NASM FNS Chapter 2 Nutrition Guidelines and Spotlight on Complementary and Alternative Nutrition ; Functional Foods and dietary supplements, GABI 2020

Lean and Extra Lean

Describe the fat content of meal and main dish products, seafood, and game meat products.

Weighed Food Records

Detailed food records obtained by weighing foods before eating and then weighing leftovers to determine the exact amount consumed.

DASH diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

FDA

" Diets rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of some type of cancer and other chronic disease

Food Label- 5 requirements

(1) a statement of identity; (2) the net contents (by weight, volume, or measure) of the package; (3) the name and address of the manufacturer, packer, or distributer; (4) a list of ingredients; and (5) nutrition information.

Drawbacks of Megadoses

-50-100 x DV of B6 can cause nerve damage -High dose vitamin E can interfere with normal use of vitamin K and blood clotting -Make sure to tell your physician (especially surgical patients) to avoid bleeding in operating room

Functional Foods

-Provide health benefits beyond nutrition -Phytochemicals (plant chemicals)

Dietary Standards

Set of values for recommended intake of nutrients.

Daily Value purpose

Shown for 2 caloric intake levels to emphasize the importance o evaluating your own diet in order to apply the information on the label

structure/function claims

Statetment easy to spot it says, " this statement has not been evaluated b the food an drug administration"

Claims for Functional Foods 83

Structure/Function Claims Must be based on the food's nutritive value Structure/function claims are not as strictly regulated as health claims Many manufacturers are making claims about non- nutrients in foods

Phytochemicals Make Foods Functional Phytochemicals -include pigments, antioxidants, ... and have been associated with protection from heart disease, vision loss, hypertension, cancer and diabetes

Substances in plants that may promote good health Plants contain phytochemicals in abundance Don't know enough about them to purify and add to diet

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The federal agency responsible for ensuring that foods sold in the United States (except for eggs, poultry, and meat, which are monitored by the USDA) are safe, wholesome, and labeled properly. The FDA sets standards for the composition of some foods, inspects food plants, and monitors imported foods. The FDA is an agency of the Department of Health and Human Servies (DHHS).

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

The nutrient intake levels that meet the nutrient needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a life-stage and gender group.

Adequate Intake (AI)

The nutrient intake that appears to sustain a defined nutritional state or some other indicator of health (e.g., growth rate or normal circulating nutrient values) in a specific population or subgroup. AI is used when there is insufficient scientific evidence to establish an EAR.

Lycopene

a pigment responsible for the red color of tomatoes and other red-hued vegetables; a phytochemical that may act as an antioxidant in the body. Family of plant chemicals: Carotenoids alphacarotene beta-carotine

Low Saturated-Fat

1 gram or less of saturated fat per serving; no more than 15 percent of calories from saturated fat.

Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA)

An amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. The NLEA made major changes to the content and scope of the nutrition label and to other elements of food labels. Final regulations were published in 1993 and went into effect in 1994.

Health Claim-p 58

Any statement that associates a food or a substance in a food with a disease or health-related condition. The FDA authorizes health claims.

Clinical Observations-assess skin color,hair texture, fingernail shape, bones

Assessment by evaluating the characteristics of well-being that can be seen in a physical exam. Nonspecific, clinical observations can provide clues to nutrient deficiency or excess that can by confirmed or ruled out by biochemical testing.

High dose of Vit A and D

can reach toxic level

When shopping for supplements...

it is crucial to choose quality over outlandish claims. A quality company will not promise miracles on its Web site, in catalogs, in commercials or ads, or in store promotions. Promises to make you smarter or thinner, etc., should raise a red flag immediately.

isoflavones-phytoestrogen

plant chemical: Positive effect against Cancer and heart disease also called phytoestrogen

Complementary Medicine**-outside the medical mainstream -Based mainly or solely on observation or anecdotal evidence rather then controlled research -Ex: Using herbs to combat diarrhea caused by AIDS medications and taking supplements to replace lost vitamins is complementary medicine

practices used in addition to conventional medicine ex: herbs, supplement shake, mediation. special diet therapies, phytotherapy ( herbalism) , orthomolecular medicine, and other biological intervention

Structure/function claim

-Describes a benefit related to a nutrient-deficiency disease or describe the role of a nutrient in humans:ex;calcium helps build srong bones

Benefits of Phytochemicals (not considered as a nutrient) Food,herbs with highest anticancer properties: garlic, soybeans, cabbage, ginger, licorice, celery, carrots, parsley

1.-Phytoestrogens- . *Modify estrogen metabolism or block effects of estrogen on cell growth (soy, cabbage) *Estrogen levels (and other hormones) are closely linked to development of breast, ovarian & prostate CA 2. Neutralize free radicals (over time FR can damage DNA/cell structure promoting CA & aging) -Pigments in grapes/red wine-neutralize or reduce the concentrations of free radicals -protecting agains cancer and heart disease 3. Grain phytochemicals ,the terpenoids reduces LDL

Low-Sodium

140 milligrams or less per serving.

