NCLEX - Patients with Urinary Problems

The nurse educates a group of women who have had frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs) about how to avoid recurrences. Which client statement shows a correct understanding of what the nurse has taught? a. "I need to be drinking at least 1.5 to 2.5 liters of fluids every day." b. "It is a good idea for me to reduce germs by taking a tub bath daily." c. "Trying to get to the bathroom to urinate every 6 hours is important for me." d. "Urinating 1000 mL on a daily basis is a good amount for me."

ANS: A - The client who shows a correct understanding of avoiding UTIs says, "I need to be drinking at least 1.5 to 2.5 liters of fluids every day." To reduce the number of UTIs, clients need to be drinking a minimum of 1.5 to 2.5 liters of fluid (mostly water) each day. Showers, rather than tub baths, are recommended for women who have recurrent UTIs. Urinating every 3 to 4 hours is ideal for reducing the occurrence of UTI. This is advisable rather than waiting until the bladder is full to urinate. Urinary output needs to be at least 1.5 liters daily. Ensuring this amount "out" is a good indicator that the client is drinking an adequate amount of fluid.

A nurse cares for a client admitted from a nursing home after several recent falls. What prescription should the nurse complete first? a. Obtain urine sample for culture and sensitivity. b. Administer intravenous antibiotics. c. Encourage protein intake and additional fluids. d. Consult physical therapy for gait training.

ANS: A - Although all interventions are or might be important, obtaining a urine sample for urinalysis takes priority. Often urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms in older adults are atypical, and a UTI may present with new onset of confusion or falling. The urine sample should be obtained before starting antibiotics. Dietary requirements and gait training should be implemented after obtaining the urine sample.

After teaching a client with a history of renal calculi, the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I should drink at least 3 liters of fluid every day. b. I will eliminate all dairy or sources of calcium from my diet. c. Aspirin and aspirin-containing products can lead to stones. d. The doctor can give me antibiotics at the first sign of a stone.

ANS: A - Dehydration contributes to the precipitation of minerals to form a stone. Although increased intake of calcium causes hypercalcemia and leads to excessive calcium filtered into the urine, if the client is well hydrated the calcium will be excreted without issues. Dehydration increases the risk for supersaturation of calcium in the urine, which contributes to stone formation. The nurse should encourage the client to drink more fluids, not decrease calcium intake. Ingestion of aspirin or aspirin-containing products does not cause a stone. Antibiotics neither prevent nor treat a stone.

A nurse evaluates a client with acute glomerulonephritis (GN). Which manifestation should the nurse recognize as a positive response to the prescribed treatment? a. The client has lost 11 pounds in the past 10 days. b. The clients urine specific gravity is 1.048. c. No blood is observed in the clients urine. d. The clients blood pressure is 152/88 mm Hg.

ANS: A - Fluid retention is a major feature of acute GN. This weight loss represents fluid loss, indicating that the glomeruli are performing the function of filtration. A urine specific gravity of 1.048 is high. Blood is not usually seen in GN, so this finding would be expected. A blood pressure of 152/88 mm Hg is too high; this may indicate kidney damage or fluid overload.

A nurse cares for adult clients who experience urge incontinence. For which client should the nurse plan a habit training program? a. A 78-year-old female who is confused b. A 65-year-old male with diabetes mellitus c. A 52-year-old female with kidney failure d. A 47-year-old male with arthritis

ANS: A - For a bladder training program to succeed in a client with urge incontinence, the client must be alert, aware, and able to resist the urge to urinate. Habit training will work best for a confused client. This includes going to the bathroom (or being assisted to the bathroom) at set times. The other clients may benefit from another type of bladder training.

The nurse is questioning a female client with a urinary tract infection (UTI) about her antibiotic drug regimen. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instruction? a. "I take my medication only when I have symptoms." b. "I always wipe front to back." c. "I don't use bubble baths and other scented bath products." d. "I try to drink 3 liters of fluid a day."

ANS: A - Further teaching is need for a female client with a UTI taking an antibiotic drug regimen when the client says, "I take my medication only when I have symptoms." Clients with UTIs must complete all prescribed antibiotic therapy, even when symptoms of infection are absent. Wiping front to back helps prevent UTIs because it prevents infection-causing microorganisms in the stool from getting near the urethra. Limiting bubble baths and drinking 3 liters of fluid a day help prevent UTIs.

After teaching a client who has stress incontinence, the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for additional teaching? a. I will limit my total intake of fluids. b. I must avoid drinking alcoholic beverages. c. I must avoid drinking caffeinated beverages. d. I shall try to lose about 10% of my body weight.

ANS: A - Limiting fluids concentrates urine and can irritate tissues, leading to increased incontinence. Many people try to manage incontinence by limiting fluids. Alcoholic and caffeinated beverages are bladder stimulants. Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, causing incontinence.

A nurse obtains the health history of a client with a suspected diagnosis of bladder cancer. Which question should the nurse ask when determining this clients risk factors? a. Do you smoke cigarettes? b. Do you use any alcohol? c. Do you use recreational drugs? d. Do you take any prescription drugs?

ANS: A - Smoking is known to be a factor that greatly increases the risk of bladder cancer. Alcohol use, recreational drug use, and prescription drug use (except medications that contain phenacetin) are not known to increase the risk of developing bladder cancer.

A nurse teaches a young female client who is prescribed amoxicillin (Amoxil) for a urinary tract infection. Which statement should the nurse include in this clients teaching? a. Use a second form of birth control while on this medication. b. You will experience increased menstrual bleeding while on this drug. c. You may experience an irregular heartbeat while on this drug. d. Watch for blood in your urine while taking this medication.

ANS: A - The client should use a second form of birth control because penicillin seems to reduce the effectiveness of estrogen-containing contraceptives. She should not experience increased menstrual bleeding, an irregular heartbeat, or blood in her urine while taking the medication.

A client who is admitted with urolithiasis reports "spasms of intense flank pain, nausea, and severe dizziness." Which intervention does the nurse implement first? a. Administer morphine sulfate 4 mg IV. b. Begin an infusion of metoclopramide (Reglan) 10 mg IV. c. Obtain a urine specimen for urinalysis. d. Start an infusion of 0.9% normal saline at 100 mL/hr.

ANS: A - The intervention the nurse implements first for a client admitted with urolithiasis who reports "spasms of intense flank pain, nausea, and severe dizziness" is to administer morphine sulfate 4 mg IV. Morphine administered intravenously will decrease the pain and the associated sympathetic nervous system reactions of nausea and hypotension. An infusion of metoclopramide (Reglan) 10 mg IV would be begun after the client's pain is controlled. A urine specimen for urinalysis would be obtained and an infusion of 0.9% normal saline at 100 mL/hr would be started after the client's pain is controlled.

A client who was previously diagnosed with a urinary tract infection (UTI) and started on antibiotics returns to the clinic 3 days later with the same symptoms. When asked about the previous UTI and medication regimen, the client states, "I only took the first dose because after that, I felt better." How does the nurse respond? a. "Not completing your medication can lead to return of your infection." b. "That means your treatment will be prolonged with this new infection." c. "This means you will now have to take two drugs instead of one." d. "What you did was okay; however, let's get you started on something else."

