NCLEX Hematology

The nurse is preparing a client with thrombocytopenia for discharge. Which statement by the client about measures minimizing injury indicates that discharge teaching was effective? Select all that apply. 1. "I may continue to use an electric shaver." 2. "I will not blow my nose if I get a cold." 3. "I should use an enema instead of laxatives for constipation." 4. "I definitely will play football with my friends this weekend." 5. "I should use a soft-bristled toothbrush to avoid mouth trauma."

1."I may continue to use an electric shaver." 2."I will not blow my nose if I get a cold." 5. "I should use a soft-bristled toothbrush to avoid mouth trauma." Rationale: Bleeding precautions are used to protect the client with thrombocytopenia from bleeding. The client with thrombocytopenia may experience internal and external bleeding. Bleeding is frequently provoked by trauma, but it also may be spontaneous. The client with thrombocytopenia should be educated about activities that increase the risk for bleeding, such as contact sports and trauma to oral, nasal, and rectal mucosa. This will help to eliminate options 3 and 4.

When obtaining assessment data from a client with a microcytic normochromic anemia, which should the nurse question the client about? 1.Folic acid intake 2.Dietary intake of iron 3.A history of gastric surgery 4.A history of sickle cell anemia

2.Dietary intake of iron Rationale: Microcytic normochromic anemias involve the presence of small, pale-colored red blood cells. Causes are iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and lead poisoning. The only choice that fits this description is option 2. Folic acid deficiency is caused by macrocytic normochromic cells; these are large red blood cells. Gastric surgery can result in vitamin B12 deficiency. Sickle cell anemia results in sickled cells and erythrocyte destruction.

The nurse has provided instructions to the mother of a child with sickle cell disease regarding measures that will prevent a sickle cell crisis. Which client statement indicates an understanding of these measures? 1."My child needs to avoid any exercise." 2."My child needs to avoid increasing any fluid intake." 3."My child needs to avoid going outdoors in warm weather." 4."My child needs to avoid situations that may lead to an infection."

4."My child needs to avoid situations that may lead to an infection." Rationale: The child should avoid infections, which can increase metabolic demands and cause dehydration, precipitating a sickle cell crisis. Fluids are important to prevent dehydration, which could lead to sickle cell crisis. Warm weather and mild exercise do not need to be avoided, but measures need to be taken to avoid dehydration during these conditions.

The nurse is preparing to care for a client with chronic kidney disease and anemia. Which describes the relationship between chronic kidney disease and anemia? 1.Lack of angiotensin I may cause anemia. 2.Increased production of aldosterone leads to anemia. 3.Anemia is caused by insufficient production of renin. 4.Decreased production of erythropoietin is causing anemia.

4.Decreased production of erythropoietin is causing anemia. Rationale: Clients with chronic kidney disease do not manufacture adequate amounts of erythropoietin, which is a glycoprotein needed to synthesize red blood cells. Renin, aldosterone, and angiotensin are substances that assist in maintaining blood pressure.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with a diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Which finding would the nurse expect to note in this client? 1.Dyspnea 2.Dusky mucous membranes 3.Shortness of breath on exertion 4.Red tongue that is smooth and sore

4.Red tongue that is smooth and sore Rationale: Classic signs of pernicious anemia include weakness, mild diarrhea, and a smooth red tongue that is sore. The client also may have nervous system signs and symptoms such as paresthesias, difficulty with balance, and occasional confusion. The client does not exhibit dyspnea, the mucous membranes do not become dusky, and the client does not exhibit shortness of breath.

The nurse has provided medication instructions to a client with an iron deficiency anemia who will be taking iron supplements. Which statement made by the client indicates an understanding of this medication? 1."I need to increase my fluid intake." 2."I should eliminate fiber foods from my diet." 3."I need to take the medication with water before a meal." 4."I should be sure to chew the tablet thoroughly before swallowing it."

