Narrative Mmedia final

John Hersey

"Hiroshima" 8/31/46 → The New Yorker Why would this be considered Narrative Journalism? We are following these characters throughout their day It was a disruption of the status quo, John Hersey wanted us to know we are paying a price for how horrible this bomb was in Japan, and that is why the story was successful Why was this considered narrative journalism? It was literary, and it helped us understand not only what happened as far as the facts, but also what would drive individuals to commit this sort of crime, but not without controversy. - he was a war correspondent during WW2 who traveled to Hiro Shima to write a story for the new Yorker about the after effects of the atomic bomb -the only time the new yorker ever dedicated an entire section to one story. -He had to piece together different stories to different people.

Narrative Journalism "Subjectivity, no longer a dirty word"

"It started with James Agee and John Hersey. Then came Tom Wolfe, Gay Talese and (maybe) the late Hunter S. Thompson, journalists who wanted to tell Americans the truth about themselves beyond the framework of conventional objectivity." - It is called narrative journalism, or what some prefer to call literary journalism because it demands a standard and quality of writing found only in literature. - Narrative journalism is popular in America and in some circles it is reaching messianic dimensions. Pulitzer prize-winning journalists passionately defend their craft and some claim it is only beginning to reach its potential. They reject the notion that narrative needs to be soft and explanatory. -Narrative journalists have a social conscience and they claim their mission is to remind us what it means to be human. Information alone, they say, does not inform. In the postmodern age, journalists must assign meaning. Participation in events and subsequent interpretation are required to break down the psychological barriers of apathy and cynicism. - "Numinosity" - Jung's term for emotional attention and heightened psychological awareness - is necessary for understanding. A farmer closes the door on his farm for the last time. A baby dies from having an HIV-positive mother. A daughter scores the winning point in a soccer game. A gay couple is officially married. A terminally ill man chooses assisted suicide to end his life. How does it feel? What does it mean for the rest of us? "Report for meaning," is what narrative journalists say. "Reporters shouldn't fear evoking emotion. Show, don't tell is a good rule, but sometimes you have to tell the reader what it means. - Detail makes stories come alive. Details are always action, making readers either laugh or cry. Without them, it's just another love story or lost dog story. Reporting is truth, not superficiality, so the reader realizes this story is not like all other lost dog or love stories."[2] Narrative print journalism tells a story in this fashion. - How does print narrative journalism relate to film/television documentary journalism? The answer: very carefully. It is a growing movement but not without its critics. - Top down or eye level? Traditional objective TV journalism is top down or told from outside looking in. The narrative model is eye level or told from inside looking out. In top down stories, the journalist takes responsibility for the story and uses the synchronized interviews in short sound bites only for documentation. Each statement either supports the asserted claim of the journalist or adds color to it by giving an opinion. - The mantra of TV journalism is that stories must have three elements: information, identification and fascination. Traditional top down journalism is obsessed with information, believing that it is the very heart of the organism, the animal called journalism. Narrative, eye level journalism subordinates information to identification. Too much information narrative journalists claim, turns people off. - Some broadcast journalists are not likely to adopt the narrative model. The BBC, as one example, does not use it and there is little evidence to suggest this might change. Nevertheless, its value for communication is obvious. It creates significance by providing a framework for authentic experience on an emotional level. In today's crush of information, the narrative model calls attention to issues that demand humane solutions. One can only hope that its use will be judicious and fair without too many ethical compromises.

1. What's your project about? (pitching essentials)

- my story is (sub genre/genre) called (title) about (hero) who seeks (goal) despite (obstacle) - my story is (sub genre/genre) called (title) about (hero) who faces a dilemma: (outcome a) or (outcome b) - (title) is a (genre/sub genre) about (hero) who seeks (goal) despite (obstacle)

Serial

- the podcast that popularized the medium - Americas love crime dramas - Serial is an investigative journalism podcast that hosted by Sarah Koenig, narrating a nonfiction story over multiple episodes. - it was developed by This American Life

Narrative Journalism

-"The facts are one thing, but I can connect with you emotionally if I can show a human interest. I can use language which allows me more freedom. Their stories were often published as books and periodicals." - Started journalism schools in early 1900s (Columbia for ex.) - Narrative journalism brought it back to literary, they wanted to expand the approach to writing in the same report. - narrative journalism: literary journalism that is not objective - It has to be honest, as far as being objective it is not required, they wrote the stories with a more literary approach. They included themselves in the story. The other side of the story is not as important. Very clear point of view on an issue- points are proven Eye-level rather than top-down reporting: journalists involve themselves in story Literary- focuses on story rather than facts

Amos n Andy:

-Based on the conversations of a 1900s show •Two white comedians in black face that were goofy

Country Radio

-Carter family radio show brought hillbilly and religious music into households of rural and urban dwellers •Opened up the door for this type of music

Civil war- 1860/1895

-Civil war was the first thing caught on film -As west was opening up, we had a spectacular scenery •Rocky Mountains and California became a great landscape destination and for longer sunlight hours Photography in motion: • Eadweard Muybread bet that there was a moment when all 4 hooves of a horse left the ground o Put photographs together into motion at Stanford University o Idea of a "motion picture"

Johannes Gutenberg 1436:

-German goldsmith who based stories on screw press. -invented a moveable-type printing press 30 years before the cleric was born. Gutenberg's famous Bible was in Latin - the HTML of the day - but editions in German soon followed it. The increased availability and reduced cost of the Bible meant the Good Word was available not just to the princes and priests but also to burghers and others of modest means. i -Based on screw press -By 1500- 20 million volumes of text By 1600- 150-200 million volumes of texts printed Renaissance Europe mass media era

Personal Narrative

-authentic voice: it must sound real, it should be honest and truthful. One way we can show that in our writing would be through the use of dialogue. "How did my grandmother sound when she spoke". How do we learn to write the way people speak? We create our own personal style of writing. Style means to be unique and to be yourself. - narrative coherence: does a story follow a certain line? Does the narrative stick together? We keep the narrative understandable and coherent. So when you talk about narrative coherence, - communal relevance you talk about the importance of vivid imagery. vivid imagery- senses: hear, taste, smell, feel, see. Details help us understand the narrative. Communal relevance- the "so what"? Big deal, he told me a story, I get it, it was brief and anecdotal but really why should I care? Why you have a right to ask that question as a listener or reader: because it needs to have a larger more universal theme that will interest a general audience.

What is the disruption currently in the media landscape?

1. There is a difference between the media and mediums used by the current generation and the one above them (ex. Our parents) 2. New companies are taking away listeners 3. There are economy and cost changes 4. We no longer pay for new media... it makes it "cool" to do illegal downloads

How to get money on podcasts

1. commission! - you follow a script with a personal touch that the sponsor wrote. You usually tell a listener to use a code. For each sale using that code, the podcaster gets a cut. It is very easy to do. 2. Number of listeners! - you get paid based on the number of people who download or listen to your podcasts - it is usually a CPM (cost per thousand), for example., $10 for every thousandth download

Samuel Morse 1840 1844 1861 1866

1840s: Samuel Morse; electrical impulses, dots-dashes sent through cables to Baltimore 1844: Morse code went from DC to Baltimore 1861: Morse code went from coast to coast (western expansion required information to travel faster) 1866: More code went across the Atlantic. it became transatlantic.

What sources should you use for an interview?

A Combination of 2-3 sources: •Physical Source: Records, files, and references • Direct Observations: actions reveal a lot • Interviews • Online

What does is the difference between A&E Documentary Style Radio and Literary Structure Radio?

