Nervous System 11 A&P 101
The three meninges are mater, mater, and mater.
1.dura 2. pia 3. arachnoid
Indicate the cranial nerve number for the olfactory nerve.
Nerve 1
What is a plexus?
an intermingling of nerves
Areas of the cerebral cortex that interpret sensory impulses and handle reasoning and judgment are called ______ areas.
association
The basal nuclei consist of ______
gray matter
What are some parts of the brainstem?
midbrain and pons
What are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
motor, association, and sensory areas
A complex network of axons of anterior branches of spinal nerves that innervate a particular peripheral body part is called a ______.
plexus
Cranial nerve IV is also called the
trochlear nerve
Indicate the origins of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
The thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Which tracts in the spinal cord carry sensory information?
ascending tracts
The primary motor area is found in the BLANK lobe.
frontal
What is the purpose of reflexes?
help maintain homeostasis
The first pair of spinal nerves is a purely nerve, while the rest are nerves, containing both motor and sensory fibers.
1.motor 2: mixed
A total of pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain and brainstem.
12
The BLANK tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information to the brain while BLANK tracts carry motor impulses from the brain to the periphery.
1: ascending 2: descending
The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system arise from neurons located in the , , and the medulla oblongata, as well as from neurons located in the sacral region of the spinal cord.
1: midbrain 2: pons
The brainstem is comprised by the midbrain, the , and the
1: pons 2: medulla 3: oblongata
The rami of spinal nerves innervate most of the deep muscles of the back of the trunk responsible for moving the vertebral column and the rami of spinal nerves innervate the muscle and skin on the limbs and anterior trunk.
1: posterior 2: anterior
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the blank nervous system and the blank system
1: sympathetic 2: parasympathetic
Which statement accurately describes the cauda equina?
A bundle of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from the conus medullaris.
What is a monosynaptic reflex?
A reflex that involves two neurons only.
Which are true about apoptosis in the brain?
It is a normal, natural occurrence. If it fails, diseases like schizophrenia may result.
At an organ or effector that is innervated by both the SNS and PSNS, what is the typical type of response to stimulation by these nervous systems?
One would inhibit the organ and one would activate the organ.
How are cranial nerves named?
Roman numerals indicate the order in which they arise from the brain. They have names that describe their primary function.
True or false: The cranial nerves serve parts of the head, neck, and also some structures of the trunk.
True
When does stimulation at cholinergic receptors end?
When acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers both release which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
Stimulation at cholinergic receptors ends when acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase
What is a reflex?
an automatic, subconscious response to a specific stimulus
What are the functions of association areas in the cerebral cortex?
analyze and interpret sensory experiences
Motor signals leave the spinal cord through the ______ roots. Sensory signals enter the spinal cord through the ______ roots
anterior; posterior
All the basic components of a reflex are collectively known as a reflex
arc
Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers from the motor pathways for the ______ nervous system
autonomic
The division of the PNS that regulates visceral activities and maintains homeostasis is called the ______ nervous system.
autonomic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of the
autonomic nervous system
Nerves branching from the ______ plexus innervate the upper limbs.
brachial
Ventricles are cavities found in the ______ and are filled with ______.
brain; cerebrospinal fluid
The brainstem connects the ______ to the ______.
brain; spinal cord
The brain is connected to the spinal cord by the
brainstem
The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis and controls visceral activities by regulating the actions of ______.
cardiac muscles smooth muscles several glands
As the lumbar and sacral nerves extend inferiorly beyond the end of the spinal cord, they form the ______.
cauda equina
What is the name of the descending roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves that extend below the spinal cord but remain in the vertebral canal?
cauda equina
The is a large mass of tissue located inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the pons.
cerebellum
Where are basal nuclei found?
cerebrum
Within the brain, the major area that is the seat of intelligence, personality, and conscious sensation is the
cerebrum
The plexus innervates the muscles and the skin of the neck.
cervical
Indicate the cranial nerve number for the oculomotor nerve.
cranial nerve III
Indicate the cranial nerve number for the abducens nerve.
cranial nerve VI
Indicate the cranial nerve number for the facial nerve
cranial nerve VII
The anatomical name that reflects the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the CNS is the ______ division
craniosacral
The anatomical name that reflects the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the CNS is the ______ division.
craniosacral
Because of the ______ of nerve fibers, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.
crossing over
The area of the brain called the is located between the cerebral hemispheres, superior to the brainstem, and surrounding the third ventricle.
diencephalon
Choose the effectors for the motor fibers of the trochlear nerve.
extrinsic eye muscles which move the eyes
Which nerve innervates salivary glands and muscles of facial expression?
facial nerve (CN VII)
The spinal cord ends near the intervertebral disc that separates the ______.
first and second lumbar vertebrae
Autonomic regulation of visceral functions, such as body temperature, hunger, and thirst, occurs in what area of the brain?
hypothalamus
The commands for the autonomic regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and water balance come from the area of the brain called the .
