NDSF exam 2 multiple choice

Vegan diets are often low in _______, on account of animal foods being excluded from the diet. Vitamin C Folate Vitamin B12 fiber

Vitamin B12

fat digestion and absorption: Before they can be transported through body fluids, dietary lipids must be packaged as lipoproteins called ________

chylomicrons

Alicia is a sedentary, 20-year0old woman. She weighs 145 pounds. Based on her body weight, what is her Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein? 46 grams 53 grams 66 grams 116 grams

53 grams The RDA for protein for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. Alicia's weight is given in pounds, so you can convert pounds to kilograms by dividing by 2.2 lb/kg. 145 lb ÷ 2.2 lb/kg = 65.9 kg65.9 kg × 0.8 g/kg/d = 53 g/d

How can amino acids be used in cells? Amino acids can be converted to nonessential amino acids. Amino acids can be used to create phospholipids for cell membranes. Amino acids are stored long-term, to be used as needed for building new proteins. Amino acids can be made into cholesterol through mRNA translation processes.

Amino acids can be converted to nonessential amino acids

Many North Americans have misconceptions about their own protein needs and the roles of protein in the body. Click to select each true statement.

- North Americas would benefit from eating more plant resources of protein - different plant sources of protein can be combined within the same day to provide all essential amino acids - Different plant sources of protein can be combined within the same meal to provide all of the essential amino acids We could benefit from eating more plant sources of protein. Complementary amino acids from plant proteins can be consumed in each meal or within two subsequent meals to provide essential amino acids for protein synthesis. Diets in the developed parts of the world, such as the United States and Canada, are typically rich in protein, and therefore a specific focus on eating enough protein is generally not needed. Soy is an example of a plant-based protein that is a complete protein. Due to the potential for imbalances and toxicities of individual amino acids, the best advice to ensure adequacy is to stick to whole foods rather than supplements as sources of amino acids. Although the right amount of protein in the diet will aid athletic performance and help in weight control, consuming this protein in the form of amino acid supplements cannot be considered safe.

Marasmus characteristics

- appearance is one with "matchstick" arms and no subcutaneous fat - common in infants who receive inadequate calories and protein from the beginning of life - form of protein-calorie malnutrition that develops gradually

Kwashiorkor characteristics

- appearance is one with swollen belly from either fatty liver or edema - Common in young children who are weaned from breast milk to a high starch, low protein diet - Form of protein-calorie malnutrition that develops acutely (rapidly)

High-Quality (complete) protein

- chicken - egg - whey (milk protein)

Joe has a hectic schedule. During the day, he works full time at a warehouse distribution center filling orders. At night, three times a week, he attends class at the local community college in pursuit of computer certification. On weekends, he likes to watch sports on television, spend time with family and friends, and study. Joe has little time to exercise or think about what he eats—that is, convenience rules. He stops for coffee and a pastry on his way to work, has a burger or pizza for lunch at a fast-food restaurant, and for dinner picks up fried chicken or fish at the drive-through on his way to class. Unfortunately, over the past few years, Joe's weight has been climbing. He is 5 feet, 10 inches tall and weighs 200 pounds. Lately, he has frequently been short of breath during his shift at work. Watching a game on television a few nights ago, he saw an infomercial for a weight-loss supplement that promises to increase his energy level and allow him to continue to eat large portions of tasty foods but not gain weight. A famous actor supports the claim that this product allows one to eat at will and not gain weight. This claim is tempting to Joe. calculate the BMI

BMI = (200 lb × 703) ÷ (70 in × 70 in) = 28.7 kg/m^2

Components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle

- dietary pattern high in fruits and vegetables - engaging in daily physical activity - dietary pattern low in saturated and trans fat - smoking cessation

Lower-Quality (incomplete) protein

- gelatin - garbanzo bean - rice

Despite advertisements and fad diet promises, there is no quick solution for weight loss. Successful weight loss comes from hard work and commitment. Click to select the elements of a successful weight-loss program.