ANS: A - The nurse tells the client with a UTI who only took the first dose of a 3-day prescription that, "not completing your medication can lead to return of your infection." Not completing the drug regimen can lead to recurrence of an infection and bacterial drug resistance. Needing to be retreated does not mean that the client will have a prolonged treatment regimen. Some treatment modalities are given over a 3-day period. Given this client's history, larger doses for a shorter time span may be a wise plan. The client does not need to take two drugs, and this response is punitive rather than instructive. Saying that the client's actions were okay does not inform the client with respect to nonadherence. The client needed to take all the prescribed medication to make certain that the infection was properly treated.

A nurse assesses a client who presents with renal calculi. Which question should the nurse ask? a. Do any of your family members have this problem? b. Do you drink any cranberry juice? c. Do you urinate after sexual intercourse? d. Do you experience burning with urination?

ANS: A - There is a strong association between family history and stone formation and recurrence. Nephrolithiasis is associated with many genetic variations; therefore, the nurse should ask whether other family members have also had renal stones. The other questions do not refer to renal calculi but instead are questions that should be asked of a client with a urinary tract infection.

A nurse teaches a client about self-care after experiencing a urinary calculus treated by lithotripsy. Which statements should the nurse include in this clients discharge teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Finish the prescribed antibiotic even if you are feeling better. b. Drink at least 3 liters of fluid each day. c. The bruising on your back may take several weeks to resolve. d. Report any blood present in your urine. e. It is normal to experience pain and difficulty urinating.

ANS: A, B, C - The client should be taught to finish the prescribed antibiotic to ensure that he or she does not get a urinary tract infection. The client should drink at least 3 liters of fluid daily to dilute potential stone-forming crystals, prevent dehydration, and promote urine flow. After lithotripsy, the client should expect bruising that may take several weeks to resolve. The client should also experience blood in the urine for several days. The client should report any pain, fever, chills, or difficulty with urination to the provider as these may signal the beginning of an infection or the formation of another stone.

Which clients with long-term urinary problems does the nurse refer to community resources and support groups? Select all that apply. a. A 32-year-old with a cystectomy b. A 44-year-old with a Kock pouch c. A 48-year-old with urinary calculi d. A 78-year-old with urinary incontinence e. An 80-year-old with dementia

ANS: A, B, D - Clients with a cystectomy, Kock pouch, or urinary incontinence would benefit from community resources and support groups. Others who have had their bladders removed are good sources of information and for help in establishing coping mechanisms. They can provide ideas for living with the problem or methods of curing (or minimizing) it. Urinary calculi typically are not a long-term problem that requires community resources and support groups. The older adult client with dementia would not benefit from community resources and support groups because of the client's cognitive difficulties.

A nurse assesses a client who has had two episodes of bacterial cystitis in the last 6 months. Which questions should the nurse ask? (Select all that apply.) a. How much water do you drink every day? b. Do you take estrogen replacement therapy? c. Does anyone in your family have a history of cystitis? d. Are you on steroids or other immune-suppressing drugs? e. Do you drink grapefruit juice or orange juice daily?

ANS: A, B, D - Fluid intake, estrogen levels, and immune suppression all can increase the chance of recurrent cystitis. Family history is usually insignificant, and cranberry juice, not grapefruit or orange juice, has been found to increase the acidic pH and reduce the risk for bacterial cystitis.

A nurse cares for clients with urinary incontinence. Which types of incontinence are correctly paired with their clinical manifestation? (Select all that apply.) a. Stress incontinence Urine loss with physical exertion b. Urge incontinence Large amount of urine with each occurrence c. Functional incontinence Urine loss results from abnormal detrusor contractions d. Overflow incontinence Constant dribbling of urine e. Reflex incontinence Leakage of urine without lower urinary tract disorder

ANS: A, B, D - Stress incontinence is a loss of urine with physical exertion, coughing, sneezing, or exercising. Urge incontinence presents with an abrupt and strong urge to void and usually has a large amount of urine released with each occurrence. Overflow incontinence occurs with bladder distention and results in a constant dribbling of urine. Functional incontinence is the leakage of urine caused by factors other than a disorder of the lower urinary tract. Reflex incontinence results from abnormal detrusor contractions from a neurologic abnormality.

What information will the nurse provide to a client who is scheduled for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy? Select all that apply. a. "Your urine will be strained after the procedure." b. "Be sure to finish all of your antibiotics." c. "Immediately call the primary health care provider if you notice bruising." d. "Remember to drink at least 3 liters of fluid a day to promote urine flow." e. "You will need to change the incisional dressing once a day."

ANS: A, B, D - The nurse tells the client scheduled for an extracorporeal shock wave, "Your urine will be strained after the procedure," "Be sure to finish all of your antibiotics," and "Remember to drink at least 3 liters of fluid a day to promote urine flow." After lithotripsy, urine is strained to monitor the passage of stone fragments. clients must finish the entire antibiotic prescription to decrease the risk of developing a urinary tract infection. Drinking at least 3 L of fluid a day dilutes potential stone-forming crystals, prevents dehydration, and promotes urine flow. Bruising on the flank of the affected side is expected after lithotripsy as a result of the shock waves that break the stone into small fragments. The client must notify the primary health care provider if he or she develops pain, fever, chills, or difficulty with urination because these signs and symptoms may signal the beginning of an infection or the formation of another stone. There is no incision with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. There may be a small incision when intracorporeal lithotripsy is performed.

A nurse teaches a client with a history of calcium phosphate urinary stones. Which statements should the nurse include in this clients dietary teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Limit your intake of food high in animal protein. b. Read food labels to help minimize your sodium intake. c. Avoid spinach, black tea, and rhubarb. d. Drink white wine or beer instead of red wine. e. Reduce your intake of milk and other dairy products.

ANS: A, B, E - Clients with calcium phosphate urinary stones should be taught to limit the intake of foods high in animal protein, sodium, and calcium. Clients with calcium oxalate stones should avoid spinach, black tea, and rhubarb. Clients with uric acid stones should avoid red wine.

A nurse assesses a client with bladder cancer who is recovering from a complete cystectomy with ileal conduit. Which assessment finding should alert the nurse to urgently contact the health care provider? a. The ileostomy is draining blood-tinged urine. b. There is serous sanguineous drainage present on the surgical dressing. c. The ileostomy stoma is pale and cyanotic in appearance. d. Oxygen saturations are 92% on room air.

ANS: C - A pale or cyanotic stoma indicates impaired circulation to the stoma and must be treated to prevent necrosis. Blood-tinged urine and serous sanguineous drainage are expected after this type of surgery. Oxygen saturation of 92% on room air is at the low limit of normal.

A confused client with pneumonia is admitted with an indwelling catheter in place. During interdisciplinary rounds the following day, which question should the nurse ask the primary health care provider? a. Do you want daily weights on this client? b. Will the client be able to return home? c. Can we discontinue the indwelling catheter? d. Should we get another chest x-ray today?

ANS: C - An indwelling catheter dramatically increases the risks of urinary tract infection and urosepsis. Nursing staff should ensure that catheters are left in place only as long as they are medically needed. The nurse should inquire about removing the catheter. All other questions might be appropriate, but because of client safety, this question takes priority.