1."I need to increase my fluid intake." Rationale: Iron preparations can be very irritating to the stomach and are best taken between meals. Because iron supplements may be associated with constipation, the client should increase fluids and fiber in the diet to counteract this side effect of therapy. Iron preparations should be taken with a substance that is high in vitamin C to increase its absorption. The tablet is swallowed whole and not chewed.

The nurse is assessing a dark-skinned client for signs of anemia. The nurse should focus the assessment on which structures? Select all that apply. 1.Lips 2.Tongue 3.Earlobes 4.Conjunctiva 5.Mucous membranes

1.Lips 4.Conjunctiva 5.Mucous membranes Rationale: Changes in skin color can be difficult to assess in the dark-skinned client. Color changes are most easily seen in areas of the body where the epidermis is thin and in areas where pigmentation is not influenced by exposure to sunlight. The nurse should assess the lips, conjunctiva, and oral mucous membranes for signs of anemia in the dark-skinned client. Signs of anemia are less easily observed in the tongue and earlobes.

A client who was diagnosed with toxic shock syndrome (TSS) now exhibits petechiae, oozing from puncture sites, and coolness of the digits of the hands and feet. Clotting times determined for this client are prolonged. The nurse interprets these clinical signs as being most compatible with which condition? 1.Heparin overdose 2.Vitamin K deficiency 3.Factor VIII deficiency 4.Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)

4.Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) Rationale: TSS is caused by infection and often is associated with tampon use. The client's clinical signs in this question are compatible with DIC, which is a complication of TSS. The nurse assesses the client at risk and notifies the primary health care provider promptly when signs and symptoms of DIC are noted. Although signs of bleeding may be seen with each of the conditions listed in the incorrect options, the initial diagnosis of TSS makes DIC the logical correct option.

The nurse is providing dietary teaching for a client with a diagnosis of chronic gastritis. The nurse instructs the client to include which foods rich in vitamin B12 in the diet? Select all that apply. 1.Nuts 2.Corn 3.Liver 4.Apples 5.Lentils 6.Bananas

1.Nuts 3.Liver 5.Lentils Rationale:Chronic gastritis causes deterioration and atrophy of the lining of the stomach, leading to the loss of function of the parietal cells. The source of intrinsic factor is lost, which results in an inability to absorb vitamin B12, leading to development of pernicious anemia. Clients must increase their intake of vitamin B12 by increasing consumption of foods rich in this vitamin, such as nuts, organ meats, dried beans, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, and yeast.

The nurse is preparing to perform an assessment on a child being admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of sickle cell crisis, vaso-occlusive crisis. Which findings should the nurse expect to note on assessment of the child? Select all that apply. 1.Pallor 2.Fever 3.Joint swelling 4.Blurred vision 5.Abdominal pain

1.Pallor 2.Fever 3.Joint swelling 5.Abdominal pain Rationale: Sickle cell crises are acute exacerbations of the disease. Vaso-occlusive crisis is caused by stasis of blood with clumping of cells in the microcirculation, ischemia, and infarction. Manifestations include pallor; fever; painful swelling of hands, feet, and joints; and abdominal pain. Blurred vision is not a manifestation of vaso-occlusive crisis.

The nurse is reviewing the prescriptions for a client admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The nurse prepares the client for treatment of this disorder, understanding that which may be recommended? Select all that apply. 1.Transfusions 2.Splenectomy 3.Radiation therapy 4.Corticosteroid medication 5.Immunosuppressive agents

1.Transfusions 2.Splenectomy 4.Corticosteroid medication 5.Immunosuppressive agents Rationale: Idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells due to increased destruction by the body's defense (immune) system. It is an acquired disease that occurs when antibodies form against a person's own red blood cells. In the idiopathic form of this disease, the cause is unknown. Idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia is treated with corticosteroids. Other treatments that may be prescribed as necessary include transfusions, splenectomy, and, occasionally, immunosuppressive medications. Radiation therapy is not used to treat this disorder.

