Natural Disasters Final (Draft)
Tsunami are typically about _________ high in the open ocean, and 6 to 15 m high on reaching shallow water.
1m
Modern tsunami warning systems primarily use __________.
sea surface buoys and ocean bottom pressure sensors
The trees that died in the Pacific Northwest after the great earthquake of 1700 were killed by __________.
seawater after faulting dropped the land below sea level
Earthquake-related tsunami are created by sub sea fault movements with pronounced vertical offsets of the seafloor. Such movements occur most commonly along __________________.
subduction zones
Silicon and oxygen link up to form the silicon-oxygen ______________.
tetrahedron
In August 1986, a gigantic volume of __________ belched forth from Lake Nyos in Cameroon and swept down the adjacent valleys asphyxiating 1,700 people.
carbon dioxide
In 1964, 12 people were killed during a tsunami at Crescent City, California. All of these fatalities were caused by the _______ wave, which was the highest in the series.
fifth
Tsunami that reach the shallow water slow down due to __________.
friction with the bottom and internal turbulence
A mantle hot spot has generated a long-lived plume beneath Yellowstone National Park, and the North American continent is moving __________ above it about 2 to 4 cm/yr.
southwestward
Some of Earth's most beautiful mountains are ________, including Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mt. Shasta in California, Mt. Rainier in Washington, and Mt. Fuji in Japan
stratovolcanoes
Multiplying 1.25 by the square root of the wavelength results in the velocity of a __________.
wind-blown wave in deep water
In 1985, __________ produced a minor eruption that melted part of a glacier near its summit, sending a lahar down its slopes and killing at least 22,000 people.
Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia,
__________ eruptions are the most violent types of explosive eruptions.
Plinian-type
The typical trend in a rising plume of subduction-zone magma is to increase the ____________.
All of these choices are correct. Including: A) percentage of SiO2 B) viscosity C) explosive potential of the magma by holding in the gases more tightly
On 20 February 1943, a new volcano named __________, a scoria cone, was born when an eruption rose up through a farm field near a village in Mexico.
Paricutin
Tsunami wavelengths can be as great as _________.
780 km
About _________ % of volcanism is associated with the edges of tectonic plates.
90%
Regarding the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) hopes that they will be able to remove the melted nuclear fuel masses in __________.
30-40 years
The viscosity of magma is lowered by __________.
All of these choices are correct. Including: A) increasing temperature B) decreasing crystal content C) decreasing SiO2 content
Clay crystals __________________.
Are very small
Why are low latitudes the most dangerous latitudes to have a large volcanic eruption occur?
Ash and gases from low-latitude eruptions are spread around Earth to the greatest degree.
Seafloor spreading generates __________ magma.
Basaltic
The formation of a giant continental caldera includes all but which of the following?
Basaltic eruptions begin forming circular fractures surrounding the bulge.
During the 1990s, hundreds of trees were killed at Mammoth Mountain, California, by the diffuse emission of _________ gas.
CO2
The most famous of all volcanoes probably is Vesuvius, and the most famous of its eruptions are those of 79 CE, which buried the cities of ____________?
Pompeii and Herculaneum
____________ in the Aegean Sea underwent an explosive series of eruptions around 1628 BCE that buried the Bronze Age city of Akrotiri on Thera to depths of 70 meters.
Santorini
__________ are steep-sided, symmetrical volcanic peaks built of alternating layers of pyroclastic debris capped by high-viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows that solidify to form protective caps.
Stratovolcanoes
The great 1964 Alaska earthquake (M 9.2) set off a tsunami that killed 122 people along the state's sparsely populated coastline. This tsunami also killed 12 people in the state of _________.
California
In 1868, the USS Wateree was carried several miles inland by a tsunami along the coast of ______.
Chile
Most of the 245,000 deaths from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami occurred in _______.
Indonesia
What was the origin of the gas that killed 1,700 people in Cameroon in 1996?
It leaked upward from basaltic magma underlying a lake.