A nurse cares for a client who has pyelonephritis. The client states, I am embarrassed to talk about my symptoms. How should the nurse respond? a. I am a professional. Your symptoms will be kept in confidence. b. I understand. Elimination is a private topic and shouldnt be discussed. c. Take your time. It is okay to use words that are familiar to you. d. You seem anxious. Would you like a nurse of the same gender to care for you?

ANS: C - Clients may be uncomfortable discussing issues related to elimination and the genitourinary area. The nurse should encourage the client to use language that is familiar to the client. The nurse should not make promises that cannot be kept, like keeping the clients symptoms confidential. The nurse must assess the client and cannot take the time to stop the discussion or find another nurse to complete the assessment.

A nurse teaches a female client who has stress incontinence. Which statements should the nurse include about pelvic muscle exercises? (Select all that apply.) a. When you start and stop your urine stream, you are using your pelvic muscles. b. Tighten your pelvic muscles for a slow count of 10 and then relax for a slow count of 10. c. Pelvic muscle exercises should only be performed sitting upright with your feet on the floor. d. After you have been doing these exercises for a couple days, your control of urine will improve. e. Like any other muscle in your body, you can make your pelvic muscles stronger by contracting them.

ANS: A, B, E - The client should be taught that the muscles used to start and stop urination are pelvic muscles, and that pelvic muscles can be strengthened by contracting and relaxing them. The client should tighten pelvic muscles for a slow count of 10 and then relax the muscles for a slow count of 10, and perform this exercise 15 times while in lying-down, sitting-up, and standing positions. The client should begin to notice improvement in control of urine after several weeks of exercising the pelvic muscles.

A nurse cares for a middle-aged female client with diabetes mellitus who is being treated for the third episode of acute pyelonephritis in the past year. The client asks, What can I do to help prevent these infections? How should the nurse respond? a. Test your urine daily for the presence of ketone bodies and proteins. b. Use tampons rather than sanitary napkins during your menstrual period. c. Drink more water and empty your bladder more frequently during the day. d. Keep your hemoglobin A1c under 9% by keeping your blood sugar controlled.

ANS: C - Clients with long-standing diabetes mellitus are at risk for pyelonephritis for many reasons. Chronically elevated blood glucose levels spill glucose into the urine, changing the pH and providing a favorable climate for bacterial growth. The neuropathy associated with diabetes reduces bladder tone and reduces the clients sensation of bladder fullness. Thus, even with large amounts of urine, the client voids less frequently, allowing stasis and overgrowth of microorganisms. Increasing fluid intake (specifically water) and voiding frequently prevent stasis and bacterial overgrowth. Testing urine and using tampons will not help prevent pyelonephritis. A hemoglobin A1c of 9% is too high.

A nurse assesses clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which client is at greatest risk for the development of bacterial cystitis? a. A 36-year-old female who has never been pregnant b. A 42-year-old male who is prescribed cyclophosphamide c. A 58-year-old female who is not taking estrogen replacement d. A 77-year-old male with mild congestive heart failure

ANS: C - Females at any age are more susceptible to cystitis than men because of the shorter urethra in women. Postmenopausal women who are not on hormone replacement therapy are at increased risk for bacterial cystitis because of changes in the cells of the urethra and vagina. The middle-aged woman who has never been pregnant would not have a risk potential as high as the older woman who is not using hormone replacement therapy.

A cognitively impaired client has urge incontinence. Which method for achieving continence does the nurse include in the client's care plan? a. Bladder training b. Credé method c. Habit training d. Kegel exercises

ANS: C - Habit training (scheduled toileting) will be most effective in reducing incontinence for a cognitively impaired client because the caregiver is responsible for helping the client to a toilet on a scheduled basis. Bladder training, the Credé method, and learning Kegel exercises require that the client be alert, cooperative, and able to assist with his or her own training.

After teaching a client with bacterial cystitis who is prescribed phenazopyridine (Pyridium), the nurse assesses the clients understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I will not take this drug with food or milk. b. If I think I am pregnant, I will stop the drug. c. An orange color in my urine should not alarm me. d. I will drink two glasses of cranberry juice daily.

ANS: C - Phenazopyridine discolors urine, most commonly to a deep reddish orange. Many clients think they have blood in their urine when they see this. In addition, the urine can permanently stain clothing. Phenazopyridine is safe to take if the client is pregnant. There are no dietary restrictions or needs while taking this medication.

A nurse provides phone triage to a pregnant client. The client states, I am experiencing a burning pain when I urinate. How should the nurse respond? a. This means labor will start soon. Prepare to go to the hospital. b. You probably have a urinary tract infection. Drink more cranberry juice. c. Make an appointment with your provider to have your infection treated. d. Your pelvic wall is weakening. Pelvic muscle exercises should help.

ANS: C - Pregnant clients with a urinary tract infection require prompt and aggressive treatment because cystitis can lead to acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. The nurse should encourage the client to make an appointment and have the infection treated. Burning pain when urinating does not indicate the start of labor or weakening of pelvic muscles.

A client with a urinary tract infection is prescribed trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim). What information does the nurse provide to this client about taking this drug? Select all that apply. a. "Be certain to wear sunscreen and protective clothing." b. "Drink at least 3 liters of fluids every day." c. "Take this drug with 8 ounces (236 ml) of water." d. "Try to urinate frequently to keep your bladder empty." e. "You will need to take all of this drug to get the benefits."

ANS: A, B, E - The nurse tells the client with a UTI who is taking trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole to be certain to wear sunscreen protection clothing, drink at least 3 liters of fluid every day, take the drug with 8 ounces (236 mL) of water, and take all of the drug to get the benefits. Wearing sunscreen and protective clothing is important while taking trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, because increased sensitivity to the sun can lead to severe sunburn. Sulfamethoxazole can form crystals that precipitate in the kidney tubules, so fluid intake prevents this complication. Clients must be cautioned to take all of the drug that is prescribed for them, even if their symptoms improve or disappear soon, to prevent bacterial resistance and infection recurrence. Emptying the bladder is important, but not keeping it empty. The client would be advised to urinate every 3 to 4 hours or more often if he or she feels the urge.

Which nursing activity illustrates proper aseptic technique during catheter care? a. Applying Betadine ointment to the perineal area after catheterization b. Irrigating the catheter daily c. Positioning the collection bag below the height of the bladder d. Sending a urine specimen to the laboratory for testing

ANS: C - Proper aseptic technique during catheter care involves positioning the collection bag below the height of the bladder. Urine collection bags must be kept below the level of the bladder at all times. Elevating the collection bag above the bladder causes reflux of pathogens from the bag into the urinary tract. Applying antiseptic solutions or antibiotic ointments to the perineal area of catheterized clients has not demonstrated any beneficial effect. A closed system of irrigation must be maintained by ensuring that catheter tubing connections are sealed securely; disconnections can introduce pathogens into the urinary tract, so routine catheter irrigation would be avoided. Sending a urine specimen to the laboratory is not indicated for asepsis.