- increased physical activity - decreased calorie intake - modification of problem behaviors A combination of decreased calorie intake, increased physical activity, and behavior modification is considered to be the most reliable strategy for weight loss.

ways to incorporate fat into a heart-healthy diet

- make a sandwich with turkey, tomato, and sliced avocado for lunch - after classes, make a snack of sliced apples with almond butter - pack a snack of walnuts and dried fruit to carry in her backpack - Use canola oil or olive oil to make salad dressing

Functions of protein in the body

- synthesis of hormones - forms structure of bones - supports the immune response - synthesis of enzymes

fat digestion

1. (mouth and stomach) Only a small amount of fat digestion takes place in the mouth and stomach through the action of salivary and gastric lipase enzymes. 2. (liver) The liver produces bile, stored in the gallbladder and released through the bile duct into the small intestine. Bile aids in fat digestion and absorption by emulsifying lipids in the digestive juices. 3. (stomach) small amount of fat digestion by gastric lipase 4. (pancreas) The pancreas secretes a mixture of enzymes, including lipase into the small intestine. 5. (the small intestine)The small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of lipids.Less than 5% of ingested fat is normally excreted in the feces.

Steps of protein synthesis in sequential order

1. The DNA code is transferred by mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell 2. Messenger RA (mRNA) carries the DNA code to the ribosomes, where protein translation occurs 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) adds amino acids one at a time according to the mRNA instructions to form a polypeptide chain 4. Polypeptide chain twists and folds into 3-dimensional structure of the intended protein

MyPlate food group

1. fruit 2-3 g/oz 2. grains 2-3 g/cup 3. vegetables <1 g/cup 4. protein 7 g/oz 5. dairy 8-10 g/cup

The acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total protein intake is 10% to 35% of total kcal. 20% to 35% of total kcal. 45% to 65% of total kcal.

10% to 35% of total kcal The Food and Nutrition Board recommends total protein intake within the range of 10% to 35% of total kilocalories.

The Food and Nutrition Board recommend that total fat intake should be ________ of total daily calories (also known as the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range or AMDR for fat).

20-35%

Who has the LOWEST health risk, based on the information provided? 6'3" male, 184 pounds, waist circumference 41" 6'0" male, 221 pounds, waist circumference 38" 5'3" female, 164 pounds, waist circumference 38" 5'6" female, 142 pounds, waist circumference 30"

5'6" female, 142 pounds, waist circumference 30"

Which of the following individuals would be at highest risk for cardiovascular disease? 45-year-old woman; pre-menopausal; HDL: 65 mg/dl 39-year-old man; limited fruit and vegetable intake; HDL: 45 mg/dl 50-year-old man; Abdominal obesity; HDL-C = 39 mg/dl 35-year-old woman; Total blood cholesterol = 192 mg/dl; HDL-C = 57 mg/dl

50-year-old man; Abdominal obesity; HDL-C = 39 mg/dl

fat digestion and absorption: These lipoproteins are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the vessels of the _______ system

Lymphatic

The liver secretes ______ to emulsify fats in the chyme in the small intestine.

bile

When protein is converted to glucose or fat, nitrogen is eliminated from the body via the kidneys spitting or vomiting. sweat. feces.

The kidneys When nitrogen is removed from amino acids during metabolic reactions, the ammonia is converted to urea in the liver, transported through the blood, and then excreted by the kidneys.

Edema appears when there is a sever lack of dietary protein because sodium is retained in the body. blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces. the blood vessels become more permeable to ions. the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine.

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces

Fish oil capsules are associated with a(n) _________ in rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and some behavioral disorders and cases of mild depression.

decrease

Omega-3 fatty acids also ___________ inflammation in the body

decrease

Omega-3 fatty acids tend to ________blood clotting.

decrease

Use of omega-3 fatty acids as a dietary supplement may _________ circulating triglyceride levels in the blood.

decrease

Linda's constant fidgeting burns 200 kilocalories throughout the day

example of adaptive thermogenesis Thermogenesis represents the increase in involuntary physical activity triggered by shivering when cold, fidgeting, maintenance of muscle tone, and maintaining body posture when not lying down.

Jillian needs a minimum of 1400 kilocalories to support body functions such as the work of her heart, lungs, and brain

example of basal metabolism Basal metabolism represents the minimal amount of calories expended in a fasting state (for 12 hours or more) to keep a resting, awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment.

Travis is a relatively healthy male adult who weighs 185 pounds (84 kg) and eats about 67 grams of dietary protein per day

example of equilibrium (protein balance)

Stella is an elderly woman with an aggressive form of cancer who resides in a nursing home. She has lost her desire to eat, and she has lost 12% of her body weight in the past six months

example of negative protein balance

barney has a rare intestinal disease that causes him to leach protein out of his intestinal tract; the gastroenterologist explains to him that he is losing more protein than he is getting in his diet each day

example of negative protein balance

David burns 250 kilocalories raking the leaves in his yard

example of physical activity Raking leaves is an example of physical activity.

