NCT Sociology Final

What is the tendency to use your own groups way of doing things as the yardstick for judging others called?

ethnocentrism

Which of the following is a disadvantage to using ethnography as a method of social research?

it is very difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate an particular ethnography

Why would culture shock be a useful state of mind for a sociologist?

it makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings, so we are able to truly perceive what is right in front of us

When was miscegenation law struck down?

loving v. virginia (1967)

Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures are the most important factors in people's lives. What sort of sociology would these sociologists tend to prefer?

macrosociology

When whites are less than half the population of any given state, it is called a...

majority / minority state

Why is it hard to recognize that the values and beliefs of one's own culture are learned rather than innate?

we learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally

Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that:

what is considered deviant changes over time

What is the goal of affirmative action?

to increase diversity

What is the best definition of deviance?

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violate the norm and causes a negative reaction

How does the U.S census Bureau define family?

a family includes a householder and one or more people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption

What is the most important element of the course?

a new way of looking and thinking about the social world

How would a sociologist define family?

a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of the three

Looking-glass self

a social psychological concept, stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others

How do sociologists define ethnicity?

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factor

What are signs?

a symbol that stands for or conveys an idea

In the United States, which of the following groups usually do not have a choice about displaying their race or ethnicity?

all of the above

Social Sciences

anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology

Which of the following is an example of something that would be part of a person's or a society's material culture...

any type of possession

What is an example of a prejudice?

believing that asians are better at math

What has modern science determined about racial categories?

biologically there is no such thing as a pure race

How does Tiger Woods describe his own racial identity?

cablinasian

Because laws represent the interests of those in power, crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes. This argument is consistent with:

conflict theory

What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?

conflict theory

Most people base their knowledge of the world on:

conventional wisdom, background knowledge, and personal experience

Most sociological literature on deviance focuses on...

crime

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?

crime

A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another is:

cultural assimilation/ racism

What is a taboo in America?

divorce

Who are the main two anthropologists that studied the Hopi of southwestern United States and concluded that language not only expresses our thoughts, but also shapes the way we think?

edward sapir and benjamin whorf

What do sociologists call the tendency to marry someone of a similar background?

endogamy

Why do many contemporary sociologists speak not of "the" family, but rather of "families"?

family situations in contemporary society are so varied that there is no single model

Children raised without human interaction are called:

feral child

Norms that are not strictly enforced, such as etiquette in the dress code for class, and referred to as:

folkways

What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?

his theory of the unconscious mind

In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which component of our personalities is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personalities?

id, ego, and super-ego

What are all sociologists trying to do?

illuminate the connection between the individual and society

Designer labels on purses and athletic logos on shirts are both examples of:

material culture

What do sociologists call the tendency to marry someone from a different background?

miscegenation

Several cases of children growing up in extreme isolation, documented by Kingsley Davis, seem to suggest that...

most mental capacities and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction

What do sociologists call rules and guidelines for behavior that is considered acceptable within a group?

norm

What kind of question usually produces a wide variety of responses by allowing respondents to answer in whatever way seems appropriate to them?

open-ended questions

What would you call broad theoretical models of the social or natural world?

paradigms

Which of the following is a strategy to negotiate everyday interactions with a stigmatized identity?

passing

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all examples of:

personal front

Which of the following is true regarding prison as a mechanism for punishing crime?

prison was rarely used before the nineteenth century

If you observe a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meanings, then what kind of research are you doing?

qualitative research

Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. What sort of strain does the theory's name refer to?

refers to the discrepancies between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals

Before beginning a research project, what will a good researcher do?

review the literature in order to become familiar with earlier research that relate to his/her topic

According to C. Wright Mills, what on quality of mind do all great sociologists possess?

sociological imagination

Sociologists observe society by...

studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence each other

Displays of ethnic identity that only occur on special occasions are called:

symbolic ethnicity

What is the definition of culture?

the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collecting

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

How does chapter 4 define self?

the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from other individuals

What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to one another?

the looking-glass self

Socialization

the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society

if a researcher has obtained consent from all his participants, it means...

those participating know what they are getting into and explicitly agree to participate

What are the goals of ethnography?

to describe activities sociologists observe and to understand what those activities mean to the people involved

Which of the following affect the methods used by sociological researchers?

what they want to accomplish, the methods they are trained in and feel comfortable with, the time available to complete their projects, and the resources and funds available (all of the above)

How do the demographics of California challenge the way that the term "minority" has been used in the past?

whites are now less than half of the population of california