Low-Cholesterol

20 milligrams or less and 2 grams or less of saturated fat per serving.

Low-Fat

3 grams or less per serving.

Dietary intake

Evaluate diet for nutrient (e.g., fat, calcium, protein) or food (e.g., number of fruits and vegetables) intake

Example of Dietary Supplements and Their Claims85

Ex: Beta carotene-prevent cancer ...

Harmful effect of herbs -90 -Licorice extract-flushes potassium out from body, raises blood pressure, interferes with blood pressure medication -St. John's Wort interacts with oral contraceptives. blood thinners, antidepressent, and drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDs -Herbs dangerous to take for people taking medication for cardiovascular disease: St. John's Wort, ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, garlic, grapefruit, hawthorn, saw palmetto, danshen, Echinacea, yohimbe, licorice and black cobosh -Ephedra, chaparral, comfrey are dangerous -Senna ,cascara and rhubarb are powerful laxatives -Aloe and cascara sagrada cannot be used in over the counter laxatives -Kava-causing liver toxicity (FDA warning) -Herbs should NOT be used during Pregnancy; St. John's Wort, pennyroyal -Male enhancers containing: ginseng, ginkgo biloba, I-arginine, Tribulus Terestris extract, in addition to niacin, zinc and copper caused changes in heart function in men Quality control is big issue in herbal medicine; 91 - contains lead and mercury -cause illness and death -Poorly standardized strength and potency -Manufacturers required to evaluate the identity, purity, strength, and composition of the products and proper labeling Selected-Herb drug interaction Page 90 table-91 Potential adverse effect of herbs

Helpful Herbs-89 -St. John's Wort-for depression -Milk Thistle-for liver disease, -Ginkgo biloba( blood thinner -it can be harmful too and can cause bleeding in some people)- lowering the incidence of Alzheimer's disease,improves memory, slowing cognitive decline,help blood circulation -Cranberry juice-for urinary tract infection,by inhibiting bacteria from sticking to the lining or Urinary tract -Saw palmetto -improve symptoms in men with benign prostate enlargement -Placebo effect -ginger-for nausea,motion sickness, -lemon perks appetite -chamomile helps insomnia

Supplement Fact panel

Herbal ingridents must list the plant part, such as root or leaf

Fat-Free

Less than 0.5 grams of fat per serving.

Sugar-Free

Less than 0.5 grams of sugar per serving.

Anthropometric Measurements-body fat %, height, weight

Measurements of the physical characteristics of the body, such as height, weight, head circumference, girth, and skinfold measurements. Anthropometric measurements are particularly useful in evaluating the growth of infants, children, and adolescents and in determining body compostion.

Which of the following federal programs offers a service for reporting adverse reactions to supplements?

MedWatch

Which of the following nutrients generally has the smallest margin of safety when taking megadoses?

Minerals

Bioflavonoids-92

Naturally occurring plant chemicals, especially from citrus fruits, that reduce the permeability and fragility of capillaries

ABCDs of Nutrition Assessment

Nutrition assessment components: anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical observations, and dietary intake.

Reduced

Nutritionally altered product containing at least 25 percent less of a nutrient or of calories than the regular or reference product. Note: A "reduced" claim cannot be used if the reference product already meets the requirement for "low."

Undernutrition

Poor health resulting from depletion of nutrients caused by inadequate nutrient intake over time. It is now most often associated with poverty, alcoholism, and some types of eating disorders.

Harmful Herbs Page 91

Potential for drug interactions Examples of products with toxic side effects Yohimbe Ephedra Chaparral Comfrey

Other dietary supplements 92

Protein powders Amino Acids carotenoids bioflavonoids fiber Garlic

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMIDRs)

Range of intakes for a particular energy source that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients.

Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide

Recommendations to help Canadians select foods to meet energy and nutrient needs while reducing the risk of chronic disease. The Food Guide is based on the Nutrition Recommendations for Canadians and Canada's Guidelines for Healthy Eating and is a key nutrition education tool for Canadians aged 4 years and older.