Which type of incontinence benefits from pelvic floor muscle (Kegel) exercise? a. Functional b. Overflow c. Stress d. Urge

ANS: C - Stress incontinence benefits the most from pelvic floor (Kegel) exercise therapy. For women with stress incontinence, Kegel therapy strengthens the muscles of the pelvic floor, thereby helping decrease the occurrence of incontinence. Functional incontinence is not caused by a weakened pelvic floor. It is due to structural problems often resulting from injury or trauma. Overflow incontinence is caused by too much urine being stored in the bladder. Urge incontinence is caused by a problem (i.e., neurologic) with the client's urge to urinate.

The nurse is instructing an older adult female client about interventions to decrease the risk for cystitis. Which client comment indicates that the teaching was effective? a. "I must avoid drinking carbonated beverages." b. "I need to douche vaginally once a week." c. "I need to drink 2½ liters of fluid every day." d. "I will not drink fluids after 8 PM each evening."

ANS: C - Teaching an older female about interventions to decrease the risk for cystitis is effective when the client says, "I need to drink 2½ liters of fluid every day." Drinking this much fluid each day flushes out the urinary system and helps reduce the risk for cystitis. Avoiding carbonated beverages is not necessary to reduce the risk for cystitis. Douching is not a healthy behavior because it removes beneficial organisms as well as the harmful ones. Avoiding fluids after 8:00 p.m. would help prevent nocturia but not cystitis. It is recommended that clients with incontinence problems limit their late-night fluid intake to 120 mL.

The certified Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurse or enterostomal therapist teaches a client who has had a cystectomy about which care principles for the client's postdischarge activities? a. Nutritional and dietary care b. Respiratory care c. Stoma and pouch care d. Wiping from front to back (asepsis)

ANS: C - The enterostomal therapist teaches the client who had a cystectomy about stoma and pouch care. The therapist demonstrates external pouch application, local skin care, pouch care, methods of adhesion, and drainage mechanisms. The registered dietitian teaches the cystectomy client about nutritional care. The respiratory therapist teaches the cystectomy client about respiratory care. The client with a cystectomy does not require instruction about front-to-back wiping.

The nurse is educating a female client about hygiene measures to reduce her risk for urinary tract infection (UTI). What does the nurse instruct the client to do? a. "Douche—but only once a month." b. "Use only white toilet paper." c. "Wipe from front to back." d. "Wipe with the softest toilet paper available."

ANS: C - The nurse is educating the female client about hygiene measures to reduce the risk of UTIs and tells the client, "Wipe from front to back." Wiping front to back keeps organisms in the stool from coming close to the urethra, which increases the risk for infection. Douching is an unhealthy behavior because it removes beneficial organisms as well as the harmful ones. White toilet paper helps prevent allergies, not infections. Using soft toilet paper does not prevent infection.

A nurse cares for a client with urinary incontinence. The client states, I am so embarrassed. My bladder leaks like a young childs bladder. How should the nurse respond? a. I understand how you feel. I would be mortified. b. Incontinence pads will minimize leaks in public. c. I can teach you strategies to help control your incontinence. d. More women experience incontinence than you might think.

ANS: C - The nurse should accept and acknowledge the clients concerns, and assist the client to learn techniques that will allow control of urinary incontinence. The nurse should not diminish the clients concerns with the use of pads or stating statistics about the occurrence of incontinence.

A 53-year-old postmenopausal woman reports "leaking urine" when she laughs and is diagnosed with stress incontinence. What does the nurse tell the client about how certain drugs may be able to help with her stress incontinence? a. "They can relieve your anxiety associated with incontinence." b. "They help your bladder to empty." c. "They may be used to improve urethral resistance." d. "They decrease your bladder's tone."

ANS: C - The nurse tells the 53-year-old postmenopausal woman with stress incontinence that certain drugs may be used to improve urethral resistance. Bladder pressure is greater than urethral resistance so drugs may be used to improve urethral resistance. Relieving anxiety has not been shown to improve stress incontinence. No drugs have been shown to promote bladder emptying, and this is not usually the problem with stress incontinence. Emptying the bladder is accomplished by the individual or, if that is not possible, by using a catheter. Decreasing bladder tone would not be a desired outcome for a woman with incontinence.

A 32-year-old female with a urinary tract infection (UTI) reports urinary frequency, urgency, and some discomfort upon urination. Her vital signs are stable except for a temperature of 100°F (37.8°C). Which drug does the primary health care provider prescribe? a. Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) after intercourse b. Estrogen (Premarin) c. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) d. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) with intercourse

ANS: C - The primary health care provider prescribes trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole to a 32-year-old woman with a UTI who reports urinary frequency, urgency, and some discomfort upon urination. Guidelines indicate that a 3-day course of trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole is effective in treating uncomplicated, community-acquired UTI in women. Drugs from the same class as nitrofurantoin reduce bacteria in the urinary tract by inhibiting bacterial reproduction (bacteriostatic action). This client needs a drug that will kill bacteria. Estrogen cream may help prevent recurrent UTIs in postmenopausal women, which this client is not (at age 32). Use of Premarin is related to problems with incontinence. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is not used to treat infection, but symptoms of a UTI.

A nurse reviews laboratory results for a client with glomerulonephritis. The clients glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 40 mL/min as measured by a 24-hour creatinine clearance. How should the nurse interpret this finding? (Select all that apply.) a. Excessive GFR b. Normal GFR c. Reduced GFR d. Potential for fluid overload e. Potential for dehydration

ANS: C, D - The GFR refers to the initial amount of urine that the kidneys filter from the blood. In the healthy adult, the normal GFR ranges between 100 and 120 mL/min, most of which is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules. A GFR of 40 mL/min is drastically reduced, with the client experiencing fluid retention and risks for hypertension and pulmonary edema as a result of excess vascular fluid.

Which clients with an indwelling urinary catheter does the nurse reassess to determine whether the catheterization needs to be continued or can be discontinued? Select all that apply. a. Three-day postoperative client b. Client in the step-down unit c. Comatose client with careful monitoring of intake and output (I&O) d. Incontinent client with perineal skin breakdown e. Incontinent older adult in long-term care

ANS: A, B, E - To decide whether the catheterization needs to be continued or discontinued, the nurse reassesses the 3-day postoperative client, the client in the step-down unit, and the incontinent older adult in long-term care. Three days after surgery, the postoperative client probably would be able to urinate on his or her own. This may be influenced by the type of surgery, but most clients do not need long-term catheterization after they have surgery. The incidence of complications (colonization of bacteria) begins to increase after 48 hours post-insertion. The client in the step-down unit is definitely one who would be considered for catheter discontinuation. He or she would be somewhat ambulatory and able to get to a bedside commode. Incontinence in older adults does not necessarily mean that they have to be catheterized. The introduction of a catheter invites the possibility of infection. These clients can often be managed with adult incontinence pads with less risk for developing a urinary tract infection. These infections in the older adult population are serious and would be avoided. The comatose client who is on strict I&O must have a urinary catheter in place to keep an accurate account of fluid balance. A client who is incontinent with no breakdown areas would be considered, but perineal skin problems in this situation make a catheter necessary for this client's skin to have a clean, dry environment for healing.

