NASM Nutrition Certification Chapter 16- Motivational Interviewing/ Motivational Foundations/Motivational Strategies/ Stages of Change

Motivational Interviewing (MI

A client-centered coaching style that helps clients resolve ambivalence and elicit behavior change. It is a coaching approach that can be used to help clients change specific health behavior. It is a collaborative, empathetic, and goal-oriented style of communication.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT

A motivational theory that describes individuals psychological needs for growth - self-determination theory also describes different types of motivational regulation and considers these regulations anywhere on a continuum of motivation.

Self-Efficacy

A person's confidence that they can successfully execute behaviors required to produce outcomes. An individual's perception of their self-efficacy, in relation to the challenge of the behavior, tells the client whether the pursuit of a goal is attainable or out of reach.

Affirmation

A positive statement about a client's character that acknowledges their efforts.

Amotivation

A state in which a person is not motivated to behave. Lacking motivation!

Self-Regulation

An individual's ability to modify their behavior. When one internal process, often a counter-productive impulse, overrides another. Self-regulation skills help clients resist negative external influences and are necessary for goal-directed behavior.

Integrated Regulation

Behavior performed because it is fully congruent with a person's values and needs.

Identified Regulation

Behavior performed because it is valued and personally important.

External Regulation

Behavior performed to achieve some external reward or to avoid punishment - it is reflective of complying with other people's demands.

Introjected Regulation

Behavior performed to avoid negative feelings (i.e., shame or guilt) or to enhance positive feelings (i.e., ego).

Intrinsic Motivation

Behavior that is directed by personal (internal) satisfaction such as personal enjoyment as well as striving for self-determination and competence. No external reward.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Behavioral change model that demonstrates progression through stages until the change becomes part of the everyday lifestyle.

Autonomy Support

Behaviors that are autonomous occur when the behavior is valued and is personally important, congruent with a client's identity, or when it is in line with values, goals, and needs.

Autonomous Motives

Behaviors that are enacted with a sense of volition and choice - autonomously motivated people want to do the behaviors. When behaviors have been internalized and are reflective of the self, yet are still extrinsic, they are considered autonomous and extrinsically motivated behavior. If a client can discover autonomous motives to drive behavior, they may be more likely to change.

Motivational Interviewing

Client-centered coaching.this means acceptance of the client's freedom to change or not to change. MI is also a collaboration with the client: by telling the client what to do without them specifically asking, the Nutrition Coach is robbing them of their autonomy.client-centered empathetic coaching process. is less about specific techniques and more about the fundamental mindset that underlies it.

Sources of Self-Efficacy/Physiological states

Create a positive coaching relationship that mitigates nervousness and anxiety. If a client feels unsure about a certain behavior, either provide empathetic listening to help the client see a solution or suggest a different behavior that does not elicit negative emotions.

Motivational Interviewing Strategies/Five Strategies of Motivational Interviewing

Express empathy through reflective listening. Help clients identify discrepancies between their values or goals and their behavior. Support self-efficacy. Avoid arguments. Adjust to client resistance.

Sources of Self-Efficacy/Verbal persuasion

If a client is not sure that they have the ability to do a certain task, remind them of times in the past where they have successfully made changes. Maybe the client is not sure that they have time to do food preparation but they also said the same thing about fitting in exercise. Remind them that when they scheduled effectively they were able to exercise more.

Reflective listening

Involves careful attention to what the client is saying and paraphrasing it back so that the client understands that the coach understands. Successful reflective listening occurs when a Nutrition Coach can find the true meaning behind what a client is saying. It clarifies and expresses an understanding of a person's own experiences and goals and personal meaning for those goals

reflective listening

Listening that clarifies and expresses an understanding of a person's own experiences and goals.

Tailoring Interventions to a Client's Readiness

Motivational interviewing can be used within other psychological frameworks. MI and TTM were developed separately. However, the stages of change in the TTM have provided a logical framework for the role of MI while MI provides directions for how to move people along the stages of change continuum. In essence, the TTM explains how and why people change and MI is a coaching style that helps people improve their motivation for change.

ideal comparator

People have an ideal version of themselves.

Planning Phase

Point where individuals decide how they will turn their motivation into behavior.

Sources of Self-Efficacy/Performance accomplishments

Provide a client with a chance to make an attainable change. For example, if the client typically eats out 4 nights per week, celebrate their success when they drop down to 1 night per week.

Sources of Self-Efficacy/Vicarious experience

Provide examples of other clients who have been in the current client's shoes. Give examples of what they did to achieve their goals.

Proximal Rewards

Rewards that are immediate - for example, the pleasure of eating high-sugar, high-fat foods.

Sources of Self-Efficacy

Self-Efficacy A person's confidence that they can successfully execute behaviors required to produce outcomes.

Three different relationships between problematic behaviors and values

Self-oriented: The behavior is good for the individual but bad for others. Short-sighted: The behavior is good for the individual now but bad for the individual later. Inefficient: The behavior satisfies some needs or values but prevents others.

Motivational Phase

The build-up of mental energy that drives the desire to behave in certain ways - behavior often needs plans.

Motivation

The collective reasons that drive a person to take action. It has been defined as the brain processes that energize and direct behavior

Autonomy

The feeling of freedom from external influences or control - the individual is perceived to be the source of their own behavior.

Ambivalence

The state of having mixed feelings about change - a client with ambivalence wants to change and at the same time does not want to change. When clients want to change but at the same time they do not want to change

Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)

The support of a client regardless of what they say or do - it is the belief that the client is trying their best despite perceived destructive behaviors.

Unconditional Positive Regard

The support of a client regardless of what they say or do - it is the belief that the client is trying their best despite perceived destructive behaviors. The opposite of the fundamental attribution error.

In the self-determination theory

There are three basic psychological needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

Controlled Motives

Those with motives who feel outside or internal pressure to do certain behaviors.

Extrinsic Motivation

When a behavior is done for any reason outside of inherent pleasure.

Fundamental Attribution Error

When a person's behavior is attributed to "the way they are" rather than to external factors.

Change Talk

When the client voices the benefits of change and disadvantages of staying the same. Change talk expresses what the client wants or does not want. There is also a reason why the client wants this. The client's why is rooted in their values and their goals. Change talk occurs when there is a discrepancy between the client's values or goals and their actual behavior.

Value Prioritization

When values are prioritized, behaviors are linked with the client's personal sense of a desired identity. linked to a person's sense of identity.

value exploration

a systematic examination of the relationship between life values and behavior change or maintenance. Clients discover why the goal is important to them. They then create specific behavior-oriented goals based on what their values are.