Sherry's body uses 100 kilocalories to digest, absorb, and process the calories from her day's food intake

example of thermic effect of food The thermic effect of food is the energy needed to digest, absorb, and process nutrients.

Quinn is in a three-month-old baby who is breastfeeding and whose weight has doubled since she was born

example positive protein balance

Rachel recently sustained burns over 15% of her body, she is in an outpatient burn center and is receiving food by mouth, dietary supplements, and tube feedings in order to achieve her nutrition needs to promote healing

example positive protein balance

heart disease

excess weight and enlarged adipose cell causes increase in LDL-cholesterol triglycerides, blood clotting and inflammatory factors

erectile dysfunction in men

excess weight causes inflammation and reduced function of blood vessels

Sleep apnea

excess weight in the upper body places pressure on the lungs and pharynx

(Underweight, Healthy weight, overweight obese) Kathy is 5'8 (68 inches) tall and 140 pounds

healthy weight Underweight is defined as BMI <18.5. Healthy weight is BMI 18.5 to 24.9. Overweight is BMI 25 to 29.9. Obese is BMI ≥ 30. To calculate BMI, multiply weight (pounds) by 703, then divide by height2 (inches). For Brittany, (120 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 18.2 = underweight. For Kathy, (140 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 21.3 = healthy weight. For Darlene, (140 × 703) / (62 × 62) = 25.6 = overweight. For Janice, (200 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 30.4 = obese.

HDL

high-density lipoprotein Arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion contribute to removal of cholesterol from the body by picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources.

liver damage

high-fat diet and weight gain lead to excessive fat accumulation in the liver

coconut oil is ____ in saturated fatty acids than butter and beef fat lower higher equal

higher

Fatty acids are classified based on the degree to which the carbon chain is saturated with ________

hydrogen

Bodybuilding magazines have numerous advertisements for protein and amino acid supplements. Which of the following is a potential problem associated with taking individual amino acid supplements? Protein deficiency Impaired absorption of other amino acids Weight loss All of these

impaired absorption of other amino acids It is not a good idea to take individual amino acid supplements. Your digestive tract is made to handle whole proteins—hydrochloric acid and enzymes break polypeptides into amino acids that can be absorbed by the cells of the small intestine. Taking large doses of one amino acid can impair the absorption and/or metabolism of other amino acids.

Diets high in trans fatty acids tend to ______ a person's risk of heart disease.

increase

Omega-6 fatty acids _________ clotting and _________ inflammation in the body.

increase, increase

Which part of the chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another? Its side chain Its amino group Its acid group Its double bonds

its side chain

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? Oleic acid Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid

linoleic acid

fat digestion and absorption: The salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas secrete _____enzymes to break down triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.

lipase

LDL

low-density lipoprotein arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells As triglycerides are removed from VLDLs, they become less dense and are called this. carry cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to the cells of the body.

A fatty acid is s______ if it contains no carbon-carbon double bonds, _______ if it has only one carbon-carbon double bond, and _______ if it contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

fat digestion and absorption: Immediately after absorption, the products of fat digestion are resynthesized into triglycerides within the cells of the __________

small intestine

fat digestion and absorption: The products of fat digestion (monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol) are absorbed into the cells of the ______.

small intestine

Which of the following foods is cholesterol free? Butter Whole milk Turkey (light meat) Peanut butter

Peanut butter Foods of plant origin contain no cholesterol

What happens to protein synthesis when an essential amino acid is in short supply? Protein synthesis increases. Protein synthesis is limited. Protein synthesis continues unaffected. Protein synthesis will only occur in the kidneys.

Protein synthesis is limited

Age, body composition, and stage of the life cycle may influence basal metabolic rate. Click to select one of each pair below to indicate which person has the higher basal metabolic rate.

- A pregnant woman - A woman who weighs 150 pounds and has 25% body fat instead of a woman who has 30% body fat - A 35 year old man instead of a woman - A man who is 6'2 instead of 5'10 and weights 180 pounds Lean body mass is the biggest factor that influences basal metabolism: having more lean mass translates into higher basal metabolic rate. Men tend to have higher basal metabolic rates than women because they usually have more lean mass per kilogram of body weight. In general, increases in weight will increase BMR, especially if the increase reflects a change in lean mass. Also, being tall increases BMR because a larger body surface area increases the calories lost as heat. Being pregnant also increases the basal metabolic rate.

Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods? Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life. Trans fatty acids increase a food's selling price. Trans fatty acids decrease the likelihood of foodborne illness. Trans fatty acids contain added vitamins and minerals that promote health

trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life Manufacturers often add partially hydrogenated plant oils to products to increase shelf life.

(Underweight, Healthy weight, overweight obese) Brittany is 5'8 (68 inches) tall and 120 pounds

underweight Underweight is defined as BMI <18.5. Healthy weight is BMI 18.5 to 24.9. Overweight is BMI 25 to 29.9. Obese is BMI ≥ 30. To calculate BMI, multiply weight (pounds) by 703, then divide by height2 (inches). For Brittany, (120 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 18.2 = underweight. For Kathy, (140 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 21.3 = healthy weight. For Darlene, (140 × 703) / (62 × 62) = 25.6 = overweight. For Janice, (200 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 30.4 = obese.

VLDL

very low density lipoprotein carries to body cells mostly triglycerides taken up from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver carry lipids made and taken up by the liver to the cells of the body.

Organs roles in protein digestion and absorption

1. Stomach: where pepsin and acid work to digest protein 2. Pancreas: Triggered by CCK, this organ releases trypsin for the digestion of protein 3. Liver: The portal vein delivers absorbed amino acids to this organ, where they then go on to enter the bloodstream 4. Small intestine: Final digestion of amino acid chains to single amino acids occurs in the walls of this organ 5. anus: Very little protein is present in the feces by the time it reaches this part of the large intestine Chemical digestion of protein begins in the stomach, where hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and pepsin catalyzes the breakdown of some peptide bonds. As chyme moves into the small intestine, proteases from the pancreas, including trypsin and chymotrypsin, further break down polypeptides into dipeptides and amino acids, which can be absorbed into small intestinal cells. Any dipeptides in the small intestinal cells will be fully broken down by additional proteases. Individual amino acids are then transported from the small intestine to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Typically, very little protein escapes digestion to end up in the feces.

Basal metabolism is the largest component of total energy expenditure, typically accounting for 60% to 75% of total energy needs. Which of the following factors would decrease your basal metabolic rate? A fever Use of caffeine A low calorie intake Gains in muscle mass

A low Calorie intake Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is largely dependent on a person's lean mass; higher lean mass leads to higher BMR. A fever tends to increase BMR. Caffeine use also may slightly increase BMR. A very low calorie intake, on the other hand, can reduce thyroid hormone production, which would decrease BMR.

Which combination of foods provide the best source of omega-3 fatty acids? Carrots and snow peas stir-fried in canola oil. Asparagus roasted with olive oil. Baked potato with butter and sour cream. Chocolate cake made with coconut oil.

Carrots and snow peas stir-fried in canola oil

Quick, large changes in weight are most likely the result of all of the following EXCEPT Changes in fat stores. Changes in body fluid content. Changes in electrolytes and fluid balance. Changes in the lean tissues such as muscle.

Changes in fat stores

What is NOT a component of plaque? Oxidized LDL Platelets Calcium Chylomicron

Chylomicron

The unsaturated fatty acids can exist in one of two structural forms. When hydrogens on an unsaturated fatty acid lie on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, a _____formation exists. The ____ form occurs when hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond.

Cis, trans

What would you choose as the optimal nutrition to support your weight-training regimen? Consume a diet that provides 10% to 35% of calories from a variety of sources of protein. Take individual amino acid supplements. Take whey protein supplements.

Consume a diet that provides 10% to 35% of calories from a variety of sources of protein. Expensive supplements are unnecessary because typical American diets that meet one's energy needs are likely to provide more than enough protein to meet one's protein needs—even for elite athletes. Taking individual amino acid supplements can lead to amino acid imbalances and toxicities. Excessive intake of animal protein typically provides excess calories, fat, and cholesterol. The best option is to consume a diet that provides 10% to 35% of kilocalories from a variety of lean sources of protein.

The nitrogen from amino acid break down is stored in the liver. oxidized to carbohydrate. converted to urea. converted to fat.

