Napoleon Bonaparte Chapter 19

Waterloo

"to suffer an ultimate, decisive defeat"- In 1815, the Battle of Waterloo was fought near the village of Waterloo, which is now in Belgium. This was the final battle in the Napoleonic wars, the battle in which Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated.

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena.

Coup d'etat

(French) a sudden, powerful political stroke, esp. the forcible overthrow of government.

Adam Smith

1723- 1790; Scottish; "Wealth of Nations"; first economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not completely against govt regulation; pro free trade; let individuals pursue own interest; attacks mercantilism- peep do thinks out of self interest (baker); prices should be fluctuated on just supply & demand- not what gov't say it is; philosophe; not hard-core conservative (gov't does have part); didn't trust businessmen; economics should have an economic (not military) end goal; skilled workforce and strong infrastructure determines power of country- not how much stacks of gold you have; colonization is dumb

Water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Peninsular War

A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.

Steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

Industrial Revolution

A period in history where newly invented machines were taking over the production of wool and cotton products on a mass scale

Agricultural Revolution

A period in time in which peoples across the globe began to switch from Hunter-Gatherer societies to Farming and Domestication (raising animals). The Agricultural Revolution seems to have started 9,000 years ago, and led to a sharp increase in Human populations (better, more stable and available food). This led to the development of villages, then town and cities, and the beginning of civilizations.

Concordat

Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution

Commercialized

Agriculture is producing enough to sell in the market, over and above the subsistence needs of the farm family. This stimulated agricultural growth, increases employment, and expands food supply, all of which reduce poverty.

Capital

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Cottage industry

An industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories.

Blockade

Cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country's ports

Lycee

Government-run public schools

Guerilla

Hit and run tactics in war taught to the militia by the Native Americans. Pontiac during the French and Indian Wars great strategist of this style.

Factory

Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

emigrate

To leave one country or region and settle in another

Power loom

a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side wit hthe spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

Enclosure

the act of enclosing something inside something else

Scorched-earth policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Flying shuttle

was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand