

northeastern portion of the province of Quebec Their ancestors were known to have lived on these lands as hunter-gatherers for several thousand years, living in tents made of animal skins. Their subsistence activities were historically centred on hunting and trapping caribou, moose, deer and small game. Some coastal clans also practiced agriculture, fished, and managed maple sugarbush seasonal mobility, patrilineal society Innu themselves adopted the torment, torture, and cruelty of their enemies (enemies are iroquois)

Potlatch

occasions to competitively display and flaunt wealth of the host; at its conclusion, all the wealth of the host was usually given away

Occupation of Alcatraz

pan-indian movement; Treaty of Fort Larame was never revoked, which cited that any unused American land was given to indigenous peoples. Alcatraz fell into this category; Indians proceeded to occupy the Island for 14 months in 1969; eventually blockaded and had to leave. Activist's daughter dies off rocks and signals end for occupation - 969 Occupation of Alcatraz and the AlcatrazProclamation. California: From November 20, 1969, to June 11, 1971, Native Americans took over and heldAlcatraz Island as Indian Land. The Occupation of Alcatraz Island" was led by the Native American group, Indians of All Tribes.

Paiute

refers to three closely related groups of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin In many locations they have colocated with peoples of the Shoshone and Washoe tribes

counting coup

ritualized version of warfare where it was the most prestigious to touch your enemy, not kill him, and remain alive

beaver fur

the catalyst of the fur trade. Thousands of pelts were delivered each year to Fort Orange. Europeans paid fixed price every

Stadacona

the iroquian capital truled by chief donnacona that cartier reached during his second voyage, cartier took his sons to france and returned them

Primary Forest Efficiency

the notion that Native Americans in the Northeast became so adept to the ecosystems it negated the use of agriculture

Hiawatha and Deganawida

this "Great Orator" that supposed accompanied by this "prophet" on his mission to proselytize the Great Law of Peace

De Soto

this person's early expedition caused destruction, political instability, and the spread of disease across large portions of the Southeast

The general timing of the (Eastern) Archaic period

warmer climate and disappearance of last megafauna - 10,000-3,000 years ago

Hochelega

was a St. Lawrence Iroquoian 16th century fortified village at the heart of, or in the immediate vicinity of Mount Royal in present-day Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Jacques Cartier arrived by boat on October 2, 1535; he visited the village on his last voyage, then it disappeared

Mound 72

was not on any other alignment for solstices Appeared to be aligned with equinox Found burial area of a high high elite Cahokia Shell cape resembling falcon cape, also fur Spear tips, chunky stones Found tomb of human sacrifice Burial pit of 24 woman, one with 4 men w/o heads, remains of 15 individuals in stretchers→ underneath them they found miscellaneous burials (appear to be sacrificed against will, blunt force trauma to the head, spear wounds→ quite new in archaeology) all for spiritual bullshit

Massasoit

was the sachem or leader of the Wampanoags and "Massasoit" of the Wampanoag Confederacy Massasoit forged critical political and personal ties with colonial leaders when his tribe got hit with smallpox ties which grew out of a negotiated peace treaty on March 22, 1621. The alliance ensured that the Wampanoags remained neutral during the Pequot War in 1636.