A&E: - more focused on political or covered news topics Literary structure: -needs a main character with a unique story. -Must have a conflict with interactions with other characters. -It usually has a resolution. -It needs to have an anecdote, a sequence of events, and a reflection and then follow this same structure again. It must have an explicit meaning and should be original

Citizen Journalism "Amateur Hour"

Amateur hour: main ideas Millenarian: religious term. People think Jesus Christ will return the second coming of Christ, it relates to amateur hour, everyone thinks they are the second coming that what they have to share is the best thing. Punditocracy: pundits can be anyone in the news media, but we also know that there are now 12 million us bloggers many of whom consider themselves to be pundits. There are no more gatekeepers or curators. A curator's job is to choose what comes in and what gets shown on the wall. In the days of traditional journalism, that was decided by an editorial board (6 old guys deciding what news would go on the news board). Everyday three 4 min long stories would decide what America was going to see as their news. Now that the gatekeepers and curators are gone... There are no consequences for citizen journalists, they can shape it to whoever they want, citizen journalists can't get fired and they don't have to fact check. → Millenarian-major change in society "Punditocracy"- an elite or influential class of experts or political commentator 12 million US bloggers- 34% Pure opinion & reposting from other sources "On the internet, everyone is a millenerian" To live up to its billing, Internet journalism has to meet high standards both conceptually and practically: the medium has to be revolutionary, and the journalism has to be good. The quality of Internet journalism is bound to improve over time, especially if more of the virtues of traditional journalism migrate to the Internet. But, although the medium has great capabilities, especially the way it opens out and speeds up the discourse, it is not quite as different from what has gone before as its advocates are saying." - American journalism began, roughly speaking, on the later Stuart Britain model; during Colonial times it was dominated by fiery political speechmakers, like Thomas Paine. All those uplifting statements by the Founders about freedom of the press were almost certainly produced with pamphleteers in mind. When, in the early nineteenth century, political parties and fast cylinder printing presses developed, American journalism became mainly a branch of the party system, with very little pretense to neutral authority or ownership of the facts. - The best original Internet journalism happens more often by accident, when smart and curious people with access to means of communication are at the scene of a sudden disaster. Any time that big news happens unexpectedly, or in remote and dangerous places, there is more raw information available right away on the Internet than through established news organizations. The most memorable photographs of the London terrorist bombing last summer were taken by subway riders using cell phones, not by news photographers, who didn't have time to get there. There were more ordinary people than paid reporters posting information when the tsunami first hit South Asia, in 2004, when Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast, in 2005, and when Israeli bombs hit Beirut this summer.

History of this I believe Edward R. Murrow

American broadcast Journalist. - he is how we heard about what was going on in World War II and the Pacific. - With "This I believe" between 1951 and 1955, he hosted a successful radio show that 39 million people listened to, the show featured ordinary average Americans as well as other celebrities like Helen Keller and Eleanor Roosevelt - the show was an opportunity for people to read on air an anecdote or brief personal essay

This I Believe

An Individual Narrative. - a personal theme or common truth -it is brief, anecdotal, and poignant - it is not sentimental.

Marconi- 1894

An italian. - He gets credit for being an inventor of wireless technology, even though it was Hertz's technology. - Marconi made it practical, he got the patent and increased the distance of the spark between two steel balls he got the patent for these electrical balls, even though it was Hertz's technology. - he was able to increase the distance of the spark

How is citizen journalism becoming more prevalent?

Applications make it much easier for anyone to be a citizen journalist Fresco: an app that allows you to send in videos to Fox for $50 or $20 for a photo iReport: same as the app for Fox but for CNN. Organizations like witness which train individuals to shoot videos for human rights

How is citizen journalism becoming more prevalent?

Applications make it much easier for anyone to be a citizen journalist Fresco: an app that allows you to send in videos to Fox for $50 or $20 for a photo iReport: same as the app for Fox but for CNN. Organizations like witness which train individuals to shoot videos for human rights

1950-1960: French New Wave of Autere

Autere means "author" meaning that this new movement wanted the author and filmmaker to be the one in charge -Differed from Hollywood because it redefined the rules for traditional media -Used more still images, jump shots, lower budget, beautiful girls, mobs + drama, and no films were shot on soundstage

1950-1960: French New Wave of Autere

Autere means "author" meaning that this new movement wanted the author and filmmaker to be the one in charge Differed from Hollywood because it redefined the rules for traditional media Used more still images, jump shots, lower budget, beautiful girls, mobs + drama, and no films were shot on soundstage Birth of autere movement (more interested in artistic side of film, not business) Breakaway from large studios -Showing respect to the classic film noir. -Post war France wanted to embrace this art form, but being French they wanted to be artistic, they were more interested in the creative side without having to answer to a committee of business men. Like every other out liar, it ends up becoming the mainstream.

Kopple

Barbra Kopple: 1976 -Went down to this region 1976 for Harlan County, USA, about a Kentucky miners' strike -wanted to make a documentary about the families, how they were affected by this strike, she was interested in the kids Made successful film called Harlan County Reminder that you cannot remain neutral, you can't put your own opinion in the story -first documentary film to explore this new form of journalism

Telecommunications Act- 1996

Bill Clinton was president. •This did not happen immediately, it happened slowly over time. The federal government had very strict rules about ownership. -First you had to be an American Citizen. -You could own one radio, one tv, and one newspaper in one market. -It went up to 7 in the late 80s. The Act of 1966 blew it open, you could own any or as how many you wanted. -The intent for the telecommunication act was that competition would drive the prices down for the consumers. - o As a result, our cable bills have gone up 50%. Costs have gone up and our choices for media have shrunk as a result of the telecommunications Act of 1966.

6. Tragedy

Ex. Scarface, Sweeney Todd - the main character is essentially good, but is flawed and frustrated with their life. -This plot is good for using the principle character to represent or explain a wider problem in society. It Is good for contrasting your own values and principles with theirs. Demonstrating how not to do things and what we can learn from their mistakes. our tragic hero has a flaw, that flaw leads our hero down a path of bloody destruction and ultimately death. It Is a blood bath and lots of people die. Like comedy, don't take tragedy lightly as well, tragedy is not just "failing a prelim". A tragedy is a plane crash in the mountains killing an entire soccer team. Think about a flaw that ends up being a fatal flaw and think death and destruction.

Hertz- 1880s

Hertz through the influence of Maxwell who was the first to identify electrical impulses that could jump through the air, created a crude device that could capture a spark between two steal balls and their electrical impulses - through the influence of Maxwell, he created a crude device that could capture a spark between two steal balls and their electrical impulses - 1880s: influenced by Scottish physicist Maxwell- identified short electrical impulses that could jump through the air over short distances - Hertz took the idea/theory from a rudimentary object in a lab and turned it into something more practical: he built device that captures communication between two steel balls in lab.

Structure of a personal essay:

It all begins with something in your head... and then gets written down. It is brief and anecdotal, it is not sentimental but could be poignant. - it is an individual narrative which reveals a personal philosophy - authentic voice: it must sound real, it should be honest and truthful. One way we could show that in our writing would be in the use of dialogue.

How did podcasts save NPR?

It helped NPR and radio because it did not compromise the message, it just used a different medium. - There were no "glitzy" or specialized stories. - 40-70 years ago, the average NPR listener was between 70-90 years old, the new medium attracted a younger audience. - Mobile technology (bluetooth) brought in a younger demographic

How is radio a visual medium?

It is necessary in radio to not just "tell" the audience, but also "show" them through descriptive language. Must be vivid enough for audience to feel as if they are watching the story.

What is narrative coherence?

It is to make sure all SENSES work together for vivid imagery (sight, hear, taste, feel, smell)

What is style?

It is your use of diction, expression, and point of view

Explain the script process of an interview:

Scripts are not necessary because it makes an interview less natural... Two main outlines for interviews: Rundown: Detailed list of all program sequences with elapsed time for each item/question/segment More vague and more flexible Routine sheet: this is more detailed, and contains much of the dialogue and actions It contains potential answers and word for word dialogue.

Thomas Edison: 1891-1895

Thomas Edison created the Kinescope •A box that you could look into and see an image - He didn't see much financial gain from it and there was a lawsuit with someone who said he had it first -known for the Kinescope, a device to look through a moving box and see a bunch of moving images. -He did not see much of a financial gain in that, there was a law suit. Edison did not want to get himself involved in a lawsuit. Edison stayed out of early cinema.

Wharton Studios

What is Wharton-Studios' Relationship to Ithaca? o They visited Ithaca to film a Cornell-Penn football game in 1913 o Stayed here from 1913 through 1920 because they thought the gorges, weather patters, fields, and availability of students made it an ideal place to film - The Ithica studios from 1913-1922 was a home to a lot of silent films. Wharton Studios was down in Stewart Park produced quite a few because of ability to locations and closeness to NYC.

Narrative Journalism History

Narrative journalism began probably around WW 2, it is different from traditional journalism, it follows the narrative of a single person. - Regular journalism would look at both sides. - It is not afraid to disregard objectivity, it does stress the importance of fairness. - It is not necessarily objective, it does seek out fairness. Often, the journalist or author would include himself in the story While traditional journalism will stress the info and facts, the narrative journalism people are interested in the emotion, etc. the journalists needed to explain and show how this feels. - The facts on their own will not get to the essence of the story. Anytime you become emotionally invested in a story, the objectivity will be pulled out of the story. Narrative journalists were inserting themselves in the story.