Diet History

Record of food intake and eating behaviors that includes recent and long-term habits of food consumption. Conducted by a skilled interviewer, the diet history is the most comprehensive form of dietary intake data collection.

Fortify

Refers to the addition of vitamins or minerals that were not originally present in a food.

Implied Claims

These are prohibited when they wrongfully imply that a food contains or does not contain a meaningful level of a nutrient. For example, a product cannot claim to be made with an ingredient known to be a source of fiber (such as "made with oat bran") unless the product contains enough of that ingredient (e.g., oat bran) to meet the definition for "good source" of fiber. As another example, a claim that a product contains "no tropical oils" is allowed, but only on foods that are "low" in saturated fat, because consumers have come to equate tropical oils with high levels of saturated fats.

Nutrient Content Claims

These claims describe the level of a nutrient or dietary substance in the product, using terms such as good source, high, or free.

Light

This descriptor can have two meanings: 1. A nutritionally altered product contains one-third fewer calories or half the fat of the reference food. If the reference food derives 50 percent or more of its calories from fat, the reduction must be 50 percent of the fat. 2. The sodium content of a low-calorie, low-fat food has been reduced by 50 percent. Also, light in sodieum may be used on a food in which the sodium content has been reduced by at least 50 percent. Note: The term light can still be used to describe such properties as texture and color as long as the label clearly explains its meaning (e.g., light brown sugar, light and fluffy).

Enrich

To add vitamins and minerals lost or diminished during food processing, particularly the addition of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron to grain products.

Alternative Medicine**-99 Ex: Using herbs and multivitamins to treat AIDS Alternative nutrition -99 -overly restrictive, depart from established dietary guidelines, and lack rigorous scientific evidence *Food restriction, Special diets, dietary supplements. food prescriptions -Includes diets to prevent and treat diseases not shown to be diet- related 1. Vegetarian Diet 2. Macrobiotic diet- best know alternative diet- highly restrictive dietary approach applied as a therapy for risk factors or chronic disease in general- fresh non processed food,low fat, whole grains, vegetables, restricts the intake of fluid- for cancer and cardiovascular disease-100-healthier blood lipid, low BP, but diet is low in Calcium and vit D Food restrictions and prescriptions Name fad diets

practices used in place of conventional medicine ex: essential oils, cupping

Regulations of Supplements 92 -Law defines dietary supplements, in part as a products that are taken by mouth that contain a "dietary ingredients' Dietary supplements 93 are not drugs! -Nonfood: pills, liquids, or powders that contain purified nutrients or other ingredients: minerals, vitamins, amino acid, herbs, enzymes, metabolites, or concentrates -Are not food additives also subject to premarket approval, supplement manufacturer can market their product without FDA approval ( does not need to prove its safety or efficacy -only for drugs) Drugs- 93 -intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent disease *must undergo studies of effectiveness, safety, interaction with other substances,dosing *FDA gives approval of a drug *need to prove its safety and efficacy

-Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act-legislation that regulates dietary supplements -FTC -Federal Trade Comission -and Supplement advertising- ensure advertisements and commercials are true and not misleading -FDA -Food and Drug administration primarily responsible for content of supplement regulation and labeling

Conventional medicine=Western or allopathic ( practiced by M.D and D.O ,physical therapist, psychologists, registered nurses

-Drug interactions -Patients with malabsorption syndromes (CF, UC) -Treatment of deficiencies -Drug-like effects -Excesses of some nutrients can cause deficiencies in others

claims allowed on labels

-Health claims (approved by FDA) -Structure/function claims *Link substance and effect on the body *No approval required *Must have "disclaimer" statement on label

Increased nutrient needs and/or poor intake/Moderate Supplementation 84

-Pregnant and breastfeeding women-folic acid,iron -Women with heavy menstrual losses-iron loss -Children-Vit D -Infants-vit D, fluoride -People with severe food restrictions-weight loss ,eating disorder,mental illness, poor people -Strict vegetarians-vit B12, vit D, Calcium, zinc,iron, -Elders-extra vit B12( not enough stomach acid which is needed for absorption of B12), Vit D, calcium, -Bariatric

Herbal therapy (phytotherapy)

-Traditional medical practices -Little scientific evidence of efficacy, safety

2008 Physical Activity Guideline suggest

-adults should do 150 min moderate intensity activity each week ,or 30 min for 5 days -children 6 years and older 60 min or more per day