Tsunami is a Japanese word that means __________ waves.
harbor
Most Icelandic eruptions are __________.
peaceful fissure eruptions
If basaltic lava reaches the sea or a lake, it cools rapidly into ____________ lava.
pillow
What erupts in a geyser?
superheated water and steam
A shield volcano has a great ___________.
width compared to its height
What is the cause of volcanism at Italy's Vesuvius, Stromboli, Vulcano, and Etna?
the subduction of Mediterranean seafloor beneath Europe
Most tsunami travel at speeds of _________ miles per hour.
420 to 480
The great 1960 Chile earthquake (M 9.5) unleashed a tsunami that killed over 1,000 Chileans. These waves also killed 61 people in Hilo, Hawaii, 14 hours after the earthquake, and another 185 people in ________, 22.5 hours after the earthquake.
Japan
In 1883, __________ exploded and the resulting tsunami killed 36,000 people on Java and Sumatra.
Krakatau
Which of the follows statements about tsunami in the deep ocean?
They are always "feeling" the bottom
The immediate causes of slope failures, such as earthquakes or heavy rainfall, are called __________.
Triggers
Viscous magmas are stored as a mostly solid, crystalline mush. It can be activated by which of the following?
an injection of new, hot magma and fracturing by fault movements that connect to isolated magma bodies and reduce the pressure
The deadly 1998 tsunami in Papua New Guinea was caused by ________.
an undersea landslide triggered by an earthquake
Tsunami events at a coastline __________.
can start with a drawdown or rising of the sea
Mineral growth in magmas at the surface with temperatures around 1,000 to 1,200°C occurs in the following way
A) Iron and magnesium will link up with aluminum and the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as magma temperature decreases to sequentially form four distinct and discontinuous families of minerals—olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica. B) Calcium will combine with aluminum and the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron to begin forming the plagioclase feldspar family, a continuous and gradational series of minerals.
Why does the magma from some volcanoes flow smoothly and relatively peacefully, while the magma from other volcanoes blasts forth violently and deals death over wide areas?
A) differences in the chemical and mineral makeup of magmas B) variations in the temperature, water and gas content, and viscosity of magmas C) different geographic positions with respect to hot spots and edges of tectonic plates
Mt. Rainier, Washington, is number one on the danger list of many U.S. volcanologists because of its __________.
A) great height B) extensive glacial cap C) frequent earthquakes D) active hot-water spring systems, which have weakened the mountain internally
Violent causes of death from volcanic eruptions include _______________.
A) pyroclastic flows B) tsunami C) lahars D) poison gases
The energy behind the 1902 pyroclastic flow that destroyed St. Pierre came from _________________.
A) the blast of the volcano B) gravity C) gas escaping from pieces of airborne pyroclastic material, creating a "popcorn" effect
The 1946 April Fool's Day tsunami at Hilo, Hawaii, was caused by an earthquake near ________.
Alaska
The 1964 tsunami that killed 12 people at Crescent City, California, was caused by a major earthquake in _________.
Alaska
Spreading centers are an ideal location for volcanism because ______________.
All of these choices are correct. Including: A) they sit above the high-temperature asthenosphere B) the asthenosphere rock has low percentages of SiO2 C) the oceanic plates pull apart causing hot asthenosphere rock to rise and undergo decompression melting to form magma that continues to rise)
In the United States, there was great concern in the early 1980s when earthquakes were frequent, including harmonic tremor, and four magnitude 6 earthquakes caused damage near __________.
Long Valley Caldera in California
On 8 May 1902, a massive eruption of __________ killed 30,000 people in the town of St. Pierre.
Mont Pelée, Martinique,
A _________ is an oscillating wave that sloshes back and forth within an enclosed body of water such as a sea, bay, lake, or swimming pool.
seiche
Detailed mapping of the ocean bottom around the Hawaiian Islands revealed a previously unrecognized tsunami source. What did geologists discover on the seafloor in this area?
slumps and debris avalanches formed by volcanic flank collapse
Between 1960 and 2009, floods in the United States produced an average of __________ in damage per year.