NPR

National Public Radio - Covered the Senate Hearings on Vietnam war. -NPR gets its money from individual donations first and foremost, they receive anywhere between $10 and thousands of dollars, this makes up about 34% of their funding. Corporate donations make up about 19%, even though it is non commercial radio, it is a donation. It was founded in 1970! It is funded through federal funding, corporate sponsorship, and individual donations Individual donations: 34% Corporate donations: 19% Colleges: 13% Grants: 11% Foundations: 8% Federal state/city: 5% Designated FM stations: 88-92 MHz for non-commercial radio

1980s: AM stations started losing to FM

Non-commercial radio began This was educational/college, religious groups, political commentary, Slang: left of the dial!

7 universal story plots

Plotting the story is a common stumbling block for even the most seasoned story teller. So what if there were just 7 universal plots underpinning all stories? **all of these plots have a dark counterpart, one in which the happy ending is subverted until the story ends unhappily. The exception to this is the story plot tragedy, which already ends darkly. In the Seven Basic Plots: Why we Tell Stories, Christopher Booker explains how our best loved stories fall into only 7 distinct story types. He follows in a long line of theorists who have tried to explain why storytelling is such a universally powerful means of communication. 1. Overcoming the monster 2. Rags to Riches 3. Voyage and Return 4. The Quest 5. Comedy 6. Tragedy 7. Rebirth

Samuel Morse 1840s

Samuel Morse invented Morse Code. -Morse contributed to the invention of a single wire telegraph based on European telegraphs. - he was a co-developer of the Morse Code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy. - he used electrical impulses through the forms of dots and dashes which were sent through cables - at first they were sent through short distances, but got longer and longer - his company was the western union company

Credo

a credo is a form of creed. The credo is slightly different than the creed. It is an individual statement of belief that is brief, provides context, and would be recited or delivered to the group. They had to interpret what the group had to agreed upon, but then make it personal. You can show meaning if you can put it in your own words, this was the starting point for our "This I believe's".

Creed

a traditional document often written down but more often memorized and repeated by the group (the collective) the believers, the faithful. "the reason why we are meeting here is because we all believe the same thing, so we wrote up this thing we begin every meeting with".

Ask questions that are Relevant to the Source and Induce the Source to Talk:

•Direct questions: Think of a theme and ask questions around it •Open ended questions: Can be answered in general terms •Closed ended questions: answered by yes or no •Tough Questions: Works better if you develop a relationship first •Intrusive Questions: usually about a sensitive topic •Junk Questions: Use in between intimate and hard questions so it feels more comfortable •Open-ended questions are important and relevant; you are watching for nonverbal cues to see if they are getting nervous or fidgety.

Establish a relationship with the source

•The give and take: what will this interview offer them? Fame? Money? •Outweighing benefits from risks -You could and should offer to visit them in their office or their home making it convenient for them or meet in a common area of café, making it more comfortable. Start off light with questions and work your way into the important stuff.

3. How did you come up with this idea?

"genesis pitch" is your how did you come up with this idea. - in the same way that every super hero has a genesis story, every project has one as well The hidden question: Are you an expert? - when someone buys or invests in your work, they are investing in your expertise. - in your genesis pitch you should sound like an expert Genesis pitch structures: a good answer often focuses on your genre knowledge, professional skills, or life experience. Genre knowledge: I've seen just about every (genre) that has ever been made, and I realized that all of the successful ones had (common elements) - Professional skills: "as a former (occupation), I know how serious it can be when (situation) - life experience: "I first got the idea for (title) when (unusual event) occurred... genre knowledge: "i've seen just about every vampire movie that's ever been made, and I realized that all the succesful ones had three things in common... Life experience: I first got the idea for "Full Reverse" when my apartment was incinerated by a private jet that fell out of the sky...

2. What project is this most like?

"your comparison pitch" - the hidden question in this: what is ONE SUCCESSFUL, recently produced project in the same genre as your project with a similar tone? comparison pitch structures: - it's (this) meets (that) - it's like (produced project) but with (one difference) ex. It's like Die Hard, but with a female hero

Podcast popularity and competition

- 46 million americans listen to one podcast a month - As popularity rises, people are being more demanding about what they want to listen to - Mobility of podcasts help their popularity - Cars in the future will offer podcasts - Indie podcasts are also rising

Adam Curry and David Winer

- Adam Curry was the original DJ who had one of the first podcasts - Curry really wanted his listeners to download his items so they can subscribe to his channel - Adam Curry worked with David Winer to get his hsow started along with RSS

Ezra Cornell- 1866

- He was the founder of the Western Union Telegraph Company - he made his fortune in the telegraph business as an associate of samuel morse having gained his trust by constructing and stringing the telegraph polls between Washing D.C. and Baltimore Maryland as the first ever telegraph line of substance in the U.S. - to address the problem of telegraph lines shorting out to the ground, Cornell invented the idea of using glass insulators at the point where the telegraph lines are connected to supporting poles. - his relationship to Samuel Morse is through communication - During the DC to Baltimore cable drop, Samuel Morse needed a plow, the plow needed to be able to drop the cable into the ditch... Ezra Cornell was a farmer, he realized early on he was going to have to make some more money. He found out Samuel Morse was looking for a specific plow, so he invented it. Cornell had a relationship with Samuel Morse that was built on that. He was a farmer (plows) & then inventor - he was part of the company that started the telegraph (plows that lay cables and sold it to Samuel morse) ; payment for the plows were shares in the company ; plow worked fine but cable didn't because of the corrosion from dirt

The 3 Act story Arc

- It looks a lot like the image of a 3-act structure. Be able to walk everyone through words or diagrams about what the 3-act structure is all about - Act 1= the set up. We are establishing characters, the set up/event that gets the ball rolling. A disaster is something that at one point seems like our hero will not be able to get out of this jam, it was a noble try but you're done.

The Mountain

- The mountain structure is a way of mapping the tension and drama in a story. - It is similar to monomyth because it helps us to plot when certain events occur in a story. -It is different because it does not necessarily have a happy ending. - The first part of the story is given setting of the scene, it is followed by just a series of small challenges and rising action before a climatic conclusion. - It is a bit like a tv series. Each episode has its ups and downs, all building up to the finale at the end of a season. - It is good for showing how you overcame a series of challenges, it is good for slowly building tension, and it is good for delivering a satisfying conclusion. -Ex. Aimee Mullins uses a mountain-structure speech to tell a personal story - from being born without fibula bones in her lower legs to becoming a famous athlete, actress and model.

This I believe essays/recording

- brief - positive - personal rather than religious - anecdotal - avoid cliches - sound recording

Non-commercial Radio

- early on, the federal radio commission assigned and reserved this area for non-commercial radio. College radio. 1963: Newton Minnow- made the argument that tv is a vast wasteland, if we were to have any cultural dignity, then we need to step up our game. We see we aren't getting much of the culture. There is fear going on about education, how much time kids are spending in front of tv, because of his speech, the Carnegie commission was created. Andrew Carnegie was a steal baron made a lot of money and as a result of some of his exploits was damaging to unions and environmental causes.

Early Radio Stars and Radio Channels

- early radio stars would persom their acts in the studio for peopel to listen to. - the 40s and 50s were all about radio, until tv happened...

What are the three elements of this I believe?

- essay -recording -revision

James Agee

- fortune magazine - 1941 it was published, he was there to do a story on poverty. - After graduation, Agee was hired by the Time Inc. as a reporter, and moved to New York City, where he wrote for Fortune magazine in 1932-1937, although he is better known for his later film criticism in Time and The Nation. In 1934, he published his only volume of poetry, Permit Me Voyage, with a foreword by Archibald MacLeish. -In the summer of 1936, during the Great Depression, Agee spent eight weeks on assignment for Fortune with photographer Walker Evans, living among sharecroppers in Alabama. While Fortune did not publish his article, Agee turned the material into a book entitled Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941). - It sold only 600 copies before being remaindered.

Capote

-Like John Hershey he took some liberty in the journalistic approach to things. - The bag guys and good guys were blurred.