A client enters the hospital emergency department with a nosebleed. On assessment, the client tells the nurse that the nosebleed just suddenly began. The nurse notes no obvious facial injury. Which is the initial nursing action? 1.Insert nasal packing. 2.Prepare a nasal balloon for insertion. 3.Place the client in a semi-Fowler's position, and apply ice packs to the nose. 4.Sit the client down, ask the client to lean forward slightly, and apply pressure to the nose for 5 to 10 minutes.

4.Sit the client down, ask the client to lean forward slightly, and apply pressure to the nose for 5 to 10 minutes. Rationale: The initial nursing action for a client with a nosebleed is to sit the client down, ask the client to lean forward slightly, and apply pressure to the nose for 5 to 10 minutes. Inserting nasal packing or preparing a nasal balloon is not an appropriate initial intervention. These interventions are used when conservative measures fail. Placing the client in a semi-Fowler's position would promote swallowing blood, which is not helpful because of the risk of vomiting and resultant aspiration.

The nurse is preparing a plan of care for a child with sickle cell crisis who will be admitted to the nursing unit. The nurse should include which intervention as a priority in the plan of care for the child? 1.Initiate an intravenous (IV) line for the administration of fluids. 2.Consult with the psychiatric department regarding genetic counseling. 3.Call the blood bank and request preparation of a unit of packed red blood cells. 4.Call the respiratory department to prepare for intubation and mechanical ventilation.

1.Initiate an intravenous (IV) line for the administration of fluids. Rationale: The priorities in management of sickle cell crisis are hydration therapy and pain relief. To achieve this, the child is given IV fluids to promote hydration and reverse the agglutination of sickled cells in small blood vessels. Opioid analgesics may be given to relieve the pain that accompanies the crisis. Genetic counseling is recommended but not during the acute phase of illness. Red blood cell transfusion may be done in selected circumstances such as aplastic crisis or when the episode is refractive to other therapy. Oxygen would be administered according to individual need, but the client would not require intubation and mechanical ventilation.

The nurse is instructing a client with iron deficiency anemia regarding the administration of a liquid oral iron supplement. Which instruction should the nurse tell the client? 1.Administer the iron at mealtimes. 2.Administer the iron through a straw. 3.Mix the iron with cereal to administer. 4.Add the iron to apple juice for easy administration.

2.Administer the iron through a straw. Rationale: In iron deficiency anemia, iron stores are depleted, resulting in a decreased supply of iron for the manufacture of hemoglobin in red blood cells. An oral iron supplement should be administered through a straw or medicine dropper placed at the back of the mouth, because the iron stains the teeth. The client should be instructed to brush or wipe their teeth after administration. Iron is administered between meals, because absorption is decreased if there is food in the stomach. Iron requires an acid environment to facilitate its absorption in the duodenum. Iron is not mixed with cereal or other food items.

Laboratory studies are performed for a client suspected to have iron deficiency anemia. The nurse reviews the laboratory results, knowing that which result indicates this type of anemia? 1.Elevated hemoglobin level 2.Decreased reticulocyte count 3.Elevated red blood cell count 4.Red blood cells that are microcytic and hypochromic

4.Red blood cells that are microcytic and hypochromic Rationale: In iron deficiency anemia, iron stores are depleted, resulting in a decreased supply of iron for the manufacture of hemoglobin in red blood cells. The results of a complete blood cell count in clients with iron deficiency anemia show decreased hemoglobin levels and microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells. The red blood cell count is decreased. The reticulocyte count is usually normal or slightly elevated.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with a diagnosis of anemia that developed as a result of blood loss after a traumatic injury. The nurse should expect to find which sign or symptom in the client as a result of the anemia? 1.Bradycardia 2.Muscle cramps 3.Increased respiratory rate 4.Shortness of breath with activity

4.Shortness of breath with activity Rationale: The client with anemia is likely to experience shortness of breath and complain of fatigue because of the decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues to meet metabolic demands. The client is likely to have tachycardia, not bradycardia, as a result of efforts by the body to compensate for the effects of anemia. Muscle cramps are an unrelated finding. Increased respiratory rate is not an associated finding.