Dietary Supplement labels 93- -Supplement Facts Panel-may contain Health claims, structure/function claim, and nutrient content claim 1. Health claims" calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, or folate taken by woman reduces the risk of neural tube defect in newborns" 2.Structure/function claim *Ex: antioxidant maintain cell integrity , fiber maintain bowel regularity -Also might describe the link between a nutrient and a deficiency disease ( vitaminC and curvy), as long it also mentions the prevalence of disease in US -FDA authorization is not needed -how to recognize Structure/function claim- they are accompanied by the disclaimer" this statement has not been evaluated by the Food and drug administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease -What is allowed? - Promotes urinary tract health (cranberry capsules) Yes -prevent urinary tract infection -Not allowed -If on the label says; cure or treat -considered an unapproved drug

-not food,nor drugs. Government regulates it FTC and FDA monitor advertising, labeling of Dietary Supplement. Must include: -Ingredient information and Supplement Facts Panel - can include substances for which no daily value has been established -Herbal ingredients must list the plant part, such as root or leaf 3. Nutrient content claims can be made only for a nutrient of dietary substance that has been established a daily value 4. Dietary ingredients without Daily value- may describe the amount of the ingredients Ex: 40% omega 3 , or 10 mg per capsule Supplement Fact panel- Page 94

Very Low Sodium

35 milligrams or less per serving.

Low-Calorie

40 calories or less per serving.

Exmples of Fumctional Food:p 73 1.Carotenoids:beta carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxhantin.... 2. Dietary Fiber 3. Fatty Acid 4. Flavonoids 5. Isothiocyanates 6. Minerals 7. Phenalic Acid

8. Plant Stanols/Sterols 9. Polyols 10. Prebiotics 11. probiotics 12. Phytoestrogen -75 13.Soy protein 14. Sulfides/ Thiols 15. Vitamins

Food and Nutrition Board

A board within the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. It is responsible for assembling the group of nutrition scientists who review available scientific data to determine appropriate intake levels fo the known essential nutrients.

Nutrient Density

A description of the healthfulness of foods. Foods high in nutrient density are those that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories; foods low in nutrient density are those that supply calories but relatively small amounts of vitamins and minerals (or none at all).

Food enhanced with functional ingredients

Cacium fortified orange juice -breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid -yogurt with live active culture -margarines with plant sterol and stanol ester

High dose of

Calcium, Iron, zinc, and copper can interfere with absorption of other minerls

24-Hour Dietary Recall

A form of dietary intake data collection. The interviewer takes the client through a recent 24-hour period (usually midnight to midnight) a determine what foods and beverages the client consumed.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

A framework of dietary standards that includes Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).

MyPlate-internet based educational tool-USDA

A guide to healthy eating from the United States Department of Agriculture.

Healthy

A healthy food must be low in fat and saturated fat and contain limited amounts of cholesterol (less than 60 milligrams) and sodium milligrams for meal-type products). In addition, a single-item food must provide at least 10 percent or more of one of the following: vitamin A or C, iron, calcium, protein, or fiber. A meal-type product, such as a frozen entree or dinner, must provide 10 percent of two or more of these viatmins or minerals, or protein or fiber, in addition to meeting the other criteria. Additional regulations allow the term healthy to be applied to raw, canned, or frozen fruits and vegetables and enriched grains even if the 10 percent nutrient content rule is not met. However, frozen or canned fruits or vegetables cannot contain ingredients that would change the nutrient profile.

Statement of Identity

A mandate that commercial food products prominently display the common or usual name of the product or identify the food with an "appropriately descriptive term."

Skinfold Measurements

A method to estimate body fat by measuring with calipers the thickness of a fold or skin and subcutaneous fat. -work better to monitoring malnutrition

Nutrition Facts

A portion of the food label that states the content of selected nutrients in a food in a standard way prescribed by the Food and Drug Administration.

Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)

A questionnaire for nutrition assessment that asks how often the subject consumes specific foods or groups of foods, rather than what specific foods the subject consumes daily. Also called food frequency checklist.

More

A serving of food, whether altered or not, contains more of a nutrient that is at least 10 percent of the Daily Value more than the reference food. This also applies to fortified, enriched, and added claims, but in those cases, the food must be altered.

Nutrition Recommendations for Canadians

A set of scientific statements that provide guidance to Canadians for a dietary pattern that will supply recommended amounts of all essential nutrients while reducing the risk of chronic disease.