$6.76 billion
The Fort McMurray fire in 2016 ended up being the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history with direct and indirect costs totaling __________.
$9.9 billion
The Fort McMurray fire in 2016 ended up being the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history with direct and indirect costs totalling __________.
$9.9 billionterm-31
Most of the people killed by the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 __________.
) had gone around barriers meant to keep people out of 'harms' way
During the 20th century, the average global surface temperature rose __________.
0.6°C
Statistically, the 100-year flood has a __________ percent chance of occurring any year.
1
The Fort McMurray fire in 2016 ended up burning nearly __________ acres.
1,500,000
The Japanese Tsunami inflicted destruction along the coast and in Sendai, the wave travelled inland __________.
10 km
3. In effect, the solar energy stored by plants during their growth is ___________________. A. returned to the atmosphere during fire B. lost forever during fire C. used to produce ozone during fire D. returned to their roots during fire E. negligibly small
A. returned to the atmosphere
Killer floods are caused by __________.
All of these choices are correct
Why are floods so common along the Red River of the North (in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota)?
All of these choices are correct
Fierce winds occur when a high-pressure air mass spills over a mountain range and descends as warm, dry wind toward a low-pressure zone; these winds are called __________.
All of these choices are correct, depending on geographic location.
During burning, the chemical structure of solid wood breaks apart and yields __________.
All of these choices are correct.
Pikaia
An extinct cephalochordate animal known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia.
Strongest element to hold head
CFC
Limestone is dissolved primarily as __________ reacts with water to form a weak acid.
Carbon dioxide
__________ accounts for 60% of global warming
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following was largely destroyed by fire in 1871?
Chicago
Country with deadliest floods
China
If there is a high-pressure zone over the Rocky Mountains and a low-pressure zone in the Great Plains, winds can come rushing down the Front Range into the plains; these winds are known as __________.
Chinook winds
The natural materials most commonly associated with earth failures are __________.
Clay minerals
Currently Earth is _________ during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
Closest to the Sun
Hawaiian volcanoes unlikely to erupt include _________________.
Diamond Head, Oahu
If you are alone and get buried deeply in a snow avalanche, you will most likely __________.
Die of suffocation
What complication does "duff" add to job of firefighters?
Duff allows fire to smolder in the soil and restart the fire again after it appears to be out.
Cambrian explosion
During Halocene, when multicelular life begins
17. Wet wood is difficult to burn because ______________________. A. the water in wet wood has a high capacity to absorb heat B. its temperature must be raised considerably C. the water displaces oxygen (necessary for ignition) in pores in the wood D. all of these are correct. E. the water in wet wood has a high capacity to absorb heat and its temperature must be raised considerably.
E. the water in wet wood has a high capacity to absorb heat and its temperature must be raised considerably.
Biggest time period
Eon
A rock at the top of a slope that starts to roll down, it is losing kinetic energy and gaining potential energy.
False
Clays are the least abundant of all sediments.
False
If CO2 were not present in the atmosphere, the average temperature at Earth's surface would be about 34°C.
False
Ozone, a greenhouse gas, is also a health hazard in the stratosphere where it reflects ultraviolet radiation toward Earth's surface.
False
The amount of water in pore spaces has no effect on mass movements of earth materials.
False
Most flood-related deaths in the United States are caused by __________.
Flash floods from local thunderstorms
__________ are the floors of streams during a flood.
Floodplains
Shroud of Turin
From 405 BC
The major factors in glacial periods lasting tens of millions of years appear to be _________________.
Having one or more large continental masses near the poles and oceanic circulation that is more longitudinal(north-south) than latitudinal (east-west)
Eon we live in currently
Holocene (want to change to Anthropocene)
The __________ is reputed to have killed more people than any other natural feature.
Huang (Yellow) River in China
The most peaceful eruptions are __________ eruptions.
Icelandic type
The 2004 _________ Ocean tsunami killed an estimated 245,000 people in 13 countries.
