Nat504 module 9

Drugs that inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin may be helpful in the management of

depression

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

initiate action to have the cast split or removed

It is true that vitiligo

is a depigmented patch of skin

Menisci facilitate the rotation of the

knee

Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called

malunion

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of

noncontractile tissue injury

Persistent, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts that an individual recognizes as a product of his or her own mind are called

obsessions Obsessions are strong, persistent, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts. Compulsions are repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (e.g., handwashing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the person performs with urgency and rigidly. Delusions are not persistent, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts. Hallucinations are not persistent, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts that an individual recognizes as a product of his or her own mind.

It is true that synovial fluid

provides protection

Researchers suggest a mediating role between the later development of schizophrenia and

Prenatal influenza exposure.

What type of fracture generally occurs in children?

greenstick

Bone healing may be impaired by

nicotine use

The structures that connect muscle to bone are referred to as

tendons

Slow pain sensation is transmitted primarily by

unmyelinated C fibers

Signs/symptoms of Lyme disease include (Select all that apply.)

fever and chills. arthritic pain. headache. myalgia.

Tachycardia is a common finding in individuals with

panic attacks

The first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Which finding indicates a need for further evaluation of a nevus mole?

Variations in color within the nevus

Schizophrenia is characterized by

disorganized thinking.

It is true that articular cartilage (Select all that apply.)

dries out with aging. spreads weight load. needs synovial fluid lubrication. has limited regeneration ability.

The first priority when rescuing a burned individual is

eliminating the source of the burn

The time between the end of burn shock and closure of the burn to less than 20% of total body surface area is called the ________ phase.

emergent

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

estrogen deficiency

A topical therapy that would tend to dry the skin because it is an astringent is

gel

Childlike silliness in a patient with schizophrenia is known as

grossly disorganized behavior. Grossly disorganized behavior can range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation, and impairs tasks of daily living. Delusions, or systematic, fixed, false beliefs, usually involve themes of persecution, REF, somatization, religiosity, or grandiosity. Disorganized thinking is usually evaluated by an individual's speech, and is frequently characterized by frequent derailment or loose associations, invented words, tangential idea, and, when most severe, incomprehensible speech. Asociality is a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Acute, painful inflammation with vesicles along the distribution of a spinal nerve (dermatome) is characteristic of

herpes zoster

A mild form of hyperactivity in which social functioning is not significantly impaired is called

hypomania

When oxygen for muscle activity from the respiratory vascular systems is insufficient for muscle activity, the body breaks down glucose, which results in

Lactic acid buildup in muscle

Which disorders are classified as anxiety related? (Select all that apply.)

Panic Generalized anxiety Obsessive-compulsive

Psoriasis is characterized by

a. silvery scale on the skin.

The epiphyseal plate

allows for continued bone lengthening during maturation.

Mania and depression are both characterized by

altered decision making ability.

The third element essential to survival after major burn injury is

a. excision of the burn followed by skin grafting.

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder

may become highly anxious if prevented from performing rituals.

An elderly patient is taking antipsychotic drugs and begins to develop involuntary chewing motions. The patient is likely exhibiting signs of

tardive dyskinesia

It is true that covering a burn with cool wet sheets

promotes hypothermia.

Systemic disorders include

rheumatoid arthritis

The first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A post-infective painful neuralgia can occur as a complication of

shingles

Drug therapy with a dopamine receptor antagonist is initiated to manage a patient's symptoms of schizophrenia. The goal of treatment is to

stabilize dopamine activity

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with

systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

systemic manifestations of inflammation

It is true that second-degree, superficial partial-thickness burns

usually heal in 7 to 21 days.

A person who frequently spends hours each day attending to hand hygiene is referred to as a

washer.

"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is

"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."

Osteoclast activity leads to

resorption of bone

Characteristics of scoliosis include (Select all that apply.)

1) involvement of lateral curvature of the spine. 2)increase during periods of rapid growth. 3)identifiable by uneven shoulders or scapular prominence. 4)possibility of leading to respiratory complications. Incorrect ANSWER: More common in boys

As many as ____ of children in the United States aged 3 to 17 years are affected by some type of neurodevelopmental disorder.