Radio History

-Morse - Ezra Cornell - Military - farmers - Hertz - Marconi -De forest - Radio Act 1912 - 8XK - Early Radio Stars - Radio Act 1927 - FM - Telecommunications Act 1996 - Non-commercial radio - NPR - 1967 broadcasting act - NPR funding

Wars of World's

-Started by Orson Welles Halloween of 1938 • He was an up and coming actor and producer in his early 20s •Quickly became the radio host -Caused panic because you would tune in the middle and hear a reporting of an alien attack •Powerful nature of the show

Top 40 Radio:

-Started in 1949 by Todd Storz • Experimented with a formula driven radio format (called format radio) • Used a management rather than DJs to control the programming each hour Brought back this jukebox culture bartenders, and patrons noticed when songs were being played frequently

1929- first successful sound film 1940 - 1950s: TV emerged

-Studios in Hollywood saw TV as a threat -Tried to blacklist actors from moving into TV because they did not want to lose them -Eventually realized they couldn't fight it and instead started making TV as well

o 1915-1929: Silent Era

-Used Boom Microphones people would hold them above you • Not popular because they added bulk -Used silent films because the actors were also European and people didn't like hearing the accent -Silent films worked well with music

Cinema history- Lumiere Brothers: 1891-1895

-begins with documentary. -They invented a device that would capture the moving image, process and develop it, make it possible to project it later on that day. -The same box could project it They documented things such as factory workers leaving their factory jobs This was the first movie that had a plot -A document of workers leaving and soon after a kiss (1895) We did not get into the narrative until shortly after. From France Invented movie camera that captured film and projected it on the other side 1800s "Workers Leaving the Factory" •Invented a device that would capture a moving image and then process it/develop it and make it possible to project later •Produced the first on-screen kiss •Began with a documentary - they are guys that invented the camera you could go watch the film the same day - They were from France, they invented a moving camera that could not only capture film but also project it, around 1898 - There first motion picture was workers leaving the factory, this was our first example of paid cinema.

Frank Sinatra

-early radio star - the 40s and 50s were all about radio, until tv happened...

What must an individual narrative have?

-personal style - authentic voice - narrative coherence - vivid imagery - communal relevance - the all important "universal theme"

Defining documentary film

-starting off with the Latin route of documentary which is docere, to teach or to instruct. -We know that a documentary should teach us something, but also needs to be entertaining. Also needs to be creative. - means you have a point of view, once you focus on a character or a point of view it is now a film maker's point of view, it is not just a camera acting on its own. - John Grierson definition- "the creative treatment of actuality." A doc needs to be a willed presentation. Within film history, the term seems to have been used first by John Grierson who wrote about Robert Flaherty's film Moana (1926) that it had "documentary value." And indeed it can be a nice academic exercise to go through the records of how different film critics and writers or even film directors themselves have used the term. John Grierson, known as the founder of the classic British documentary movement in the 1930's, coined the phrase "creative treatment of actuality." Documentary: it must challenge smug assumptions of the existing establishment... A good documentary disrupts the status quo "the existing establishment" -The idea of smashing stereotypes -A documentary film can be seen to function as a prophet - explorer - painter - advocate - bugler - prosecutor - observer - catalyst - guerrilla - performer - therapist - spin doctor. (I once misspelled "bugler" as "burglar," but perhaps that might be another possibility for the filmmaker.) -Loosely, there are 6 genres of documentary film 1. Expository: educational, voice over or presenter talking us through either just the voice or on camera as well 2. Observational: Fly on the wall 3. Participatory: Film crew participants in the movie 4. Reflexive: 5. Performative: 6. Poetic:

1926- Federal Radio Commission (FRC)

-the government body that regulated radio use in the US - it consisted of 5 people who had the power to grant or deny licenses - no power of commercials/non commercial radio - - cracked down on vulgar language and wanted only mainstream religion and views

What are two types of interviews?

1. A news interview • Gather information to explain an idea or event; situation in the news 2. Profile Interview •Focus is on an individual, and is usually a mini-drama with descriptions, action, and dialogue •Should consist of... o Person's background o Anecdotes and incidents involving the subject o Quotes o Reporter's observations o Comments of those who know the source o News peg when possible

8 classic story telling techniques

1. Monomyth: A hero's journey 2. Mountain: Mapping tension and drama in a story 3. Nested loops: Layer three or more narratives within eachother 4. Sparklines: Contrast ordinary world with an ideal world 5. In Media Res: Begin your narrative in the heat of the action, before starting over to explain how you got there 6. Converging Ideas: Shows the audience how different strands of thinking came together to form one product or idea 7. False Start: Begin a seemingly predictable story because an unexpected disturbance and begins over again 8. Petal structure: • Way of organizing multiple speakers or stories around one central concept

What are three common types of interviews?

1. Opinion: Beliefs of an individual, usually done with experts in a field, includes introduction, questions, and follow up 2. Informative: This is a public service type interview. It can be delivered to unknown or a known person; objective; sometimes includes a complete script. Personality: Human interest story, oriented for one purpose (to embarrass, probe, or flatter). It usually includes an outline of questions.

How do you pitch a documentary?

1. Premise Pitch: • Being able to summarize your story in a sentence or two, using the following template o My story is (genre) called (title) about a (character) who is trying to accomplish (goal) despite (obstacle) 2. Comparison: • You need to compare your movie to another movie that is in the same genre that has succeeded 3. Genesis: • Why is it important for you to tell the story...YOU specifically

4 interviewing principles

1. Preparation 2. Establish a relationship with the source 3. Ask Questions that are Relevant to the Source and Induce the Source to Talk 4. Listen and Watch

What are three approaches to film criticism?

1. Recounting: -A brief synopsis; telling what happened -Not getting into the details 2. Review: -Lengthier (400-1200) -Not looking at the plot, but rather giving personal impression and evaluations of the content and the techniques of the filmmaker -Subjective -Touches on some topics that will begin to be an analysis 3. Analysis: -Longer (1,200-12,000) -A bit of the recount and the the review -About interpretation of techniques and content and narrative, but also adds film theory • Feminist theory; queer theory; Marxist theory; psychological theory

Citizen journalism history

1436: Johannes Gutenberg: he was a german goldsmith who based stories on screw press. By 1500: 20 million volumes of text By 1600: 150-200 million volumes of text 1603-1714: Stuart England: Printed pamphlets and periodicals for a growing literate population Anonymous writers who wrote satirical and funny pieces ***Church allowed it because they wanted people to read the bible 1690: first U.S newspaper in Boston Lasted 4 days because government shut it down because they wanted to control colonies and the press Thomas Paine's Common Sense and American Crisis pamphlets inspired the American Revolution. 1874: first University level journalism course at Cornell! 1890-1910: First investigative reporting came up (Progressive Era) 1950s: Most newspapers tried to be objective after World War II Examples of citizen journalists: George Holiday: video camera on the porch of his apartment caught 15 officers beating Rodney King. His video starts revolts It was the first viral video

Film History

1709: The Magic Lantern 1865: Photography in motion, civil was was the first thing caught on film. 1891-1895: Thomas Edison created the kaleidoscope, Lumiere Brothers 1902: George Melies "A trip to the moon" 1914: D.W. Griffth first feature length film - Birth of a Nation 1915-1929: Silent Era - Used Boom Microphones people would hold them above you 1929: First Successful Sound Film 1940 - 1950s: TV emerged 1950-1960: French New Wave of Autere

The Great White Fleet

1907-1909: The Great White Fleet sailed around the earth to show giant guns - the ships at sea needed to communicate with each other, they would use lights and flashing codes to each other. - The Navy was primarily interested in commercial shipping

NPR- national public radio (1970)

1971: NPR broadcasted the entire senate hearing on the Vietnam war 1979: NPR created the morning edition (pre-dated CNN)

Narrative

7 universal story plots and 8 different story tellinng techniques

article notes from class about citizen journalism:

Citizen journalism is not new: it is how journalism began. The trained journalist is a fairly recent development, going back to the 15th century we did not start establishing journalism schools until the early 1900s. Pew Research 2015→ fairly recent. 1/10 U.S adults get their news on twitter. 4/10 get their news on Facebook. The percentage of AMericans that are on facebook on a regular basis is about 66%. Twitter is on a sharp decline, and has been for the last 5 or 6 years for obvious reasons (twitter is for sale). A significant portion of our population especially the younger population are getting their news primarily from Facebook. This includes feeds from legacy and traditional networks, but for the most part we are getting shared information from anything we find (blogging from citizen journalists). what do they do with this information they've collected that has affected them? They distribute it. They are not only doing it for themselves, but they are disseminating the information. The primary means of this dissemination is the internet, blogs, and social media as a whole. Daniel Defoe: a novelist Zapruder film: an example of citizen journalism- happened to be at the right place at the right time to capture a historical event. From the reading- this was one of the most complete media accounts of the assassination. It gave a complete account and because of the sequence of pictures he was able to put them into a movie. Here he had the technology to capture it on film, this opens up a visual aspect and the rise of the conspiracy theories. We have now opened up the debate to everybody. This started to install a distrust because we no longer just accept what is given to us because we don't have to just accept things now. George Holliday- had a video camera on the porch of his apartment in Verduga Heights California. What could a witness training program offer a citizen journalist when it comes to a potentially dangerous situation? When there are bullets or tear gas coming at you, we tend to be nervous and shake and it's hard to hold a camera steady. One of the things they talk about it the proper ways to hold a camera. Some of the things citizen journalists have broken recently in the news: income equality, divestment from fossil fuels, black lives matter, global warming (citizen journalists have brought these issues to the front) Citizen journalism: - it predates traditional journalism by a long shot. It changed the world, and it continues to change the world beginning with the Gutenberg printing Press based on a device that was already operating called a screw press.