Indian
Before a landslide mass begins to move downhill, it must overcome __________.
Inertia and friction
Where is the majority (~80%) of the carbon dioxide that was abundant in Earth's early atmosphere?
It is chemically tied up in limestone.
This volcano erupted in 1883 in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java, exploding with a loudness heard 3,000 miles away, then collapsing into its magma chamber, making a caldera and setting off a tsunami that killed at least 36,000 people.
Krakatoa
During the summer of 1783, the greatest lava eruption of historic times poured forth at _________, accompanied by the release of an enormous volume of gases that enshrouded much of northern Europe in a "dry fog" or blue haze rich in SO2 (one of the visible components of today's urban smog).
Laki, Iceland
The two most active Cascade Range volcanoes over the past 4,000 years are _______.
Lassen Peak and Newberry Volcano
Biggest sink for CO2
Limestone
Where most of carbon on Earth is stored
Limestone
The largest historic tsunami wave run-up ever recorded was caused by a massive rockfall into the water at ________________.
Lituya Bay, Alaska
Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has the effect of making the ocean __________.
More acidic
On 12 September 1812, Napoleon and the French army reached the hills outside of __________ and found it to be largely deserted, with intentional set fires burning throughout; for six days, the fires raged until 90 percent of the city was incinerated.
Moscow
Largest landslide in recorded history
Mount St. Helens, May, 1980
Crater Lake, Oregon, fills the caldera of ____________ which collapsed about 7,600 years ago
Mt. Mazama
A genuine success story of advance warning before a large eruption occurred in the Philippines in 1991 before the climactic eruption of _________________.
Mt. Pinatubo
In the photosynthesis reaction __________is released as a by-product.
Oxygen
Relative dating
Putting rocks and geologic events in proper sequence
Of the following types of mass movements, which can move fastest?
Rock Fall
Law of horizontality
Rocks are laid down horizontally
Law of cross-cutting
Rocks cutting through other rocks are younger than rock being cut through
Which of these drives fires in Southern California?
Santa Ana winds
The sum of the characteristics that hold a mass in place is referred to as __________.
Shear resistance
Likely global climate changes in the 21st century include all but which of the following?
Shorter duration of heat waves
CREEP
Slowest but most widespread form of slope failure
Embers carried by wind can land and ignite new, separate fires through a process called __________.
Spotting
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) measures size of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 0 to 8. Between 1500 and 1980, one VEI 7 eruption occurred. This was ______________.
Tambora in 1815
Half-life
Time it takes for 1/2 original isotope to decay
A braided stream has ________
Too much sediment to carry
Because of its fluctuations in abundance, CO2 is the most important of the greenhouse gases.
True
Biologic use of CO2 has lessened the greenhouse effect to yield the present temperatures on Earth.
True
During the Paleocene it was much warmer on Earth than it is now.
True
Even though a "150-year flood" may occur one year, it is still possible for another of the same size to come again in the following year, or even in the same year.
True
It is possible to estimate the flow volume of a 100-year flood on a stream that has only 25 years of flow records.
True
Methane has about a 24-times stronger capacity to trap heat as a greenhouse gas than does carbon dioxide.
True
Paleoclimatic analyses of Earth's rocks tell of extreme variations and changes in world temperature and precipitation throughout geologic time.
True
Soils shrink in volume as they thaw, dry, or cool.
True
The average surface temperature on Earth before life was present was about 290°C.
True
The distribution of fossil organisms tells much about ancient climates.
True
The orientation of rock layering within a hill can either enhance or hinder the chances of slope failure.
True
The volume of soil does not stay constant but instead swells and shrinks.
True
There are certain times when a hill containing clay minerals is weaker than at other times, and then gravity has a better chance of provoking a slope failure.
True
Water has such a tremendous capacity to either absorb or release heat that it acts as a powerful control or buffer on global climate.