An older adult client diagnosed with urge incontinence is prescribed the medication oxybutynin (Ditropan). Which side effects does the nurse tell the client to expect? Select all that apply. a. Dry mouth b. Increased blood pressure c. Constipation d. Increased intraocular pressure e. Reddish-orange urine color

ANS: A, C, D - Urge incontinence is the loss of urine for no apparent reason after suddenly feeling the need or urge to urinate. Side effects of oxybutynin prescribed for urge incontinence include: dry mouth, constipation, and increased intraocular pressure with the potential to make glaucoma worse. Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic / antispasmodic medication. Alpha-adrenergic agonists and beta blockers, which may be prescribed for urinary incontinence, may cause an increase in blood pressure. Phenazopyridine, a bladder analgesic used to decrease urinary pain, causes the urine to be a reddish-orange color.

A nurse teaches a client about self-catheterization in the home setting. Which statements should the nurse include in this clients teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Wash your hands before and after self-catheterization. b. Use a large-lumen catheter for each catheterization. c. Use lubricant on the tip of the catheter before insertion. d. Self-catheterize at least twice a day or every 12 hours. e. Use sterile gloves and sterile technique for the procedure. f. Maintain a specific schedule for catheterization.

ANS: A, C, F - The key points in self-catheterization include washing hands, using lubricants, and maintaining a regular schedule to avoid distention and retention of urine that leads to bacterial growth. A smaller rather than a larger lumen catheter is preferred. The client needs to catheterize more often than every 12 hours. Self-catheterization in the home is a clean procedure.

A nurse reviews the laboratory findings of a client with a urinary tract infection. The laboratory report notes a shift to the left in a clients white blood cell count. Which action should the nurse take? a. Request that the laboratory perform a differential analysis on the white blood cells. b. Notify the provider and start an intravenous line for parenteral antibiotics. c. Collaborate with the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) to strain the clients urine for renal calculi. d. Assess the client for a potential allergic reaction and anaphylactic shock.

ANS: B - An increase in band cells creates a shift to the left. A left shift most commonly occurs with urosepsis and is seen rarely with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The nurse will be administering antibiotics, most likely via IV, so he or she should notify the provider and prepare to give the antibiotics. The shift to the left is part of a differential white blood cell count. The nurse would not need to strain urine for stones. Allergic reactions are associated with elevated eosinophil cells, not band cells.

An emergency department nurse assesses a client with kidney trauma and notes that the clients abdomen is tender and distended and blood is visible at the urinary meatus. Which prescription should the nurse consult the provider about before implementation? a. Assessing vital signs every 15 minutes b. Inserting an indwelling urinary catheter c. Administering intravenous fluids at 125 mL/hr d. Typing and crossmatching for blood products

ANS: B - Clients with blood at the urinary meatus should not have a urinary catheter inserted via the urethra before additional diagnostic studies are done. The urethra could be torn. The nurse should question the provider about the need for a catheter; if one is needed, the provider can insert a suprapubic catheter. The nurse should monitor the clients vital signs closely, send blood for type and crossmatch in case the client needs blood products, and administer intravenous fluids.

A nurse plans care for clients with urinary incontinence. Which client is correctly paired with the appropriate intervention? a. A 29-year-old client after a difficult vaginal delivery Habit training b. A 58-year-old postmenopausal client who is not taking estrogen therapy Electrical stimulation c. A 64-year-old female with Alzheimers-type senile dementia Bladder training d. A 77-year-old female who has difficulty ambulating Exercise therapy

ANS: B - Exercise therapy and electrical stimulation are used for clients with stress incontinence related to childbirth or low levels of estrogen after menopause. Exercise therapy increases pelvic wall strength; it does not improve ambulation. Physical therapy and a bedside commode would be appropriate interventions for the client who has difficulty ambulating. Habit training is the type of bladder training that will be most effective with cognitively impaired clients. Bladder training can be used only with a client who is alert, aware, and able to resist the urge to urinate.

After delegating care to an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) for a client who is prescribed habit training to manage incontinence, a nurse evaluates the UAPs understanding. Which action indicates the UAP needs additional teaching? a. Toileting the client after breakfast b. Changing the clients incontinence brief when wet c. Encouraging the client to drink fluids d. Recording the clients incontinence episodes

ANS: B - Habit training is undermined by the use of absorbent incontinence briefs or pads. The nurse should re-educate the UAP on the technique of habit training. The UAP should continue to toilet the client after meals, encourage the client to drink fluids, and record incontinent episodes.

A nurse cares for a postmenopausal client who has had two episodes of bacterial urethritis in the last 6 months. The client asks, I never have urinary tract infections. Why is this happening now? How should the nurse respond? a. Your immune system becomes less effective as you age. b. Low estrogen levels can make the tissue more susceptible to infection. c. You should be more careful with your personal hygiene in this area. d. It is likely that you have an untreated sexually transmitted disease.

ANS: B - Low estrogen levels decrease moisture and secretions in the perineal area and cause other tissue changes, predisposing it to the development of infection. Urethritis is most common in postmenopausal women for this reason. Although immune function does decrease with aging and sexually transmitted diseases are a known cause of urethritis, the most likely reason in this client is low estrogen levels. Personal hygiene usually does not contribute to this disease process.

An emergency department nurse assesses a client with a history of urinary incontinence who presents with extreme dry mouth, constipation, and an inability to void. Which question should the nurse ask first? a. Are you drinking plenty of water? b. What medications are you taking? c. Have you tried laxatives or enemas? d. Has this type of thing ever happened before?

ANS: B - Some types of incontinence are treated with anticholinergic medications such as propantheline (Pro-Banthine). Anticholinergic side effects include dry mouth, constipation, and urinary retention. The nurse needs to assess the clients medication list to determine whether the client is taking an anticholinergic medication. If he or she is taking anticholinergics, the nurse should further assess the clients manifestations to determine if they are related to a simple side effect or an overdose. The other questions are not as helpful to understanding the current situation.

A nurse teaches a client who is starting urinary bladder training. Which statement should the nurse include in this clients teaching? a. Use the toilet when you first feel the urge, rather than at specific intervals. b. Try to consciously hold your urine until the scheduled toileting time. c. Initially try to use the toilet at least every half hour for the first 24 hours. d. The toileting interval can be increased once you have been continent for a week.

ANS: B - The client should try to hold the urine consciously until the next scheduled toileting time. Toileting should occur at specific intervals during the training. The toileting interval should be no less than every hour. The interval can be increased once the client becomes comfortable with the interval.

The nurse is teaching a client with a neurogenic bladder to use intermittent self-catheterization for bladder emptying. Which client statement indicates a need for further clarification? a. "A small-lumen catheter will help prevent injury to my urethra." b. "I will use a new, sterile catheter each time I do the procedure." c. "My family members can be taught to help me if I need it." d. "Proper handwashing before I start the procedure is very important."

ANS: B - The client with a neurogenic bladder who needs to self-catheterize for bladder emptying requires further clarification when the client says, "I will use a new, sterile catheter each time I do the procedure." Catheters are cleaned and reused. With proper handwashing and cleaning of the catheter, no increase in bacterial complications has been shown. Catheters are replaced when they show signs of deteriorating.The smallest lumen possible and the use of a lubricant help reduce urethral trauma to this sensitive mucous tissue. Research shows that family members in the home can be taught to perform straight catheterizations using a clean (rather than a sterile) catheter with good outcomes. Proper handwashing is extremely important in reducing the risk for infection in clients who use intermittent self-catheterization and is a principle that must be stressed.