Comic Books:

Comic books end up winning because they had a built in fan base, so very enthusiastic fans of comic books are obsessive, they tapped into that market, and are able to use social media to connect and hype them. -Since 2002/2003, this began. Since 2007, Marvel studios has created 15 movies since 2007, total profits are 11.2 billion dollars. It is the most successful movie franchise in history. We have characters who cross over within the comic book universe. IP- Marvel comics is all about intellectual property, that is the success of it. It is cross marketing. If you go into the big screens, you will probably see the 150 million dollar budget movies. o Why Are Comic Books Popular in Film? ♣ Already have a large following and their audience is extremely attached • In the 70s, if you were caught reading a comic book you would get in trouble now public schools donate their largest sections of libraries to graphic novels ♣ Very clear good vs. evil theme, which is appealing • After 2001, Americans needed heroes ♣ Comic Universe • The cross-over between the characters and plots makes audience excited ♣ Already has a story board so do not have to be original ♣ Easy to make sequels they have continuity and seriality Marvel Comics Take Over Hollywood Built-in enthusiastic fan base Comic books provide storyboards IP: intellectual property, trademark (cross marketing)

Act two of the three act structure

Confrontation. Ascending action (obstacle, obstacle). → midpoint (big twist). → obstacle → disaster → crisis → climax of act two

citizen journalism... pros and cons

Cons: there is a reason why trained journalist go to school to learn their craft, there is a reason for constructing a somewhat objective story that is not based on emotion as much as pragmatic scientific thought. Ex. someone might film something and get very emotional. Before you run a story, you want to be able to analyze it and that is what trained journalists will do. You can also put yourself in danger, in some parts of the world people don't want to be filmed. - most of the time don't get the full story from one clip

DeForest 1901

DeForest wrote the first phD thesis on wireless technology. he used vacuum tubes that detected signals and amplified sounds. He realized the larger tubes, the better signals, which then resulted in extremely large radios. - he was the first American to be involved in wireless technology -

Citizen Journalism

Definition: inspired amateurs who find out what is going on in their communities, they document it (video or report) and post to social media or a blog. - There is an explosion of citizen journalists and shrinking of newsrooms in mainstream organizations. Both CNN and FOX now have you can have on your phone and you will get $25 or $50 for a video so you are no longer an amateur or independent if you are working for them. Citizen journalism is becoming part of mainstream media. Journalists were not really trained as journalists. - History: the first form of journalism predates traditional journalism by hundreds of years. Be able to talk about citizen journalism pre-dated citizen journalism by hundreds of years, they were very powerful in changing the world. They understood the power of citizen journalist Understand the period of time when we had investigative journalism was very brief (late 1800s) progressive period- people who would try to figure out how these huge corporations were making so much money, trying to understand the need of unions.

Podcasts

Definiton: broadcast. Broadcasted: means pre-recorded audio entertainment, usually the element of information through spoken word. - it was started by Apple (pod), broadcasted (cast) - Apple: introduced Itunes on January 9th, 2001. Started the ipod on October 23rd, 2001. -

What is a rundown?

Detailed list of all program sequences with elapsed time for each item/question/segment More vague and more flexible

What does it mean to say that radio is didactic?

Didactic: teachable. Listeners must learn something.get something out of it as well as be entertained. -While radio is first and foremost meant to entertain, it is also meant to inform listeners on a topic

Documentaries- ways of being true

Documentaries seem to have a certain obligation towards "truth." This may be understood, however, in different ways: Correspondence: statements and details of film are not lies or fiction but in accordance with actual or historical facts, events and persons. Coherence: the film constitutes a well-argued, non-contradictory whole. Pragmatic or conventionalist view: the film is in line with predominant views and general, long termed discursive practice. Relativism or constructivism: as you like, or how we make sense of things. Illumination theory of truth: to become enlightened, to see and hear and understand more, to become inspired and gain insight (perhaps recollection).

Defining documentary film- Henrik Juel

Documentary film making and also the reception of documentary films - is all about ethics, politics and an aesthetic approach, and as such it is a highly subjective or personal matter, it is now argued. - Reality, representation and presentation The example above with the surveillance camera indicates that "recording reality" is too vague a criterion, and not just because "reality" sooner or later becomes a very difficult concept to narrow down (just think about "reality-TV" programs in which almost everything is a construction). The continuous mechanical recording of a raw tape lacks the touch of someone selecting and editing for the purpose of expressing or communicating something to someone. Both fiction and non-fiction films differ markedly from a simple mirroring or duplicative function. This is among other things revealed through the camerawork, i.e. all the intentional changes such as camera moves, cuts, composition, all sorts of adjustments that come from human intervention, and through the post-production process of organizing various sound tracks and visual tracks into a whole that was not there before. Time may be condensed and the chronology changed, music, subtitles, or voice-over added, shots may be interlaced or interrupted by wipes, etc. As a rule of thumb, a film is hardly a film without camera work, cuts or editing, and it is neither a fiction film nor a documentary if it is nothing more than a "re-presentation" of what happened to be in front of a lens and a microphone. - A film is not a mere representation, but a willed presentation of something made by someone in a specific way and for someone. The phrase "representation of reality" is utterly mistaken as a definition of documentary, because the idea of film as mirroring is a false one and a very misleading ideal. -Also the term "reality" is confusing: it may have the straightforward positive connotations of facing reality and seeing things as they really are, but often enough it is interpreted by students in theoretical discussions as just filming "normally" in an "objective" way without being creative or manipulative. - The word documentary has its root in the Latin word "docere" which meant to teach or instruct. We also know the more modern and common phrase that something is "a document" (e.g. an important piece of paper presented in court) and we may ask someone "to document" his identity or statements. -

Film theory and approaches to criticism reading

Ex. Wizard of Oz In the reading, Jacobs talks about different levels of meaning, the most objective level is just the plot. So it's about a girl named Dorothy and her dog that get transported into a magical land and go on a quest. With a theory, we want to add in something more sociological or psychological point of view. What would a feminist theory/interpretation say? - they would look at the fact that the lead character is a female, who has felt confined and is looking for room to move or grow. She needs to meet 3 men to guide her. When you look at any of these theories, you're looking at a power structure. For most of our history, it has been a male dominated society. If you look at the study of literary or film characters, some interesting things with the wizard of oz, they are the ones who are all in charge, the male characters are more or less goofballs with serious problems. Dorothy and the witches → they are calling the shots The wizard is a total fraud, the scarecrow, the tin man... Another lense - her being transported and then wanting to go back home in the end. Psychoanalytic theory- psychoanalytic love dreams, the whole movie is a dream. There is a quest for self-realization/identity, trying to figure out who we are. The wizard of Oz would be an allegory, something about currency at the time. Theory in a nutshell is to look at the essence, beyond the plot, beyond the characters. There are many ways to look at film.

farmers and radio use?

Farmers were the other group at this time interested in radios more than others. early 1900s.