12% As many as 12% of children in the United States aged 3 to 17 years are affected by at least one neurodevelopmental disorder, such as ADHD, a learning disorder, or an intellectual disability. More than 5% of children in the United States are affected by some type of neurodevelopmental disorder. Less than 25% of children are affected by neurodevelopmental disorders. Less than 30% of children in the United States are affected by some type of neurodevelopmental disorder.

The majority of electrical burns in children are caused by

biting on extension cords.

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for

bone fractures

The usual age of onset for schizophrenia in men is

15-25 years

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin

In youth, it is estimated that ____ will be diagnosed with serious mental illness between the ages of 13 and 18 years.

46.3%

In individuals dealing with obsessive-compulsive disorder, ____ are most bothered by both obsessions and compulsions.

50%

The most common childhood psychiatric disorder is

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Depression is thought to be associated with

Deficient brain norepinephrine and serotonin

The electrolyte that must be present in cellular cytoplasm for muscle contraction to occur is

Calcium

It is true that scleroderma involves

inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue

Electrical injury may cause extensive damage to low-resistance tissues, particularly

nerves and blood vessels

Impetigo is a skin infection caused by

bacteria

When a client is diagnosed with schizophrenia and asks what could have caused the disorder, the statements that could serve as a basis for answering include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

-Schizophrenia may be related to abnormal cerebral structure. -Schizophrenia often develops in the absence of family psychopathology. -Chronic prolonged stress may contribute to development of schizophrenia.

Which statements are true about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? (Select all that apply.)

-Women appear to take longer to recover from PTSD than men. -Acute stress disorder and PTSD are precipitated by a traumatic event.

Manifestations of osteoarthritis include (Select all that apply.)

A. Nodules on joints of the hands B. Crepitus with joint movement C. Narrowing of joint spaces

The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is

Air embolus

Radicular pain is pain caused by a

compressed nerve

The assessment of a client recently diagnosed with schizophrenia confirms good cognitive function and reveals affect that is animated. The client is open about describing the voices and the content of their comments, but demonstrates a disorganized thought process. These findings suggest that

"positive" psychotic symptoms predominate

Children with social or communication deficits, fixated interests, and repetitive behaviors are likely exhibiting symptoms of

autism spectrum disorder

The fearful expectation of panic anxiety is known as

anticipatory anxiety

It is true that panic disorders

are diagnosed more often in women.

A 4-year-old is brought to the clinic for evaluation of dry, scaly, itchy patches on the face, antecubital areas, and behind the ears and knees. The skin is dry overall, and there is evidence of scratching. This is likely a case of

Atopic dermatitis

The symptoms of hallucinations and paranoia that accompany schizophrenia are thought to be as result of altered neurotransmitter activity in the brain, which results in excessive ________ receptor activation.

D2 The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to result from excessive dopamine D2 receptor activity in the brain. Depression is thought to be related to decreases in serotonin. Hallucinations and paranoia that accompany schizophrenia are not the result on excessive α-adrenergic receptor activation. Excessive acetylcholine receptor activation is not the cause of hallucinations or paranoia.

Which symptoms would support a diagnosis of major depressive disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Diminished interest or pleasure h Psychomotor agitation or retardation Appetite disturbance To be diagnosed with MDD, an individual must experience five (or more) specified symptoms during the same 2-week period; this must also represent a change from previous functioning. In addition, at least one of the symptoms must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure, appetite disturbance, insomnia, hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, or retardation. Incomprehensible speech is associated with a positive symptom of schizophrenia. Altered reality is a symptom of psychosis.

Which manifestation is characteristic of the "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations

The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as

Paget disease

________ is a term used to describe a serious and debilitating mental state.

Psychosis Psychosis is a term used to describe a serious and debilitating mental state. The narrowest definition refers to delusions and prominent hallucinations. Schizophrenia refers to a chronic, remitting, and relapsing psychotic disorder. Major depressive disorder involves a complex diagnosis which encompasses depression symptoms. Dysthymia is associated with long-term depression.