A nurse assesses a male client who is recovering from a urologic procedure. Which assessment finding indicates an obstruction of urine flow? a. Severe pain b. Overflow incontinence c. Hypotension d. Blood-tinged urine

ANS: B - The most common manifestation of urethral stricture after a urologic procedure is obstruction of urine flow. This rarely causes pain and has no impact on blood pressure. The client may experience overflow incontinence with the involuntary loss of urine when the bladder is distended. Blood in the urine is not a manifestation of the obstruction of urine flow.

The nurse receives the change-of-shift report on four clients. Which client does the nurse decide to assess first? a. A 26-year-old admitted 2 days ago with urosepsis with an oral temperature of 99.4°F (37.4°C) b. A 28-year-old with urolithiasis who has been receiving morphine sulfate and has not voided for 8 hours c. A 32-year-old admitted with hematuria and possible bladder cancer who is scheduled for cystoscopy d. A 40-year-old with noninfectious urethritis who is reporting "burning" and has estrogen cream prescribed

ANS: B - The nurse decides to first assess a 28-year-old with urolithiasis who has been receiving morphine sulfate and has not voided for 8 hours. Anuria may indicate urinary obstruction at the bladder neck or urethra and is an emergency because obstruction can cause acute kidney failure. The client who has been receiving morphine sulfate may be over sedated and may not be aware of any discomfort caused by bladder distention. The 26-year-old admitted with urosepsis and slight fever, the 32-year-old scheduled for cystoscopy, and the 40-year-old with noninfectious urethritis are not at immediate risk for complications or deterioration.

A male client being treated for bladder cancer has a live virus compound instilled into his bladder as a treatment. What instruction does the nurse provide for post procedure home care? a. "After 12 hours, your toilet should be cleaned with a 10% solution of bleach." b. "Do not share your toilet with family members for the next 24 hours." c. "Please be sure to stand when you are urinating." d. "Your underwear worn during the procedure and for the first 12 hours afterward should be bagged and discarded."

ANS: B - The nurse tells the client who is being treated for bladder cancer and had a live virus compound instilled into his bladder not to ".share his toilet with family members for the next 24 hours" following this procedure because others using the toilet could be infected with the live virus that was instilled into the client. If only one toilet is available in the household, teach the client to flush the toilet after use and to follow this by adding 1 cup (236 mL) of undiluted bleach to the bowl water. The bowl is then flushed after 15 minutes, and the seat and flat surfaces of the toilet are wiped with a cloth containing a solution of 10% liquid bleach. The client must sit when he is urinating for at least 24 hours post procedure to prevent splashing of the contaminated urine out of the commode, where it could be toxic for anyone who comes in contact with it. Underwear or other clothing that has come into contact with urine during the 24 hours after instillation must be washed separately from other clothing in a solution of 10% liquid bleach. It does not need to be discarded.

A nurse assesses a client who is recovering from extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal calculi. The nurse notes an ecchymotic area on the clients right lower back. Which action should the nurse take? a. Administer fresh-frozen plasma. b. Apply an ice pack to the site. c. Place the client in the prone position. d. Obtain serum coagulation test results.

ANS: B - The shock waves from lithotripsy can cause bleeding into the tissues through which the waves pass. Application of ice can reduce the extent and discomfort of the bruising. Although coagulation test results and fresh-frozen plasma are used to assess and treat bleeding disorders, ecchymosis after this procedure is not unusual and does not warrant a higher level of intervention. Changing the clients position will not decrease bleeding.

The nurse in the urology clinic is providing teaching for a female client with cystitis. Which instructions does the nurse include in the teaching plan? Select all that apply. a. Cleanse the perineum from back to front after using the bathroom. b. Try to take in 64 ounces (2 liters) of fluid each day. c. Be sure to complete the full course of antibiotics. d. If urine remains cloudy, call the clinic. e. Expect some flank discomfort until the antibiotic has worked.

ANS: B, C, D - In the teaching plan for a female clinic client with cystitis, the nurse tells the client: try to take in 64 ounces (2 liters) of fluid every day, be sure to complete the full course of antibiotics, and call the clinic if the urine remains cloudy. Between 64 and 100 ounces (2 to 3 liters) of fluid would be taken daily to dilute bacteria and prevent infection. Not completing the course of antibiotics could suppress the bacteria but would not destroy all bacteria, causing the infection to resurface. For persistent symptoms of infection, the client would contact the primary health care provider. The perineal area needs to be cleansed from front to back or "clean to dirty" to prevent infection. Cystitis produces suprapubic symptoms. Flank pain occurs with infection or inflammation of the kidney.

A client diagnosed with urge incontinence is started on tolterodine (Detrol). What interventions does the nurse suggest to alleviate the side effects of this anticholinergic drug? Select all that apply. a. Take the drug at bedtime. b. Encourage increased fluids. c. Increase fiber intake. d. Limit the intake of dairy products. e. Use hard candy for dry mouth.

ANS: B, C, E - Interventions the nurse suggests to alleviate the side effects of tolterodine include: encouraging increased fluids, increasing fiber intake, and using hard candy for dry mouth. Anticholinergics cause constipation. Increasing fluids and fiber intake will help with this problem. Anticholinergics also cause extreme dry mouth, which can be alleviated with using hard candy to moisten the mouth. Taking the drug at night and limiting dairy products will not have an effect on the complications encountered with propantheline.

Which interventions are helpful in preventing bladder cancer? Select all that apply. a. Drinking 2½ liters of fluid a day b. Showering after working with or around chemicals c. Stopping the use of tobacco d. Using pelvic floor muscle exercises e. Wearing a lead apron when working with chemicals f. Wearing gloves and a mask when working around chemicals and fumes

ANS: B, C, F - The interventions that are helpful in preventing bladder cancer are: showering after working with or around chemicals, stopping the use of tobacco, and wearing gloves and a mask when working around chemical and fumes. Certain chemicals (e.g., those used by professional hairdressers) are known to be carcinogenic in evaluating the risk for bladder cancer. Protective gear is advised. Bathing after exposure to them is advisable. Tobacco use is one of the highest, if not the highest, risk factor in the development of bladder cancer. Increasing fluid intake is helpful for some urinary problems such as urinary tract infection, but no correlation has been noted between fluid intake and bladder cancer risk. Using pelvic floor muscle strengthening (Kegel) exercises is helpful with certain types of incontinence, but no data show that these exercises prevent bladder cancer. Precautions must be taken when working with chemicals. However, lead aprons are used to protect from radiation.

A nurse assesses a client with a fungal urinary tract infection (UTI). Which assessments should the nurse complete? (Select all that apply.) a. Palpate the kidneys and bladder. b. Assess the medical history and current medical problems. c. Perform a bladder scan to assess post-void residual. d. Inquire about recent travel to foreign countries. e. Obtain a current list of medications.

ANS: B, E - Clients who are severely immunocompromised or who have diabetes mellitus are more prone to fungal UTIs. The nurse should assess for these factors by asking about medical history, current medical problems, and the current medication list. A physical examination and a post-void residual may be needed, but not until further information is obtained indicating that these examinations are necessary. Travel to foreign countries probably would not be important because, even if exposed, the client needs some degree of compromised immunity to develop a fungal UTI.