1890-1910 citizen journalism

First investigative reporting came up (Progressive Era)

1902: George Méliés

From France "Trip to the moon": first film that had a story, based on novel - first movie "A trip to the moon" - First person to edit separate scenes together -Added editing and special effects -

Examples of citizen journalists

George Holiday: video camera on the porch of his apartment caught 15 officers beating Rodney King. His video starts revolts It was the first viral video

Newton Minnow- 1963

He was former chairman of the FCC. - he started the National Association of Broadcasting convention - He believed that TV was a vast wasteland and is filled with murder, violence, gangsters, cartoons, and commercials - He stated he wanted more cultural dignity, and needed to adjust to radio -He wanted to increase the integrity, they were concerned it was becoming too low brow, educational tv was introduced as an issue. -They wanted to take this opportuniy for children to learn something

Hollywood Studio System

Hollywood Studio System (1910-1915): Began in nyc - moved out west in early 20th century- needed more space to grow and needed more locations to film, longer filming day- economically made sense Factory-like process to make films -Worked well until late 1940's - problem of monopoly- studio's relationship with Lowe's (owned and operated every movie theater across America); only way to show movie in cinema was to have a contract with one of the studios- independent film didn't exist -Theaters very famous until television happened- studios didn't want to lose actors Opened up opportunity for independent films to arise- make outside studio system Moved from NYC to LA, there was more sunshine/day light for filming and longer film days and more room to build and availability of locations. -1910-1915. the golden age of Hollywood was 20s and 30s. by late 1940s the Hollywood system began to falter because of some legal issues. - o TV emerged 1940s-1950s -Studios in Hollywood saw TV as a threat -Tried to blacklist actors from moving into TV because they did not want to lose them -Eventually realized they couldn't fight it and instead started making TV as well

Thompson

Hunter S . Thompson- invented what we call now "Gonzo Journalism" Committed suicide in 2005 - Hunter Stockton ThoGonzo journalism is a style of journalism that is written without claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first-person narrative. The word "gonzo" is believed to have been first used in 1970 to describe an article by Hunter S. Thompson, who later popularized the style. It is an energetic first-person participatory writing style in which the author is a protagonist, and it draws its power from a combination of social critique and self-satire.[1] It has since been applied to other subjective artistic endeavors. Gonzo journalism involves an approach to accuracy that concerns the reporting of personal experiences and emotions, in contrast to traditional journalism, which favors a detached style and relies on facts or quotations that can be verified by third parties. Gonzo journalism disregards the strictly-edited product favored by newspaper media and strives for a more personal approach; the personality of a piece is as important as the event or actual subject of the piece. Use of sarcasm, humor, exaggeration, and profanity is common.mpson (July 18, 1937 - February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement. - Thompson is most well known for the story "fear and loathing in Las Vegas" Story became less about the race, and more about adventures in Las Vegas Creator of Gonzo journalism. - Broke every journalist rule in writing by becoming a story rather than reporting a story.

Pitching Essentials- by Stephanie Palmer. AFM 2015

If you only learn one thing... the key to pitching, attaching talent, selling your work, and getting financing for your projects is your ability to answer questions - pitches are structured around actions and answers - every aspect of a pitch is designed to answer a particular question 3 most important questions in a pitch: 1. What's your project about 2. What's your project most like 3. How did you come up with this idea?

the role of itunes

January 2001: itunes was introduced to the world October 2001: Ipod was introduced 2004: podcasts started - shortly after, David Winer got his show started along with RSS.

The 11 steps Joseph Campbell created in his hero's journey

Joseph John Campbell (March 26, 1904 - October 30, 1987) was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work covers many aspects of the human experience. Campbell's magnum opus is his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces - o What did Joseph Campbell create? ♣ Joseph Campbell was very interested in mythology, and owes a lot of his work to Swiss psychologist, Carl Jung, who interpreted dreams like Freud • Jung introduced concept of the archetype o Recurring characters that appear in everyone dreams (wise man; shape shifting woman) along with recurring questions (who am I?) o Campbell took this archetype and applied them to stories • Campbell tracked the typical hero's journey and found patterns ♣ Campbell's setup of a hero story: • Start with an ordinary world call to adventure refusal of adventure meet with mentor cross the threshold tests; allies; enemies approach (see the goal) ordeal and confrontation (faces greatest fear/death) reward return resurrection

1690: First U.S newspaper in Boston

Lasted 4 days because government shut it down because they wanted to control colonies and the press

Military

Military use of radio: - speed and messaging and coding is very important, if you are involved in a military battle, you figured out Morse worked pretty well for strategic battle communication - we were not always at war though... there were people in the navy

1950s

Most newspapers tried to be objective after World War II

Premise pitch structure

My story is a (sub genre/genre) called (title) about (hero) who seeks (goal) despite (obstacle) (Title) is a (genre/sub-genre) about (hero) who seeks (goal) despite (obstacle) Dos and Donts: Do lead with the genre, do not talk about who has been involved Don't give your positive opinion.

Comedy

Pride and Prejudice, Freaky Friday, The Proposal A comedy is a light-hearted story which centers on some confusion (often involving misunderstandings or mistaken identities) leading to conflict before a happy conclusion and celebrations. - it includes a light hearted story on the surface, but it is usually dark - it is extremely difficult to do - it is essential to laugh at yourself and realize how silly humans are - it centers around confusion leading to conflict and then a happy conclusion - confusion is usually because of mistaken identities - it usually forces a hero or heroine who are destined to be together Lessons: learn how to negotiate and deal with difficulties or partnerships (romantic or not) learn how both parties now accommodate and support each other comedy: think about something that offends you or when a joke goes to far, and then think about why that joke hurts so much... what jokes are off limits? There are great comedians out there that believe we need to laugh at everything, and nothing is off limits. With comedy, understand it comes from a serious place. As Steve Martin once said: comedy is not pretty" so take comedy seriously.

1603-1714: Stuart England

Printed pamphlets and periodicals for a growing literate population Anonymous writers who wrote satirical and funny pieces Church allowed it because they wanted people to read the bible

RSS

RSS: stands for Real Simple Syndication • Tool that transfers podcasts to iTunes, it allows people to subscribe, it's not like a one type deal... it is all about the series

Act three of the three act structure

Resolution Climax of act three → descending action (obstacle, denouement/wrap up) → end.

Sparklines

Sparklines: Martin Luther King's "I have a Dream" speech. - an inconvenient truth, supersize me a. Sparklines are a way of mapping presentation structures. Graphic designer Nancy Duarte uses sparklines to analyse famous speeches graphically in her book Resonate. She argues that the very best speeches succeed because they contrast our ordinary world with an ideal and improved world. - contrast our ordinary world with an ideal and improved world. c. The best speeches compare what is with what could be. d. By doing this, the presenter draws attention to the problems we have in our society, our personal lives, our business. The presenter creates and fuels a desire for change in the audience. e. It is a highly emotional technique that is sure to motivate your audience to support you. f. It is good for inspiring your audience to action. It is good for creating hope and excitement. And it is good for creating a following. Ex. Martin Luther King's speech is famous the world over because it contrasts the racist, intolerant society of the day with an ideal future society where all races are treated equally. i. "Sparklines" I have a dream speech is classic sparklines. Here are the way things are right now, but they could be heightened/up here.

How did Comic Books Take over Hollywood?

Starting in 2000: X-Men made $300 million • 9th top grossing film of 2000 2009: Disney bought Marvel for $4.2 billion (intellectual property; copyright; trademark) Largest purchase of comic books It is easy to cross-market $100 million industry • Ex: buy a superhero toy with a kids meal

What is communal relevance?

The "so what" and "why should anyone care" which is essential

1934- Communications Act

The FCC assigned everything on the left side of the dial with more educational radio - this replaces the FCC with FCC (Federal Communication Commissions) - Had 6 main points: 1. Broadband 2. Competition 3. Spectrum 4. Media 5. Public Safety and Homeland security 6. Modernize the FCC

Marx Brothers

The Marx Brothers were an American family comedy act that was successful in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in motion pictures from 1905 to 1949.

Citizen Journalism "The Media Doesn't Care What happens here"

The Media doesn't care what happens here: I have always been a big supporter of citizen journalism, but as I read more of the article, with big media citizen journalists can also be very guilty of framing and filling specific things to fit their own agenda. - There is no person curating this kind of stuff, they can be even more guilty of it sometimes. There is a large problem of big media, so where is the middle ground where we can find words. - It is also very dangerous: if you do have your camera out and you are interested in filming, you can get hurt because you aren't paying attention to things flying around you (such as in Brazil) they don't want to be filmed, you need to ask yourself if it's worth getting killed or injured. Is this a fight you want to take until the end. This talks about the dangers of being a citizen journalist physically. - Witness- program that trained citizen journalists on how to properly film and capture crucial information Witness: As professional-grade camera technology has grown cheaper and easier to use, and as foreign journalists have found themselves increasingly targeted in conflict zones, the work of "citizen journalists" has become a vital source of international news. - It was a novel vision for how criminal justice could evolve in the era of the smartphone, and the young members of Papo Reto seemed like the perfect partners. - Witness is headquartered in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, in an immense brick building it shares with several other nonprofits. - Witness was founded in 1992 by the musician and activist Peter Gabriel, the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights and the Reebok Human Rights Foundation. - Gabriel had long been interested in creating a nonprofit devoted to citizen video, but he was never able to stir up much interest. - In its early years, Witness mostly worked to distribute video equipment abroad and to teach people how to use it. Local partners documented sex trafficking in Eastern Europe, forced government evictions in Cambodia and violence against women in Zimbabwe.