True
Place in world with most landslides
USA
Index fossils
Used for correlations, fossils only existed for a specific time period, use fossil for relative dating
Numeric dates
Uses radioactive testing used to determine actual age
Volcanic eruptions with which of the following VEIs happen the most often?
VEI of 3
What is the volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of a Yellowstone super-eruption?
VEI of 8
About 50% of flash flood deaths are __________.
Vehicle related
The Italian city of __________ is trying to save itself from slow subsidence and sea level rise.
Venice
Which of the following statements is true regarding tsunami and volcanoes?
Volcanic eruptions can result in tsunami as they explode, collapse, or send debris into the water.
_________ eruptions are common first phases in the eruptions of volcanoes as they "clear their throats" before emitting larger eruptions.
Vulcanian-type
The most famous of the ice-dam failure floods is preserved in the "channeled scablands" topography in ___
Washington state
What allows the warm pool of water to move east across the Equatorial Pacific Ocean in an El Niño event?
Weaker than normal trade winds
Clay
Weakest ground material
The Houston-Galveston, Texas, area has been sinking due to the __________.
Withdrawal of groundwater by pumping
In 1988, __________ National Park had fires that burned over a million acres of forests after period of fire suppression.
Yellowstone
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was generated by a magnitude 9.2 earthquake along __________ off the shore of Sumatra.
a subduction zone
In 1959, the water stored behind Hegben Lake Dam in Montana began to slosh violently back and forth in a series of oscillating waves. These seiches were caused by __________________.
a sudden drop of the lake bottom during an earthquake
The sum of all the underlying causes can push a slope to the brink of failure, and then an immediate cause may trigger the movement. The immediate causes for mass movements include __________.
a) Heavy rains b) Earthquakes c) Thawing of frozen ground d) Construction projects of humans
External processes that increase the odds of a slope failure include __________.
a) adding mass high on a slope, as in sediment deposition b) steepening the slope, as by fault movements c) removing support from low on a slope, as by stream or ocean-wave erosion
Efforts to control rivers include __________.
a) dams b) levees c) channelization d) reducing runoff
The cycles of slow buildup and advance of glaciers followed by rapid shrinkage and retreat is caused by __________.
a) eccentricity of Earth's orbit around the Sun b) tilt of Earth's axis c) precession of the equinoxes
Killer floods are caused by _________
a) local thunderstorms b) abundant rainfall lasting for days c) storm surges of tropical cyclones flooding the coasts d) breakup of winter ice on rivers
The climatic cooling of the last 55 million years has been caused by __________.
a) the ongoing breakup of Pangaea into separate continents b) continental masses moving into polar latitudes c) snow and ice accumulating on polar landmasses, increasing albedo d) the uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau/Himalaya Mountains in Asia and the Colorado Plateau in the western United States deflecting west-to-east atmospheric circulation in the midlatitudes
Factor(s) that interact to make streams seek equilibrium include the ________
a) volume of water discharged by the stream b) amount of sediment waiting to be moved c) slope of stream bottom d) sinuosity of the stream path
Slow flowing, more viscous basaltic lava commonly has a rough, blocky texture called ___________.
aa
Catastrophic subsidence into sinkholes tends to occur more often in areas underlain by __________.
acidic freshwater flowing through limestone
A caldera collapse occurs ________________.
after the magma chamber is mostly empty
Fire produces __________.
carbon dioxide and water vapor
The Toba eruption 74,000 years ago may have __________.
caused a great reduction in the worldwide human population
La Niña conditions in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean can increase the risk of wildfires in the United States by __________ some parts of the country.
causing less rain to fall in
If a fire in one area starts a fire in another area 10 kilometers away, the most likely cause is __________.
firebrands
A __________ is an uncontrollable mega-fire covering more than 100,000 acres and burns at high intensities that leave little life behind.
firestorm
Most flood-related deaths in the United States are caused by __________.
flash floods from local thunderstorms
The vulcanian eruption of Eyajafjallajokull in southern Iceland in 2010 resulted from __________.