Daily Values (DVs)

A single set of nutrient intake standards developed by the Food and Drug Administration to represent the needs of the "typical" consumer; used as standards for expressing nutrient content on food labels.

Biochemical Assessment

Assessment by measuring a nutrient or its metabolite in one or more body fluids, such as blood and urine, or in feces. Also called laboratory assessment.

Food Additives: 80 Food Additives are; -regulated by the FDA-manufacturer must provide convincing research evidence the additive performs its intended function and is not harmful at consumption level -in functional foods -know how much is safe and should be used Purpose of food additives: -Maintain product consistency -Improve nutritional value -Keep food appetizing and wholesome -Provide leavening or control acidity -Enhance flavor or color Color additives: 81 -Any dye, pigments, that give color to food (1. certified -synthetic and has to be listed on food label by common name or 2. exempt food additives-natural substances from vegetables, minerals and animals) ,drug or cosmetic or human body Generally recognized and safe GRAS substances -If is GRAS -it is considered safe -Ex: Salt, sugar, spices, vitamins, and monosodium glutamate MSG are GRAS Prior-sanctioned Substance -Refers to substances that the FDA or the USDA had determined were safe for use in a specific food prior to the 1958 Food Additives Amendment.

Can be direct of indirect -Direct additive: ,aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose are added to a food for a specific reason, such as to sweeten. -Indirect additive :substances that unintentionally become part of the food in trace amounts, such as chemicals from a food's packaging. Most common additive: -Salt, sugar and corn syrup -and citric acid ,baking soda, vegetables colors, mustard, pepper (98%by weight) Additives falls in 4 categories: -Food additives -Color additives -Generally recognized and safe GRAS substances -prior- sanctioned substances -Maturing and bleaching agent, such as bromates, peroxide and ammonium chloride speed up the natural aging and whitening process of milled flour. ( used for baking products) -Yeast, baking powder and soda prouce CO2, creates light texture in bread and cakes -Vit A and D is added to milk -NItrates and nitrites is added to ham ,bacon ( cured meat product) to prevent to growth of clostridium botulinum Delaney Clause**81 Food additives and color additives cannot be approved if they cause cancer in humans or animals and nAmed after congressman who sponsored it

Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs)

Canadian dietary standards that have been replaced by Dietary Reference Intakes.

Food Groups

Categories of similar foods, such as fruits or vegetables.

Food records- 3-7 days

Detailed information about day-to-day habits; typically includes all foods and beverages consumed for a defined period, usually three to seven consecutive days.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

Dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health.

Choosing dietary supplements 96-98 What is the good indicator of quality? Page 97 - U.S. Pharmacopeia USP verification mark- the product meets the U.S Pharmacopeia standards -for purity, accuracy, and proper manufacturing practices * Contains ingredients declared on the label *Contains the amount of strength *meet requirements for limits on potential contaminants * has been manufactured in compliance with FDA standards

Enough quantity to be effective? Is the product new to you? Can the supplement cross the intestine and travel to its presumed site of action in the body? Can the supplement interact with any prescription or over-the-counter medication? Does the product promise too much? Who is selling the product

Calorie-Free

Fewer than 5 calories per serving.

What four things make up alternative nutrition?

Food Restrictions Food Prescriptions Special Diets Dietary Supplements

Low

Food can be eaten frequently without exceeding dietary guidelines, for one or more of these components: fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and calories. Synonyms include little, few, and low source of.

Good Source

Food contains 10 to 19 percent of the Daily Value for a particular nutrient in one serving.

High

Food contains 20 percent or more of the Daily Value for a particular nutrient in a serving.

Free

Food contains no amount (or trivial or "physiologically inconsequential" amounts). May be used with one or more of the following: fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, sugar, and calories. Synonyms include without, no, and zero.

Fresh

Food is raw, has never been frozen or heated, and contains no preservatives. Fresh frozen, frozen fresh, and freshly frozen can be used for foods that are quickly frozen while still fresh. Blanched foods also can be called fresh.

Percent Fat-Free

Food must be a low-fat or a fat-free product. In addition, the claim must reflect accurately the amount of nonfat ingredients in 100 grams of food.

Less

Food, whether altered or not, contains 25 percent less of a nutrient or of calories than the reference food. Fewer is an acceptable synonym.

What are the recommended amount for each of the food groups of MyPyraid for a 2000-calorie diet?