Participatory or interactive

The film crew takes part in the action or chain of events.

What is media hegemony?

The ideas of the ruling class becomes the ruling ideas in society According to this approach, mass media are controlled by the dominant class in society which uses it as a vehicle for exerting control over the rest of society.

Charlie Chaplin

Who is Charlie Chaplin? oHe was the first filmmaker to be in charge of everything -He was producer, director, and actor. Never had to show anyone anything for approval -Born 4 days before Hitler -Portrayed Hitler in many of his film, such as "The Great Dictator" o Created company United Artists which gave him complete control o Created political film o Upbringing in Victorian Age in England -Came to US at 18 -Had 75 years in film industry -Was exiled in US but return once in 1975 • Exiled for left-leaning politics and sexual relationship with minor •Mostly silent movies •He was making movies all the way up until the 1970s •Silent movies were better because they were less expensive, when you have a sound guy holding a microphone then the entire story changes. -Also actors with accents and Americans that don't want to hear accents. He created his own company in the 1920s to have control over production and distribution of his films. - Charlie Chaplin's life ended with him in exile because he was political and liked an under age girl. His marriage to Una O'Neil who was 18.

In Medias Res

a. In media res storytelling is when you begin your narrative in the heat of the action, before starting over to explain how you got there. b. By dropping your audience into the most exciting part of your story they will be gripped from the beginning and want to stay engaged to find out what happens. c. Be careful: you do not want to give too much of the action away in the beginning. Try hinting at something bizarre or unexpected, something that needs more explanation. d. Give your audience just enough information to keep them hooked as you go back and set the scene for your story. e. •this only works for shorter presentations, if you string it out too long your audience will get frustrated and lose interest. f. This is good for grabbing attention right from the start g. You keep an audience craving resolution h. It is good for focusing on a pivotal moment in your story. Ex. Zak Ebrahim begins his talk with the revelation that his father helped plan the 1993 World Trade Centre bombing. His audience is gripped from the beginning, as he begins to recount the events of his childhood and the path he took after his father's conviction.

8. Petal structure

a. The petal structure is a way of organizing multiple speakers or stories around one central concept. b. It is useful if you have several unconnected stories you want to tell or things you want to reveal that all relate back to a single message. c. You tell your stories one by one before returning back to the center. The petals can overlap as one story introduces the next, but each should be a complete narrative of itself. In doing so, you can weave a rich chemistry of evidence around your central theory, or strong emotional impressions around your idea. d. By showing your audience how all these key ideas are related to one another, you leave them feeling the true importance and weight of your message. Petal structure is good for demonstrating how strands of a story or process are interconnected. It is good for showing how several scenarios relate back to one idea. It is good for letting multiple speakers talk around a central theme. Ex.Simon Sinek again! His theory might lend itself perfectly to nested loops, but he himself chose to deliver his talk in a petal structure. He tells his audience a series a stories to help illustrate his ideas, each one strengthening his message further. - Petal structure: like nested loops, except each individual story begins and ends before the next ones starts. It is a series of short stories that begin and end before the next one starts, but the center of the flower is the theme, they share a theme (not just random). the petal structure is a way for organizing multiple speakers or stories around one central concept. - it is useful if you have several unconnected stories you want to tell or things you want to reveal that all relate back to a single message

6. Converging Ideas

a.This structure shows the audience how different strands of thinking come together to form one product or idea. - a. It can be used to show the birth of a movement or explain a single idea was the culmination of several great minds working toward one goal. b. Converging ideas is similar to the nested loops structure, but rather than framing one story with complementary stories, it shows how several equally important stories came to a single strong conclusion. c. This technique can be used to tell some of the world's greatest partnerships. Ex. Larry and Sergey met at Stanford's PhD program in 1995, but they didn't like each other at first. They both had great ideas, but found working together hard. Eventually they found themselves working on a research project together. A research project that became Google. - It is good for showing how great minds come together. It is good for showing how a development occurred at a certain point in history. It is also good for showing how symbiotic relationships formed.

8XK

a.first radio station, first DJ. -His name was Frank Conrad. -In 1919 he created in his garage a radio transmitter and broadcast area where he would play records. -The turntable was very popular at the time. -He gets credit for being first Dj of 1919 and also reporting the Cox/Harding presidential election.

3. Voyage and return

ex. Alice in Wonderland, Wizard of Oz a. This is when the main character travels to an unfamiliar place, meeting new characters and overcoming a series of trials, this is all while trying to get home. b. Their new friendships and newfound wisdom allow them to find their way back again. c. This plot is common in children's literature because it often involves the main character discovering a magical land to explore. d. It is good for talking about the benefits of opening to new experiences e. It is good for showing what your protagonist learns on their travels f. It is good for demonstrating the power of friendships

7. Rebirth

ex. Beauty and the Beast, A Christmas Carol, Despicable Me - The main character is a bad or unpleasant person who is shown the error of their ways and redeems themselves over the course of the story. - Usually it takes a redemption figure to help the villain make this transition. Redemption figures usually come in the form of a child or a main character's love interest, and their job is to reveal how warped the villain's world view is and show them love. - Demonstrating that everyone has the capacity to change for the better. • Includes: o Main character who is bad or unpleasant, but then show error of their ways o Takes redemption figure to help the villain make this transition, usually through love Usually a love child or interest • Lessons: o Enlightening experiences, showing the importance of having support from loved ones o Shows capacity of change o Cathartic to think that we can be bad, but still come out good • Examples: o Beauty and the Beast; Despicable Me; Monsters Inc.

communal relevance

the "so what"? - Why you have a right to ask that question as a listener or reader, because it needs to have a larger more universal theme that will interest a general audience.

Poetic

the aesthetic aspects, the qualities of the form and the sensual appeals are predominant.

2. Rags to Riches

ex. Cinderella, Wolf of Wall Street , Limitless a. A hero from humble beginnings gains the thing that they want such as money, power, a partner... before losing it and having to fight to get it back again. b. The main character usually bites off more than they can chew and can't cope with their success, before growing personally and regaining what they desire. c. It is good for talking about the importance of owning up to your mistakes d. It is good for discussing the benefits of taking risks and accepting vulnerabilities e. It is good for showing how your protagonist earned their present-day success i. Rags to Riches ex. Wolf of Wall street. The rags again are metaphorical; you can be poor but not dirt poor. Jordan Belfort did not come from poverty, but he was down from lower than he wanted to be. Because of some combo of hard work and luck and also the moral fiber, our hero achieves great riches often times with the help of a mentor, then loses the riches, only to eventually gain back either most of it, some of it, or another special quality that was not money. He became a leader, he was great at giving motivational speeches and recruit. "only to regain something else in the end".

1. Overcoming the monster

ex. David and Goliath, star wars - there are many different types of monsters, such as overcoming a disease or the government or even yourself like your internal demons. Monsters can be a metaphor, but a monster can also be a monster. a. Usually this is a story when the main character sets out to defeat the baddie or evil force that is threatening their home b. It will usually seem like the odds are stacked against the hero. But courage and resources will help them overcome the threat. c. It is good for talking about succeeding despite the odds being stacked against you d. It is good for discussing the life lessons than an encounter like this teaches you e. It is good for showing how you, your team, or your company became stronger through adversity.

