NASM CES Chapter 2: Skeletal Muscles

Medial Deltoid: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Acromion process of the scapula INSERTION Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder abduction INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder adduction Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Axillary nerve (C5-C6)

Vastus Lateralis: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior and inferior border of the greater trochanter, lateral region of the gluteal tuberosity, and lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur INSERTION Base of patella and tibial tuberosity of the tibia ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee extension INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the knee INNERVATION Femoral nerve

Gracilis: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior aspect of lower body of pubis INSERTION Proximal medial surface of the tibia (pes anserine) ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation and assists in tibial internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip abduction, extension, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and knee INNERVATION Obturator nerve

Longus Colli: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior portion of T1-T3 INSERTION Anterior and lateral C1 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Cervical flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Cervical extension, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the cervical spine INNERVATION Ventral rami (C2-C8)

Sartorius: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis INSERTION Proximal medial surface of the tibia ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip flexion, external rotation, and abduction and accelerates knee flexion and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip extension and internal rotation and knee extension and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and knee INNERVATION Femoral nerve

Pectoralis Major: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior surface of the clavicle, anterior surface of the sternum, and cartilage of ribs 1-7 INSERTION Greater tubercle of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder flexion (clavicular fibers), horizontal adduction, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-C7)

Adductor Longus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior surface of the inferior pubic ramus of the pelvis INSERTION Linea aspera of the femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip abduction, extension, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Obturator nerve

Adductor Brevis, Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior surface of the inferior pubic ramus of the pelvis INSERTION Proximal one-third of the linea aspera of the femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip abduction, extension, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Obturator nerve

Piriformis: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior surface of the sacrum INSERTION The greater trochanter of the femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip external rotation, abduction, and extension INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip internal rotation, adduction, and flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the hip and sacroiliac joints INNERVATION Sciatic nerve

Internal Oblique: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior two-thirds of the iliac crest of the pelvis and thoracolumbar fascia INSERTION Ribs 9-12, linea alba, and contralateral rectus sheaths ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal flexion (bilateral), lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Intercostal nerves (T8-T12), iliohypogastric (L1), and ilioinguinal (L1)

Rectus Femoris: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior-inferior iliac spine of the pelvis INSERTION Base of patella and tibial tuberosity of the tibia ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee extension and hip flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee flexion and hip extension Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and knee INNERVATION Femoral nerve

Vastus Intermedius: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Anterior-lateral regions of the upper two-thirds of the femur INSERTION Base of patella and tibial tuberosity of the tibia ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee extension INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the knee INNERVATION Femoral nerve

Spinalis: Capitus Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Between the superior and inferior nuchal lines on occipital bone of the skull ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of cervical nerves

Iliocostalis: Lumborum Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Inferior border of ribs 7-12 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar nerves

Longissimus: Capitis Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Mastoid process of the skull ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of cervical nerves

Spinalis: Cerviscus Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Spinous processes of C3-C2 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of cervical nerves

Spinalis: Thoracic Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Spinous processes of T7-T4 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of thoracic nerves

Iliocostalis: Thoracic Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Superior border of ribs 1-6 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of thoracic nerves

Iliocostalis: Cervicus Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Transverse processes of C4-C6 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of thoracic nerves

Longissimus: Cervicus Division

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Transverse processes of C6-C2 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of cervical nerves

Longisimus: Thoracic Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Common origin INSERTION Transverse processes of T1-T12 and ribs 2-12 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine during functional movements INNERVATION Dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar nerves

Diaphram: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Costal part: Inner surfaces of the cartilages and adjacent bony regions of ribs 6-12 Sternal part: Posterior side of the xiphoid process Crural (lumbar) part: (1) Two aponeurotic arches covering the external surfaces of the quadratus lumborum and psoas major and (2) right and left crus, originating from the bodies of L1-L3 and their intervertebral discs INSERTION Central tendon ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Pulls the central tendon inferiorly, increasing the volume in the thoracic cavity INTEGRATED FUNCTION Isometric Action Stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

Pronator Quadratus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Distal ulna INSERTION Distal radius ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Pronates forearm INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Forearm supination Isometric Action Stabilizes distal radioulnar joint INNERVATION Anterior interosseous nerve