A nurse teaches clients about the difference between urge incontinence and stress incontinence. Which statements should the nurse include in this education? (Select all that apply.) a. Urge incontinence involves a post-void residual volume less than 50 mL. b. Stress incontinence occurs due to weak pelvic floor muscles. c. Stress incontinence usually occurs in people with dementia. d. Urge incontinence can be managed by increasing fluid intake. e. Urge incontinence occurs due to abnormal bladder contractions.

ANS: B, E - Clients who suffer from stress incontinence have weak pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter and cannot tighten their urethra sufficiently to overcome the increased detrusor pressure. Stress incontinence is common after childbirth, when the pelvic muscles are stretched and weakened from pregnancy and delivery. Urge incontinence occurs in people who cannot suppress the contraction signal from the detrusor muscle. Abnormal detrusor contractions may be a result of neurologic abnormalities including dementia, or may occur with no known abnormality. Post-void residual is associated with reflex incontinence, not with urge incontinence or stress incontinence. Management of urge incontinence includes decreasing fluid intake, especially in the evening hours.

A client is admitted for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). What information obtained on admission is most critical for a nurse to report to the primary health care provider before the ESWL procedure begins? a. "Blood in my urine has become less noticeable, so maybe I don't need this procedure." b. "I have been taking cephalexin (Keflex) for an infection." c. "I previously had several ESWL procedures performed." d. "I take over-the-counter naproxen (Aleve) twice a day for joint pain."

ANS: D - For a client admitted for ESWL, it is most critical for the nurse to report to the primary health care provider that the client takes over-the-counter naproxen twice a day for joint pain. Because a high risk for bleeding during ESWL has been noted, clients would not take NSAIDs before this procedure. The ESWL will have to be rescheduled for this client. Blood in the client's urine would be reported to the primary health care provider but will not require rescheduling of the procedure because blood is frequently present in the client's urine when kidney stones are present. A diminished amount of blood would not eliminate the need for the procedure. The client's taking cephalexin (Keflex) and the fact that the client has had several previous ESWL procedures would be reported, but will not require rescheduling of the procedure.

A nurse teaches a client with functional urinary incontinence. Which statement should the nurse include in this clients teaching? a. You must clean around your catheter daily with soap and water. b. Wash the vaginal weights with a 10% bleach solution after each use. c. Operations to repair your bladder are available, and you can consider these. d. Buy slacks with elastic waistbands that are easy to pull down.

ANS: D - Functional urinary incontinence occurs as the result of problems not related to the clients bladder, such as trouble ambulating or difficulty accessing the toilet. One goal is that the client will be able to manage his or her clothing independently. Elastic waistband slacks that are easy to pull down can help the client get on the toilet in time to void. The other instructions do not relate to functional urinary incontinence.

A nurse plans care for a client with overflow incontinence. Which intervention should the nurse include in this clients plan of care to assist with elimination? a. Stroke the medial aspect of the thigh. b. Use intermittent catheterization. c. Provide digital anal stimulation. d. Use the Valsalva maneuver.

ANS: D - In clients with overflow incontinence, the voiding reflex arc is not intact. Mechanical pressure, such as that achieved through the Valsalva maneuver (holding the breath and bearing down as if to defecate), can initiate voiding. Stroking the medial aspect of the thigh or providing digital anal stimulation requires the reflex arc to be intact to initiate elimination. Due to the high risk for infection, intermittent catheterization should only be implemented when other interventions are not successful.

A nurse cares for a client who has kidney stones from secondary hyperoxaluria. Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering? a. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) b. Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) c. Tolterodine (Detrol LA) d. Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

ANS: D - Stones caused by secondary hyperoxaluria respond to allopurinol (Zyloprim). Phenazopyridine is given to clients with urinary tract infections. Propantheline is an anticholinergic. Tolterodine is an anticholinergic with smooth muscle relaxant properties.

The nurse is teaching the importance of a low purine diet to a client admitted with urolithiasis consisting of uric acid. Which statement by the client indicates that teaching was effective? a. "I am so relieved that I can continue eating my fried fish meals every week." b. "I will quit growing rhubarb in my garden since I'm not supposed to eat it anymore." c. "My wife will be happy to know that I can keep enjoying her liver and onions recipe." d. "I will no longer be able to have red wine with my dinner."

ANS: D - Teaching about low purine diets to a client with urolithiasis consisting of uric acid is effective when the client says, "I will no longer be able to have red wine with my dinner." Nutrition therapy depends on the type of stone formed. When stones consist of uric acid (urate), the client needs to decrease intake of purine sources such as organ meats, poultry, fish, gravies, red wines, and sardines. Reduction of urinary purine content may help prevent these stones from forming. Avoiding oxalate sources such as spinach, black tea, and rhubarb is appropriate when the stones consist of calcium oxalate.

The nurse is teaching a client who is scheduled for a neobladder and a Kock pouch (ileal reservoir). Which client statement indicates a correct understanding of these procedures? a. "If I restrict my oral intake of fluids, the adjustment will be easier." b. "I must go to the restroom more often because my urine will be excreted through my anus." c. "I need to wear loose-fitting pants so the urine can flow into my ostomy bag." d. "I will have to drain my pouch with a catheter."

ANS: D - The client who is scheduled for a neobladder and Kock pouch correctly understands the procedure when the client says, "I will have to drain my pouch with a catheter." A neobladder is a type of continent reservoir created from an intestinal graft to store urine and replace the surgically removed bladder. A Kock Pouch is also a continent reservoir with a Penrose drain and a plastic Medena catheter in the stoma. The drain removes lymphatic fluid or other secretions. The catheter ensures urine drainage so that incisions can heal. For the client with a neobladder and a Kock pouch, urine is collected in a pouch and is drained with the use of a catheter. Urine is not excreted through the anus. Fluids would not be restricted. A neobladder does not require the use of an ostomy bag.

A nurse cares for a client who is scheduled for the surgical creation of an ileal conduit. The client states, I am anxious about having an ileal conduit. What is it like to have this drainage tube? How should the nurse respond? a. I will ask the provider to prescribe you an antianxiety medication. b. Would you like to discuss the procedure with your doctor once more? c. I think it would be nice to not have to worry about finding a bathroom. d. Would you like to speak with someone who has an ileal conduit?

ANS: D - The goal for the client who is scheduled to undergo a procedure such as an ileal conduit is to have a positive self-image and a positive attitude about his or her body. Discussing the procedure candidly with someone who has undergone the same procedure will foster such feelings, especially when the current client has an opportunity to ask questions and voice concerns to someone with first-hand knowledge. Medications for anxiety will not promote a positive self-image and a positive attitude, nor will discussing the procedure once more with the physician or hearing the nurses opinion.

A client is referred to a home health agency after being hospitalized with overflow incontinence and a urinary tract infection. Which nursing action can the home health RN delegate to the home health aide (unlicensed assistive personnel [UAP])? a. Assisting the client in developing a schedule for when to take prescribed antibiotics b. Inserting a straight catheter as necessary if the client is unable to empty the bladder c. Teaching the client how to use the Credé maneuver to empty the bladder more fully d. Using a bladder scanner (with training) to check residual bladder volume after the client voids

ANS: D - The home health RN delegates the task of using a bladder scanner (with training) to check residual bladder volume after the client voids, to the UAP. Use of a bladder scanner is noninvasive and can be accomplished by a home health aide (UAP) who has been trained and evaluated in this skill. Assisting the client in developing a schedule for when to take prescribed antibiotics, inserting a straight catheter, and teaching the client to use the Credé maneuver all require more education and are in the legal scope of practice of the LPN/LVN or RN.