The schizophrenia category which indicates that the disturbance has continued but the active-phase symptoms are no longer met is the _____ Type.

Residual

Which statement is true about the incidence of mental illness?

Women have twice the risk of experiencing anxiety disorders than men Women are more than twice as likely to suffer from depression (including unipolar depression, dysthymia) and anxiety disorders (including panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, and phobias) than men. There are known differences in how cultures and regions around the world view mental health, and thus in how they express concerns about the body, self, and emotions. Reproductive hormones may play a role in exacerbating anxiety and depression in women. Mood disorders in the elderly are likely to be associated with concomitant illnesses or treatment.

It is true that the "negative" symptoms of schizophrenia

are thought to be mediated by D1 receptors in the brain. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be associated with dopamine D1 receptor activity in the brain. Negative symptoms can be more difficult to recognize than positive symptoms. Rambling speech and delusional thoughts are positive symptoms. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to result from excessive dopamine D2 receptor activity in the brain.

Characteristics of gout include (Select all that apply.)

a. disturbed uric acid metabolism. b. crystalline deposits in bony and connective tissue. d. cardiac involvement. e. renal involvement.

Children with social or communication deficits, fixated interests, and repetitive behaviors are likely exhibiting symptoms of

autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder is defined by a common set of behaviors: social/communication deficits and fixated interests and repetitive behaviors. ADHD is characterized by difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over-activity). Learning disorders are a form of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Inattention is not exhibited by social or communication deficits.

Troponin is a muscle protein that

binds calcium and regulates tropomyosin

Early treatment of panic anxiety disorder focuses on

cognitive behavioral therapy

The primary determinant of tendon strength is

collagen cross linking

Repetitive or ritualistic acts that a person performs with urgency are referred to as

compulsions

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is caused by

contact with skin allergens.

The goal of nutritional support of the burned individual is to

create a positive nitrogen balance

Studies on brain neuroanatomy and neurocircuitry suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients show ________________ left hippocampus volumes compared with control subjects.

decreased right and

The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are

degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium.

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

delayed healing

The action of most antidepressants currently available is to

improve brain norepinephrine and serotonin activity Most currently available antidepressants act by improving brain norepinephrine and serotonin activity. Earlier generations of antidepressants had less specific effects on these neurotransmitters and significantly more side effects. The action of antidepressants is unrelated to conversion of catecholamines in the brain. D2 receptors in the brain are not blocked by antidepressants.

PET scans performed on the brains of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have shown

increases in glucose metabolism

Lithium is used to manage mania because it

inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin activity in the brain.

Moderate stretching of a muscle at rest results in a(n)

more forceful contraction when stimulated

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

osteomalacia

A patient who experiences sudden-onset, acute fearfulness for no apparent reason has a disorder called

panic disorder.

The assessment of a client recently diagnosed with schizophrenia confirms good cognitive function and reveals affect that is animated. The client is open about describing the voices and the content of their comments, but demonstrates a disorganized thought process. These findings suggest that

positive" psychotic symptoms predominate. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include the psychotic dimension and distortions of thought and perception, as well as the disorganization dimension. Auditory hallucinations are commonly experienced as voices. Negative symptoms are considered to be restricted affect, or asociality. The patient in this scenario does not appear to be at high risk for suicidal behaviors. The findings suggested do not indicate that the patient has ineffective drug therapy.

An anxiety disorder that is precipitated by a traumatic event is known as

posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD is currently classified as an anxiety disorder and is related to a traumatic event. Generalized anxiety disorder is not precipitated by a traumatic event. Panic disorder is characterized by acute episodes of anxiety symptoms. Phobias are not related to traumatic events.

A client who reported hearing voices, some of them saying bad and hurtful things, will now eat only food from unopened sealed packages. The behaviors described indicate that the patient may be experiencing _____ symptoms.

psychotic