7. False start

ex. JK Rowling's speech, a series of unfortunate events a. A 'false start' story is when you start to tell a seemingly predictable story, before unexpectedly disrupting it and beginning all over again. b. You lure your audience into a false sense of security, and then shock them by turning the tables. c. This format is great for talking about a time you failed in something and were forced to 'go back to the start' and reassess. i. It is ideal for talking about the things you learnt from experience or the innovative way you solved the problem. ii. Best of all, it is a quick attention hack which will disrupt your audiences expectations and surprise them into paying closer attention to your message. iii. It is good for disrupting audience expectations, showing the benefits on a flexible approach, and keeping the audience engaged. iv. If you are a character in a story you are telling, you can use a false start to go back and retell the story in a surprising way. J K Rowling begins her speech at Harvard in a typical fashion. She talks about her time at university and the expectations of her parents. The audience expects her to talk about the growing success of her writing career - instead she focuses on a time in her twenties where she felt she had 'failed' in life. What comes next is inspirational. • Begin a seemingly predictable story because an unexpected disturbance and begins over again • Lure audience into false sense of security, and then shock them - quick attention hook • Great for talking about a time you failed, and then going back and fixing it, showing benefits of flexible approach

1. Monomyth

ex. Lion King and the star wars movies follow this story telling structure . Wizard of Oz. i. the 11 steps that Joseph Campbell created in his hero's journey. Ex. Wizard of Oz. - The monomyth is also called the hero's journey. It is a story structure that is found in many folk tales, myths, and religions around the world. - In a monomyth, the hero is called to leave their home and sets out on a difficult journey. They move somewhere they know well into an unfamiliar and threatening place. - After overcoming a great trial, they return home with a reward or new found wisdom, like something that will help their community. - Using the monomyth to shape your presentation can help you explain what has brought you to the wisdom you want to share. It can bring your message alive for your audience. - It is good for: taking the audience on a journey, showing the benefits of taking risk, demonstrating how you learned some newfound wisdom.

4. The Quest

ex. Percy Jackson, Lord of the Rings, The lightning thief a) a hero sets out on a journey in search of a prize, overcomes flaws - the hero sets out in search of a prize, overcoming a series of challenges and temptations - they may have flaws which have held them back in the past which they will need to overcome in order to succeed - He/she is usually accompanied by a group of comrades with complementary skills that support them along the way - This is good for talking about the importance of sticking to your convictions - This is good for showing how your protagonist grows emotionally to be able to succeed - It demonstrates the power of team work

Preparation for the interview

familiarize yourself with the background as much as possible - Persistence (need to persuade people to speak), and preparation (know what to speak about), they go hand in hand - Require background information from friends of the source When you interview someone, the most important thing is to research and prepare. It is important to establish a healthy working relationship with your subject/source. This includes explaining the purpose of the interview, you are letting them know your story is important and that it needs to be told. You could and should offer to visit them in their office or their home making it convenient for them or meet in a common area of café, making it more comfortable. Start off light with questions and work your way into the important stuff.

1874... citizen journalism

first University level journalism course at Cornell!

1914: D.W. Griffth

first feature length film - Birth of a Nation American Birth of a Nation: first full length movie about reconstruction period/revisionist history where KKK are heroes Birth of a Nation (1914) ♣Created by D.W. Griffith ♣First feature length film (3 hours long) ♣Epic post-civil war story that had a large budget and glorified the KKK

Performative

the film crew creates many of the events and situations to be filmed by their own intervention or through events carried out for the sake of the film.

Reflexive:

the film exposes and discusses its own role as a film (e.g. the ethics or conditions of filmmaking) alongside the treatment of the case or subject.

What is a routine sheet?

this is more detailed, and contains much of the dialogue and actions It contains potential answers and word for word dialogue.

Nested Loops

for ex. Lost, Greys Anatomy it is three or more character driven plots that weave around each other, supporting each other in theme, and possibly the characters might cross paths too. Any Robert Altman movie (ex. Short cuts). - When there are 3 or more layered narratives within each other - Using analogies to explain a central concept -Showing how a piece of wisdom was passed along to you - Nested loops is a story telling technique where you layer 3 or more narratives within each other - You place your most important story (the core of your message) in the center, and use the stories around it to elaborate or explain that certain principle. - a. The first story you begin in the last story you finish. The second story you start is second to last, etc. b. Nested loops work a bit like a friend telling you about a wise person in their life, someone who taught them an important lesson. The first loops are your friends story, the second loops are the wise persons story, at the center is the important lesson. c. Nested loops structure is good for explaining the process of how you were inspired, and came to a conclusion. d. It is good for using analogies to explain a central concept. e. It is also good for showing how a piece of wisdom was passed along to you. ex. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie uses the framework of her experiences in university and the way that Africa is perceived in the Western world to drive home her argument about stories.

1967: Public broadcasting Act

important because it set the stage for NPR - it was introduced by Lyndon Johnson - he wanted to level the radio playing field so it was accessible to everybody: for education and for culture - created corporation for public broadcasting (CBP), this created PBC which then created the Fred Rogers segment which focused on children's education

Radio Act of 1910

it is important to understand what happened in 1910 to understand what happened in 1912. - the radio act of 1910 recognized that radios could be useful for ships at sea for navigational purposes and safety purposes - the radio act of 1910 required every vessel at sea more than 50 miles off shore that had a certain amount of people on it to have a radio on board

General information about podcasts:

it is not professionally produced like Radio. - Majority of podcasts are listened to through link on podcast page through podcast player • The rest are listened through iTunes - Adam Curry: was one of the original 6 MTV DJ's. in the day it was a remarkable thing. They had people introduce the sets of music videos, there were 6 of them they were famous and it was a big deal.

Morse Code

it was a single long or short sound that was code (dots and dashes) - with Ezra Cornell, created the Western Union Company (kind of like the first radio in 1866)

Radio Act of 1927

just because you had a license did not mean you owned the airwaves, you leased them

Expository

lecturing, overtly didactic, e.g. with a personal presenter or an explanatory voice-over.

Observational

like a "fly on the wall," the camera, microphone and film crew seem not to be disturbing the scene or even to be noticed by the participants.

What is the three act structure?

o Act One: Set up Beginning, inciting incident, second thoughts, climax of act one o Act Two: Confrontation Ascending action (obstacle, obstacle) Midpoint (big twist) obstacle disaster crisis climax of act two o Act Three: Resolution Climax of Act three descending action (obstacle, denouement/wrap-up) end

Who is Sergi Eisenstein?

o Film editor who introduced a new form of film editing o Created the Montage Theory -He used cuts and editing between scenes to build suspense and manipulate emotions o Produced Odessa Steps Odessa Steps: -Created by Sergi Eisenstein • Used close-ups •Utilized the Russian Navy during battle scene • Used editing to show movement but also build suspense basically a teaser o Such as rocking of baby stroller -Montage theory • For the very first time editing is used for emotion and building suspense (ex. famous baby carriage shot but it cuts away to another action shot) • Cut aways and building suspense using editing.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense and American Crisis

pamphlets inspired the American Revolution.

Act one of the three act structure:

set up. Beginning → inciting incident → second thoughts → climax of act one

radio act of 1912

ships were required not only to have a radio on board, but also that someone must monitor the radio on board - what they required with this license was some sort of proof you were offering some sort of community service, you needed to provide a service to your community and it needed to be more than just chatting with your friends.

Edward Murrow cont.

stressed to focus on more personal beliefs rather than religious ones - he was a broadcast journalist - he was how we heard what was going on in WWII and the pacific -With "this I believe" between 1951-1955, he hosted a successful radio show that 39 million people listened to, the show featured ordinary average Americans as well as celebrities like Helen Keller and Eleanor Roosevelt, the show was an opportunity for them to read on air anecdotes or brief personal essays about their life.

Frequency Modulation (FM)

•The quality between AM and FM is different, AM does not have the clear crisp sound that FM does. - FM was a way to clear up the static, allow clearer and crisper fidelity. It was technology that was there from the very beginning, but it was not utilized for many years because first and foremost cost. -Nobody complained about the quality of radio in the early days. Not until 1950s when radio was challenged by tv for the American household, they realized they needed to make a change. - FM worked into the availability into car radios, as car culture began to explode in America, part of what people wanted to have in their driving experience was to hear their favorite songs coming in clearly over the radio. -FM was able to offer static free radio perception -Came after the 1950s Post war baby boomers were starting to listen to pop music TV took over, so radio needed a boost Created the TV car culture It was created by Edward Armstrong Edward Armstrong used De Forests' vacuum tube to invent an amplifying system that enabled receivers to pick up distant signals and clear up reception from electrical interference Costly: He used DeForest's vacuum tube to invent an amplifying sound

Listen and Watch

•You must listen and watch carefully so you can hear something that requires or demands a follow up question, this could change the direction of the interview. •You need to show you aren't only watching, but also listening closely.

Pitching and Treatments: o What are the elements of a Treatment?

♣ Working title ♣ Name/contact information ♣ WGA Registration # •Must register with them or people can steal your idea ♣Short Log Line (one sentence that sums up story) ♣ Introduction of key characters ♣ Synopsis • Act I (set up) o 2-4 paragraphs • Act II (Confrontation) o 6 paragraphs • Act III (Resolution) 2-4 paragraphs