A nurse cares for a client who is recovering after a nephrostomy tube was placed 6 hours ago. The nurse notes drainage in the tube has decreased from 40 mL/hr to 12 mL over the last hour. Which action should the nurse take? a. Document the finding in the clients record. b. Evaluate the tube as working in the hand-off report. c. Clamp the tube in preparation for removing it. d. Assess the clients abdomen and vital signs.

ANS: D - The nephrostomy tube should continue to have a consistent amount of drainage. If the drainage slows or stops, it may be obstructed. The nurse must notify the provider, but first should carefully assess the clients abdomen for pain and distention and check vital signs so that this information can be reported as well. The other interventions are not appropriate.

The nurse is teaching a client about pelvic muscle exercises. What information does the nurse include? a. "For the best effect, perform all of your exercises while you are seated on the toilet." b. "Limit your exercises to 5 minutes twice a day, or you will injure yourself." c. "Results should be visible to you within 72 hours." d. "You know that you are exercising correct muscles if you can stop urine flow in midstream."

ANS: D - The nurse is telling the client about pelvic muscle exercises and says, "You know that you are exercising correct muscles if you can stop urine flow in midstream." When the client can start and stop the urine stream, the pelvic muscles are being used. Pelvic muscle exercises can be performed anywhere and would be performed at least 10 times daily to improve and maintain pelvic muscle strength. Noticeable results in pelvic muscle strength take several weeks.

Which client does the nurse manager on the medical unit assign to an experienced LPN/LVN? a. A 42-year-old with painless hematuria who needs an admission assessment b. A 46-year-old scheduled for cystectomy who needs help in selecting a stoma site c. A 48-year-old receiving intravesical chemotherapy for bladder cancer d. A 55-year-old with incontinence who has intermittent catheterization prescribed

ANS: D - The nurse manager assigns a 55-year-old client with incontinence who has intermittent catheterization prescribed to the experienced LPN/LVN. Admission assessments and intravesical chemotherapy would be done by an RN. Preoperative preparation for cystectomy and stoma site selection would be done by an RN and either a Certified Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurse or an enterostomal therapy nurse.

Which nursing intervention or practice is most effective in helping to prevent urinary tract infection (UTI) in hospitalized clients? a. Encouraging them to drink fluids b. Irrigating all catheters daily with sterile saline c. Recommending that catheters be placed in all clients d. Periodically reevaluating the need for indwelling catheters

ANS: D - The nursing intervention that is most effective is helping to prevent UTIs in hospitalized clients is periodically reevaluating the need for indwelling catheters. Studies have shown that this intervention is the best way to prevent UTIs in the hospital setting. Encouraging fluids, although it is a valuable practice for clients with catheters, will not necessarily prevent the occurrence of UTIs in the hospital setting. In some clients, their conditions do not permit an increase in fluids, such as those with congestive heart failure and kidney failure. Irrigating catheters daily is contraindicated, because any time a closed system is opened, bacteria may be introduced. Placing catheters in all clients is unnecessary and unrealistic. This practice would place more clients at risk for the development of UTI.

What does the nurse teach a client to do to decrease the risk for urinary tract infection (UTI)? a. Limit fluid intake. b. Increase caffeine consumption. c. Limit sugar intake. d. Drink about 3 liters of fluid daily.

ANS: D - To decrease the risk of UTIs, the nurse tells the client to drink about 3 liters of fluid daily. Drinking about 3 liters of fluid daily, if another medical problem does not require fluid restriction, helps prevent dehydration and UTIs. Fluids flush the system and must not be limited. Increased caffeine intake and limiting sugar intake will not prevent UTIs.

A client who is 6 months pregnant comes to the prenatal clinic with a suspected urinary tract infection (UTI). What action does the nurse take with this client? a. Discharges the client to her home for strict bedrest for the duration of the pregnancy b. Instructs the client to drink a minimum of 3 liters of fluids, especially water, every day to "flush out" bacteria c. Recommends that the client refrain from having sexual intercourse until after she has delivered her baby d. Refers the client to the clinic nurse practitioner for immediate follow-up

ANS: D - When a client who is 6 months pregnant comes to the prenatal clinic with a suspected UTI, the nurse needs to refer the client to the clinic nurse practitioner for immediate follow-up. Pregnant women with UTIs require prompt and aggressive treatment because simple cystitis can lead to acute pyelonephritis. This in turn can cause preterm labor with adverse effects for the fetus. It is unsafe for the client to be sent home without analysis of the symptoms that she has. Her problem needs to be investigated without delay. Although drinking increased amounts of fluids is helpful, it will not cure an infection. Having sexual intercourse (or not having it) is not related to the client's problem. The client's symptoms need follow-up with a primary health care provider.

An older adult woman confides to the nurse, "I am so embarrassed about buying adult diapers for myself." How does the nurse respond? a. "Don't worry about it. You need them." b. "Shop at night, when stores are less crowded." c. "Tell everyone that they are for your husband." d. "That is tough. What do you think might help?"

ANS: D - When an older women says to the nurse, "I am so embarrassed about buying adult diapers for myself," the nurse says "That is tough. What do you think might help?" Stating that the situation is tough acknowledges the client's concerns, and asking the client to think about what might help assists the client to think of methods to solve her problem. Telling the client not to worry is dismissive of the client's concerns. Telling the client to shop at night does not empower the client, and it reaffirms the client's embarrassment. Suggesting to the client that she tell everyone they are for her husband also does not empower the client. Rather, it suggests to the client that telling untruths is acceptable.

An emergency department nurse cares for a client who is severely dehydrated and is prescribed 3 L of intravenous fluid over 6 hours. At what rate (mL/hr) should the nurse set the intravenous pump to infuse the fluids? (Record your answer using a whole number.) ____ mL/hr.

ANS: - 500 mL/hr Because IV pumps deliver in units of milliliters per hour, the pump would have to be set at 500 mL/hr to deliver 3 L (3000 mL) over 6 hours. 6x = 3000 x = 500

The nurse is teaching a group of older adult women about the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI). Which concepts does the nurse explain in the presentation? Select all that apply. a. Dysuria b. Enuresis c. Frequency d. Nocturia e. Urgency f. Polyuria

ANS: A, C, D, E - The signs and symptoms of UTI include: dysuria (pain or burning with urination), frequency, nocturia (frequent urinating at night), and urgency (having the urge to urinate quickly). Enuresis (bed-wetting) and polyuria (increased amounts of urine production) are not signs of a UTI.

A nurse assesses clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which client is at greatest risk for bladder cancer? a. A 25-year-old female with a history of sexually transmitted diseases b. A 42-year-old male who has worked in a lumber yard for 10 years c. A 55-year-old female who has had numerous episodes of bacterial cystitis d. An 86-year-old male with a 50pack-year cigarette smoking history

ANS: D - The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is a long history of tobacco use. The other factors would not necessarily contribute to the development of this specific type of cancer.