glacial meltwater pouring into the magma chamber
Several geologic phenomena are being studied as signs of an impending volcanic eruption. These include seismic waves, ______________, and the release of gases.
ground deformation
The best course of action to take if you suspect a tsunami is headed your way is to __________.
head to higher ground and stay there
What are the three components of the fire triangle?
heat, oxygen, and fuel
Tsunami are created by big "splashes" made in the deep ocean by all but which of the following?
hurricanes
If a flood has a recurrence interval of ten years, it means that __________.
in any given year a similar flood has a 1/10 chance of occurring
If a stream has a meandering section, that section is most likely to be __________.
in its downstream section, near its mouth
With respect to channelization, straightening the channel __________.
increases the gradient of the stream bottom, making the water flow faster
Heat-expanded air __________.
is less dense than cool air
Base level __________.
is the level below which a stream cannot erode
The Mt. Pinatubo endangered people, animals, and property when its 1991 eruption resulted in __________.
lahars and pyroclastic flows
Grasses are considered
lightweight fuels that are easy to burn when dry
Grasses are considered __________.
lightweight fuels that are easy to burn when dry
Most rifting occurs at spreading centers __________.
located below sea level
Tsunami typically have _________ relative to wind-blown waves.
long periods and long wavelengths
Rock may melt by _______________.
lowering the pressure on it raising its temperature increasing its water content
The presence of water ________ the melting point of rock.
lowers
The oils in plants, such as those in chaparral group, evolved to defend the plants against insects also __________.
make them more flammable
In Mediterranean climates such as in parts of California, Australia, and South Africa, frequent wildfire is necessary for the health of natural plant communities because __________.
many of the plant species must have the smoke and/or heat of fire to germinate their seeds and it helps to control parasites and it influences insect behavior
A large volcanic eruption can slightly cool the climate for a few years because __________.
material they eject into the atmosphere reduces the amount of sunlight reaching Earth
Tall trees in a forest are likely to emerge with the least amount of damage under which of the following sets of conditions?
moderate winds, minimal litter, and no shrubs
On a given stream, small floods happen __________.
more often than large floods
The number of active "hot spots" on Earth over the last 10 million years active is __________.
more than 100
Law of superposition
oldest rocks are found on bottom
Transfer of heat occurs by all but which of the following?
osmosis
In the photosynthesis reaction __________is released as a by-product
oxygen
Pyrolysis results in emanation of all but which of the following?
oxygen (check)
United States Geological Survey stream-gauging stations measure all but which of the following?
oxygen isotope ratios
Dome collapse, overspilling crater rim, direct blast, and eruption column collapse are all ways to generate __________.
pyroclastic flows
If a stream experiences more energetic water flow, the stream __________.
responds by increasing the sinuosity of its channel pattern through meandering
In effect, the solar energy stored by plants during their growth is __________ when they are burned
returned to the atmosphere
In effect, the solar energy stored by plants during their growth is __________ when they are burned.
returned to the atmosphere
The organic debris left on the ground after logging or windstorms is called __________.
slash
Which of these two fires started within a few minutes of each other on 8 October 1871?
the Peshtigo and Chicago fires
The theoretical velocity of a tsunami in the deep ocean is calculated by taking the square root of the product of __________.
the acceleration due to gravity and the depth of the ocean
Prior to the 2004 event, the last major 1883 tsunami in the Indian Ocean struck in 1883 and killed about 36,000 people. This tsunami was caused by _________________.
the collapse of Indonesia's Krakatoa Volcano
Principle factors that come into play when volcanism affects climate include all but which of the following?
the isotopic ratio of oxygen gas (O2) emitted during eruptions
Active volcanoes today in Oregon and Washington, including Mt. St. Helens, result from _________________.
the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath North America
The spread of fire depends on behavior within the fire itself and on __________.
the types of fuel, weather, and topography
A hydrograph is a plot of __________.
the volume of water or stream-surface height versus time
If a stream is choked with sediment and has insufficient water to carry it away __________.
the water will pick its way through as a braided stream
The captain of a ship tells you that he once experienced a huge tsunami while sailing in the Pacific Ocean several hundred miles from any landmass. You decide that this sounds a little far-fetched because _________.
tsunami are rarely felt in deep water because they have long wavelengths and low heights
Fire burns faster __________.
up a slope
The term "ladder fuels" refers to __________.
vegetation of varying heights, which allow fire to quickly climb upward
About 50% of flash flood deaths are __________.
vehicle-related
The three 'Vs' of volcanology are __________________.
viscosity, volatiles, and volume
Tsunami arrive as a series of several waves separated by periods typically in the _________ range.