Upper Trapezius: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN External occipital protuberance of the skull and spinous process of C7 INSERTION Lateral third of the clavicle and acromion process of the scapula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Cervical extension, lateral flexion, and rotation and scapular elevation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Cervical flexion, lateral flexion, rotation, and scapular depression Isometric Action Stabilizes the cervical spine and scapula and stabilizes the medial border of the scapula creating a stable base for the prime movers during scapular abduction and upward rotation INNERVATION Cranial nerve XI and ventral rami C2-C4

External Oblique: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN External surface of ribs 4-12 INSERTION Anterior iliac crest of the pelvis, linea alba, and contralateral rectus sheaths ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Intercostal nerves (T8-T12), iliohypogastric (L1), and ilioinguinal (L1)

Brachialis

ORIGIN Humerus INSERTION Coronoid process of the ulna ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Flexes elbow INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Elbow extension Isometric Action Stabilizes the elbow INNERVATION Musculocutaneous and radial nerve

Quadratus Lumborum: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Iliac crest of the pelvis INSERTION 12th rib and transverse processes L2-L5 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates contralateral lateral spinal flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Spinal nerves (T12-L3)

Iliacus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Iliac fossa INSERTION Lesser trochanter of the femur as the iliopsoas tendon ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip flexion and external rotation and extends and rotates lumbar spine INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip internal rotation and decelerates hip extension Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Spinal nerve branches of L2-L4

Gluteus Minimus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal line INSERTION Greater trochanter of the femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip abduction, flexion, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates frontal plane hip adduction, extension, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Superior gluteal nerve

Adductor Mangus, Anterior Fibers: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ischial ramus of the pelvis INSERTION Linea aspera of the femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip abduction, extension, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Obturator nerve

Adductor Mangus, Posterior Fibers: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis INSERTION Adductor tubercle on femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip adduction, extension, and external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip abduction, flexion, and internal rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Sciatic nerve

Semimembranosus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis INSERTION Posterior aspect of the medial tibial condyle of the tibia ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee flexion, hip extension, and tibial internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee extension, hip flexion, and tibial external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and knee INNERVATION Tibial nerve

Semitendinosis: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis and part of the sacrotuberous ligament INSERTION Proximal aspect of the medial tibial condyle of the tibia (pes anserine) ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee flexion, hip extension, and tibial internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee extension, hip flexion, and tibial external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and knee INNERVATION Tibial nerve

Biceps Femoris (Long Head): Origin, Insertion, Functions, Innervation

ORIGIN Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis, part of the sacrotuberous ligament INSERTION Head of the fibula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee flexion, hip extension, and tibial external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee extension, hip flexion, and tibial internal rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and knee INNERVATION Tibial nerve

Infraspinatus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral border of the scapula INSERTION Greater tubercle of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder internal rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Axillary nerve (C5-C6)

Teres Minor: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral border of the scapula INSERTION Greater tubercle of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder internal rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Axillary nerve (C5-C6)

Anterior Tibialis: Origin, Insertion, Functions, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral condyle and proximal two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia INSERTION Medial and plantar aspects of the medial cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Ankle dorsiflexion and inversion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Ankle plantar flexion and eversion Isometric Action Stabilizes the arch of the foot INNERVATION Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral condyle of tibia, head and proximal two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula INSERTION Lateral surface of the medial cuneiform and lateral side of the base of the first metatarsal ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Plantar flexes and everts the foot INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates ankle dorsiflexion and inversion Isometric Action Stabilizes the foot and ankle complex INNERVATION Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

Anconeus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral epicondyle of humerus INSERTION Olecranon process and posterior ulna ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Extends elbow INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Elbow flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the elbow INNERVATION Radial nerve

Supinator: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral epicondyle of humerus INSERTION Radius ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Supinates forearm INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Forearm pronation Isometric Action Stabilizes proximal radioulnar joint and elbow INNERVATION Radial nerve

Brachioradialis: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus INSERTION Styloid process of radius ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Flexes elbow INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Elbow extension Isometric Action Stabilizes the elbow INNERVATION Radial nerve

Anterior Deltoid: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lateral third of the clavicle INSERTION Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder flexion and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder extension and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Axillary nerve (C5-C6)

Triceps Brachii: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Short head: Posterior humerus Medial head: Posterior humerus INSERTION Olecranon process of the ulna ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Elbow extension and shoulder extension INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Elbow flexion and shoulder flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the elbow and shoulder girdle INNERVATION Radial nerve