Grains: 6 oz =, half should be whole grains vegetables group: 2and half cup Fruits- 2 cups Milk-3 cups Meat and beans- 5 and 1/2 oz equivalent

Canada's Guidelines for Healthy Eating

Key messages that are based on the 1990 Nutrition Recommendations for Canadians and that provide positive, action-oriented, scientifically accurate eating advice to Canadians.

Saturated Fat-Free

Less than 0.5 grams of saturated fat per serving, and less than 0.5 grams of trans fatty acids per serving.

Lean

Less than 10 grams fat, 4.5 grams or less saturated fat, and less than 95 milligrams of cholesterol per serving and per 100 grams.

Cholesterol-Free

Less than 2 milligrams of cholesterol and 2 grams or less of saturated fat per serving.

Extra Lean

Less than 5 grams of fat, less than 2 grams saturated fat, and less than 95 miligrams of cholesterol per serving and per 100 grams.

Sodium-Free

Less than 5 milligrams of sodium per serving.

Exchange Lists- diet planning tool for diabetic and weight control diets

Lists of foods that in specified portions provide equivalent amounts of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and energy. Any food in an Exchange List can be substituted for any other without markedly affecting macronutrient intake.

MYplate advice

Make at least half your grains whole grain

Nutrition Assessment

Measurement of the nutritional health of the body. It can include anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical observations, and dietary intake, as well as medical histories and socioeconomic factors.

Fraudulent products Claims,or how to recognize -97

Secret cure—"breakthrough" Pseudomedical jargon—"detoxify" Can cure a wide range of diseases Has no side effects, only benefits Backed by "scientific research" but none is listed Desperate patients are vulnerable

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010

The foundation of federal nutrition policy and are developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). These science-based guidelines are intended to reduce the number of Americans who decelop chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and alcoholism.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The government agency that monitors the production of eggs, poultry, and meat for adherence to standards of quality and wholesomeness. The USDA also provides public nutrition education, performs nutrition research, and administers the WIC program.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

The intake value that meets the estimated nutrient needs of 50 percent of individuals in a specific life-stage and gender group.

Overnutrition

The long-term consumption of an excess of nutrients. The most common type of overnutrition in the United States results from the regular consumption of excess calories, fats, saturated fats, and cholesterol.

Requirement

The lowest continuing intake level of a nutrient that prevents deficiency in an individual.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)

The maximum levels of daily nutrient intakes that are unlikely to pose health risks to almost all of the individuals in the group for whom they are designed.

orthomolecular medicine

The preventive or therapeutic use of high-dose vitamins to treat disease.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

The principal federal agency responsible for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. The agency is especially concerned with those Americans who are least able to help themselves.

Herbal therapy

the therapeutic use of herbs and other plants to promote health and treat disease.

complementary and alternative medicine

unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies

Megadoses -86 *Best!-If you look for a brand that contain at least 20 vitamins and minerals each with no more then 100% daily value!!! Dowback of megadoses 87-88 !!!Excess in some nutrients can cause deficit in other nutrient -High doses of calcium, iron, zinc and copper can interfere with the absorption of other nutrients !!! -Easy to rich toxic level if you are supplementing with high dose of soluble vit A and D -Supplemental iron is hard on sensitive digestive system -Megadosing Vit B6 at 50-100 times the DV can cause nerve damage!!! -High folic acid can cause "breakthrough seizure" -Vit E can interfere with normal use vit K and blood clotting -Vit K can interferes with medications to control blood clotting ,should be taken under Dr direction -Before surgery Vit E ,accompanied by blood thinner such as ginko, biloba, aspirin, fish oil can cause bleeding during surgery -Antioxidants can counteract chemotherapy or radiation

very large amounts of nutrient supplements -Vit B6 and Folic acid given with drugs for long term tuberculosis treatment -Ex: Vit B might be prescribed along with seizure medication or medicines that block the metabolism of nucleic acid -Megadoses are given to people with malabsorption syndromes to compensate the losses, and to override intestinal barriers to absorption. *Ex: colitis, cystic fibrosis -In Pernicius anemia-the key substance for vit B12 absorption is missing, therefore megadoses of B12 is given -Nicotinic acid around 10-20 milligram function as vitamin, but at the level over 50 milligram acts as a drug reducing blood lipid level -*Side Effect: Nicotinic acid when was combined with another medication caused increased ischemic stroke in patient with heart and vascular disease -Vit E is megadose: neurological illness, minimize the complication of diabetes, and reduced the risk of coronary heart disease Megadoses of vitamin C can cause-diarrhea, scurvy like symptoms, nausea, cramps