10- to 60- minutes
Between 1960 and 2009, floods in the United States resulted in an average of __________ deaths per year.
135
The Little Ice Age that affected Europe from about __________ ce lowered average annual temperature by only about 1°C but was enough to reduce crop yields, cause mountain glaciers to advance, and produce winters much more severe than in the 20th century.
1400 to 1900
In 2000, _______ of United States wildland fires were caused by lightning.
15%
One of the greatest weather disasters in U.S. history occurred during the __________ , when several years of drought turned grain-growing areas in the center of the nation into the "Dust Bowl."
1930s
The Fort McMurray fire in 2016 in Alberta, Canada, wildfire raged for __________.
2 months
Oxygen is a critical component in any fire. However, it is generally not a limiting factor in natural fires because oxygen (O2) makes up __________% of Earth's atmosphere.
21
Assuming all other factors are equal, the greatest growth of glaciers would like occur when Earth was tilted at __________ degrees from its orbital plane.
21.5
In the United States about 2.5% of the land is floodplain and home to about __________ percent of the population.
6.5
CO2 is responsible for _____ global greenhouse warming, but not strongest
60%
What is the probability that a 100-year flood will occur at least once in 100 years?
63 percent
Heat flows outward from a fire by __________.
All of these choices are correct.
Mistakes, or "(how to sacrifice your house to the fire gods)" include __________.
All of these choices are correct.
4. In Mediterranean climates frequent wildfire is necessary for the health of natural plant communities for a number of reasons, which of the following statements is false? A. Many of the plant species must have the smoke and/or heat of fire to germinate their seeds. B. Fire helps to control parasites. C. Fire influences insect behaviour. D. None of these because wildfire is not necessary to maintain a healthy Mediterranean-type ecosystems.
D. None of these because wildfire is not necessary to maintain a healthy Mediterranean-type ecosystems.
Deadliest flood in US history
Galveston, Texas
Upstream and downstream floods differ in that upstream floods _______
Generally kill few people
1st Eon
Halocene
The discharge of a stream (Q) is calculated by multiplying a stream's __________.
cross-sectional area (A) by its velocity (V)
Wildfires that race through the treetops are known as __________.
crown fires
Between 1981 and 2009 in the United States, the annual average of fire deaths __________ and the annual average economic damage to structures due to fires __________.
decreased; increased
Fire-dependent natural ecosystems include all but which of the following?
deserts
A well-formed conical volcano located above an active subduction zone that has not erupted in 12,000 years is __________.
dormant, but will likely erupt again at some point
Sea breezes reach their maximum on shore wind speeds __________.
during the hottest part of the day
Wildfires release so much energy from fuel that they can develop their own clouds called _________.
pyrocumulus
The thermal degradation of wood involves the process of __________.
pyrolysis
The vast majority of deaths from fire in the United States occur in __________.
residential buildings
Geologists have shown that the east coast of the United States faces a serious tsunami threat from ________.
volcanic flank collapse in the Canary Islands
Chinook winds and Santa Ana winds are __________.
warm and dry
Wet wood becomes extremely difficult to ignite because __________.
water in wet wood has a high specific heat and its temperature must be raised considerably
Pyrolysis of cellulose produces which of the following?
water vapor
In magma, __________ is the most abundant dissolved gas.
water vapor (H2O)
The most intense fires in shrublands occur __________.
when the shrubs contain large amounts of natural oils