Biceps Femoris (Short Head): Origin, Insertion, Functions, innervation

ORIGIN Lower one-third of the posterior aspect of the femur INSERTION Head of the fibula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee flexion and tibial external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee extension and tibial internal rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the knee INNERVATION Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Vastus Medialis: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Lower region of intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera, and proximal medial supracondylar line of the femur INSERTION Base of patella and tibial tuberosity of the tibia ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates knee extension INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates knee flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the knee INNERVATION Femoral nerve

Pronator Teres: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna INSERTION Radius ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Pronates forearm INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Forearm supination Isometric Action Stabilizes proximal radioulnar joint and elbow INNERVATION Median nerve

Gluteus Maximus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Outer ilium, posterior side of sacrum and coccyx, and part of the sacrotuberous and posterior sacroiliac ligament INSERTION Gluteal tuberosity of the femur and iliotibial tract ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip extension and external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip flexion, internal rotation, and tibial internal rotation via the iliotibial band Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Inferior gluteal nerve

Tensor Fascia Latae: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Outer surface of the iliac crest just posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis INSERTION Proximal one-third of the iliotibial band ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip extension, adduction, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus Medius, Posterior Fibers: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Outer surface of the ilium INSERTION Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip abduction and external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip adduction and internal rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus Medius, Anterior Fibers: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Outer surface of the ilium INSERTION Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip abduction and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip adduction and external rotation Isometric Action Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Superior gluteal nerve

Pectinius: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Pectineal line on the superior pubic ramus of the pelvis INSERTION Pectineal line on the posterior surface of the upper femur ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip abduction, extension, and external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Obturator nerve

Gastrocenemius: Origin, Insertion, Functions, Innervation

ORIGIN Posterior aspect of the lateral and medial femoral condyles INSERTION Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates plantar flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates ankle dorsiflexion Isometric Action Isometrically stabilizes the foot and ankle complex INNERVATION Tibial nerve

Multifidus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Posterior aspect of the sacrum and processes of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine INSERTION Spinous processes 1 to 4 segments above the origin ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal extension and contralateral rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal flexion and rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine INNERVATION Corresponding spinal nerves

Soleus: Origin, Insertion, Functions, Innervation

ORIGIN Posterior surface of the fibular head and proximal one-third of its shaft and from the posterior side of the tibia INSERTION Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates plantar flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates ankle dorsiflexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the foot and ankle complex INNERVATION Tibial nerve

Posterior Tibialis: Origin, Insertion, Functions, Innervation

ORIGIN Proximal two-thirds of posterior surface of the tibia and fibula INSERTION Every tarsal bone (navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid) but the talus plus the bases of the second through the fourth metatarsal bones—the main insertion is on the navicular tuberosity and the medial cuneiform bone. ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Ankle plantar flexion and inversion of the foot INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Ankle dorsiflexion and eversion Isometric Action Stabilizes the arch of the foot INNERVATION Tibial nerve

Rectus abdominus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Pubic symphysis of the pelvis INSERTION Ribs 5-7 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Intercostal nerve T7-T12

Pectoralis Minor: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ribs 3-5 INSERTION Coracoid process of the scapula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Protracts the scapula INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Scapular retraction Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Medial pectoral nerve (C6-T1)

Serratus Anterior: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ribs 4-12 INSERTION Medial border of the scapula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Scapular protraction INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Scapular retraction Isometric Action Stabilizes the scapula INNERVATION Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)

Transverse Abdominus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Ribs 7-12, anterior two-thirds of the iliac crest of the pelvis, and thoracolumbar fascia INSERTION Linea alba and contralateral rectus sheaths ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Increases intra-abdominal pressure and supports the abdominal viscera INTEGRATED FUNCTION Isometric Action Synergistically with the internal oblique, multifidus, and deep erector spinae to stabilize the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Intercostal nerves (T7-T12), iliohypogastric (L1), and ilioinguinal (L1)

Biceps Brachii: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Short head: Coracoid process Long head: Tubercle above glenoid cavity on the humerus INSERTION Radial tuberosity of the radius ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Elbow flexion, supination of the radioulnar joint, and shoulder flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Elbow extension, pronation of the radioulnar joint, and shoulder extension Isometric Action Stabilizes the elbow and shoulder girdle INNERVATION Musculocutaneous nerve

Posterior Deltoid: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Spine of the scapula INSERTION Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder extension and external rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder flexion and internal rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Axillary nerve (C5-C6)