Converted to urea

Which scenario is an example of healthy weight loss? On April 1 Tammy weighed 150 lbs. She joined the Fit and Trim weight loss program and by May 1 weighed 130 lbs. Jeff lost 15 lbs in 4 weeks by decreasing his caloric intake by 700 calories each day and exercising 4 times a week. Samantha lost 10 pounds in 5 days to fit into her wedding dress, by eliminating soft drinks and all fatty foods from her diet. Denise lost 25 pounds in 6 months by following a diet that included a variety of foods, even occasionally including her favorite dessert of chocolate cake.

Denise lost 25 pounds in 6 months by following a diet that included a variety of foods, even occasionally including her favorite dessert of chocolate cake.

What does fat add directly to a meal? Enticing flavor and aroma Calcium for stronger bones Fewer calories than carbohydrates The same number of calories as protein

Enticing flavor and aroma

Wendy recently participated in a nutrition research study in which the dietitian determined that her protein intake equals protein losses each day

Example of equilibirum (protein balance)

Gallstone formation

High-fat and high-cholesterol diet increases the cholesterol content of bile

Which of the following is NOT true of lipids in the body? Lipids store energy. Lipids are part of enzymes. Lipids insulate the body. Lipids are part of cell membranes.

Lipids are part of enzymes

Which of the following meals contains complementary proteins? Rice with black beans and tomatoes Almond butter and jam on whole grain toast Peas and carrots Fruit salad with blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and honeydew melon

Rice with black beans and tomatoes Fruits are generally low in protein, so the fruit salad is not an example of complementary proteins. Combining two vegetables does not result in complementary proteins—both peas and carrots are low in methionine. Almond butter and bread are not complementary proteins; both are low in lysine. Beans and rice are examples of complementary proteins. Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine, whereas grains are limited in lysine. Eating a combination of legumes and grains, such as beans and rice, will supply the body with adequate amounts of all essential amino acids.

(True or False) An omnivorous (includes animal and plant foods) diet that follows the Dietary Guidelines (MyPlate recommendations) can provide the same health benefits as a well-balanced vegetarian diet.

True

chylomicron

carries absorbed lipids from the small intestine to body cells carry dietary fat from the small intestine to the cells of the body.

Waist circumference is a measure of Central obesity Gynoid obesity Subcutaneous fat Total body fatness

central obesity

extra protein is stored in the liver for later use. passed out of the body in feces. converted to glucose or fat stored in the muscle tissue.

converted to glucose or fat

Regina's pregnant sister is interested in boosting her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two fatty acids that can be made from alpha-linolenic (omega-3) acid. She has heard that EPA and DHA are important for cancer prevention, brain health, cardiovascular disease prevention, and immune function. Which food is the best source of EPA and DHA? walnuts flaxseed fatty fish mussels

fatty fish EPA and DHA are naturally high in fatty fish, such as salmon, tuna, sardines, anchovies, striped bass, catfish, herring, mackerel, trout, or halibut.

Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a _____ backbone attached to three fatty acids.

glycerol

Olive oil contains mostly ______ fatty acids. saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated trans

monounsaturated

The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is carbon. nitrogen oxygen. hydrogen.

nitrogen

(Underweight, Healthy weight, overweight obese) Janice is 5'8 (68 inches) tall and 200 pounds

obese Underweight is defined as BMI <18.5. Healthy weight is BMI 18.5 to 24.9. Overweight is BMI 25 to 29.9. Obese is BMI ≥ 30. To calculate BMI, multiply weight (pounds) by 703, then divide by height2 (inches). For Brittany, (120 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 18.2 = underweight. For Kathy, (140 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 21.3 = healthy weight. For Darlene, (140 × 703) / (62 × 62) = 25.6 = overweight. For Janice, (200 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 30.4 = obese.

(Underweight, Healthy weight, overweight obese) Darlene is 5'2 (62 inches) tall and 140 pounds

overweight Underweight is defined as BMI <18.5. Healthy weight is BMI 18.5 to 24.9. Overweight is BMI 25 to 29.9. Obese is BMI ≥ 30. To calculate BMI, multiply weight (pounds) by 703, then divide by height2 (inches). For Brittany, (120 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 18.2 = underweight. For Kathy, (140 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 21.3 = healthy weight. For Darlene, (140 × 703) / (62 × 62) = 25.6 = overweight. For Janice, (200 × 703) / (68 × 68) = 30.4 = obese.