Rhomboids: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Spinous processes of C7-T5 INSERTION Medial border of the scapula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Produces scapular retraction and downward rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Scapular protraction and upward rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the scapula INNERVATION Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)

Middle Trapezius: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Spinous processes of T1-T5 INSERTION Acromion process of the scapula and superior aspect of the spine of the scapula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Scapular retraction INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Scapular protraction and elevation Isometric Action Stabilizes scapula INNERVATION Cranial nerve XI and ventral rami C2-C4

Lower Trapezius: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Spinous processes of T6-T12 INSERTION Spine of the scapula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Scapular depression INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Scapular elevation Isometric Action Stabilizes the scapula INNERVATION Cranial nerve XI and ventral rami C2-C4

Latissimus Dorsi: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Spinous processes of T7-T12, iliac crest of the pelvis, thoracolumbar fascia, and ribs 9-12 INSERTION Inferior angle of the scapula and intertubercular groove of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, and spinal flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and shoulder INNERVATION Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

Sternocleidomastoid: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Sternal head: Top of manubrium of the sternum Clavicular head: Medial one-third of the clavicle INSERTION Mastoid process and lateral superior nuchal line of the occiput of the skull ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Cervical extension, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the cervical spine and acromioclavicular joint INNERVATION Cranial nerve XI

Subscapularis: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Subscapular fossa of the scapula INSERTION Lesser tubercle of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Shoulder internal rotation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Shoulder external rotation Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5-C6)

Supraspinatus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Supraspinous fossa of the scapula INSERTION Superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Abduction of the arm INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Adduction of the arm Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)

Teres Major: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Supraspinous fossa of the scapula INSERTION Superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Abduction of the arm INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Adduction of the arm Isometric Action Stabilizes the shoulder girdle INNERVATION Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)

Psoas Major: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Transverse processes and lateral bodies of the last thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, including intervertebral discs INSERTION Lesser trochanter of the femur as the iliopsoas tendon ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Accelerates hip flexion and external rotation and extends and rotates lumbar spine INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates hip internal rotation and decelerates hip extension Isometric Action Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex INNERVATION Spinal nerve branches of L1-L3

Levator Scapulae: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Transverse processes of C1-C4 INSERTION Superior vertebral border of the scapula ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Cervical extension, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation when the scapula is anchored and assists in elevation and downward rotation of the scapula INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Cervical flexion, contralateral cervical rotation, lateral flexion, scapular depression, and upward rotation when the neck is stabilized Isometric Action Stabilizes the cervical spine and scapula INNERVATION Ventral rami C3-C4 and dorsal scapular nerve

Longis Capitus: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Transverse processes of C3-C6 INSERTION Inferior occipital bone ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Cervical flexion and lateral flexion INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Cervical extension Isometric Action Stabilizes the cervical spine INNERVATION Ventral rami (C1-C3)

Scalenes: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Transverse processes of C3-C7 INSERTION First and second ribs ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion and assists rib elevation during inhalation INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Cervical extension, rotation, and lateral flexion Isometric Action Stabilizes the cervical spine INNERVATION Ventral rami (C3-C7)

Transversospinalis: Thoracic Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Transverse processes of T12-T7 INSERTION Spinous processes of T4-C6 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Produces spinal extension and lateral flexion; extension and contralateral rotation of the head INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates lateral flexion of the spine, flexion, and contralateral rotation of the head Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine INNERVATION Dorsal rami C1-T6 spinal nerves

Transversospinalis: Cervicus Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Transverse processes of T6-C4 INSERTION Spinous processes of C5-C2 ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Produces spinal extension and lateral flexion and extension and contralateral rotation of the head INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates lateral flexion of the spine, and flexion and contralateral rotation of the head Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine INNERVATION Dorsal rami C1-T6 spinal nerves

Transversospinalis: Capitus Division: Origin, Insertion, Function, Innervation

ORIGIN Transverse processes of T6-C7 Articular processes of C6-C4 INSERTION Nuchal line of occipital bone of the skull ISOLATED FUNCTION Concentric Action Produces spinal extension and lateral flexion and extension and contralateral rotation of the head INTEGRATED FUNCTION Eccentric Action Decelerates lateral flexion of the spine, and flexion and contralateral rotation of the head Isometric Action Stabilizes the spine INNERVATION Dorsal rami C1-T6 spinal nerves