hypothalamus
Where are the ventricles (which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid) found?
in the brain
Typically, if the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system activates an organ, the parasympathetic division ______.
inhibits it
What are some functions of the cerebrum?
interpretation of sensory signals initiation of voluntary movements memory storage intellect and reasoning
Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through openings called the foramina.
intervertebral
The cerebrum is the ______ of the mature brain.
largest part
What areas of the body do spinal nerves innervate?
lower limbs trunk upper limbs
The buttocks, thighs, legs, and feet are innervated by nerves branching from the plexuses.
lumbosacral
Indicate the three large branches of the trigeminal nerve.
maxillary division mandibular division ophthalmic division
Because it only uses two neurons, the patellar reflex is an example of a ______.
monosynaptic reflex
In a reflex arc, sensory neurons or interneurons connect with BLANK neurons which carry information from the CNS to effectors.
motor
All spinal nerves (except the first one) have two roots. The anterior roots consist of fibers (axons) while posterior roots consist of fibers (axons).
motor sensory
is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.
nerve
Sensory signals from the skin (i.e. touch, pressure, pain) are ultimately directed to the BLANK lobe of the cerebrum to an area called the somatosensory cortex.
parietal
blank nervous system consists of all the nerves that branch from the CNS, including the blank nerves and the spinal nerves.
peripheral, cranial
Choose the structures that are parts of the brainstem.
pons midbrain medulla oblongata
The ______ branch of a spinal nerve innervates the muscles and skin of the back.
posterior
An autonomic motor pathway consists of a(n) ______ and a(n) ______.
postganglionic fiber preganglionic fiber
The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe contains what functional area?
primary motor area
What are the effectors of the motor fibers of the facial nerve?
salivary glands, tear glands, muscles of facial expression
Indicate whether the vestibulocochlear nerve is sensory, motor, or mixed.
sensory
What areas of the body does the cervical plexus innervate?
skin and muscles of the neck
What areas of the body are innervated by the lumbosacral plexus?
skin of the feet lower abdominal wall muscles in the thigh
The preganglionic fibers of the division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
sympathetic
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic parasympathetic
What are the origins of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
the brainstem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord
What provides two-way communication between the central nervous system and the muscles and skin of the upper and lower limbs, neck, and trunk.
the spinal nerves
The diencephalon is found surrounding what structure?
third ventricle
How do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
through the intervertebral foramina
Identify the function(s) of the cervical plexuses.
transmit sensory information from the skin of the neck to the central nervous system supply motor impulses to the diaphragm supply motor impulses to muscles of the neck
Cranial nerve V is also called the
trigeminal
Which region of the body is served by nerves arising from the brachial plexus?
upper limb
Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called
ventricles
Where is the spinal cord located?
vertebral canal
Choose the two distinct parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).
vestibular branch cochlear branch
The nervous tissue that becomes the spinal cord leaves the cranium through the
1.foramen 2. magnum
Choose all the components of the patellar reflex.
A sensory neuron with stretch receptors in the quadriceps femoris muscle group. A motor neuron.
What are the functions of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
Controls muscles that raise the eyelid. Controls muscles that move the eye. Controls muscles of the pupil, to adjust the amount of light entering the eye.
Which are the functions of the spinal cord?
It conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain. It is a center for many reflexes.
Indicate the cranial nerve number for the trigeminal nerve
V
Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eye?
abducens nerve
Spinal nerve C5 emerges ______ vertebra C5 and spinal nerve L5 emerges ______ vertebra L5.
above; below
A reflex arc begins with a sensory receptor at the dendritic end of a(n) ______.
afferent neuron
In the most generalized way, nerves can be defined as bundles of
axons
What type of fibers are found in the anterior root of a spinal nerve?
axons of motor neurons
The neural centers and pathways that coordinate muscular movements are located in the ______.
brain
What part of the nervous system is responsible for sensation and perception, issuing motor commands, personality, and regulating visceral activity?
brain
Cranial nerves I and II are associated with the cerebrum while the remaining cranial nerves originate from the
brainstem
Most of the cranial nerves (cranial nerves III-XII), arise from what location?
brainstem
What are the effectors for the motor fibers of the abducens nerve?
extrinsic muscle of the eye
What area(s) of the body do cranial nerves innervate?
head, neck, some parts of the trunk
Which term refers to the differences in function between the right and left sides of the cerebrum?
hemispheric dominance
Cranial nerve III is also called the
oculomotor
The muscles that move the eyes and eyelids and the muscles that adjust pupil size and lens shape are innervated by the ______ nerve
oculomotor
Which cranial nerve contains only sensory nerve fibers and transmits impulses associated with the sense of smell?
olfactory nerve
The name associated with the second pair of cranial nerves (II) is the nerves.
optic
Which type of cranial nerve contains only sensory nerve fibers and transmits impulses associated with the sense of vision?
optic nerve
Where is the cerebellum located?
posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata
Choose the two statements that describe the location of the cerebellum.
posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
What is the function of the cerebral cortex of the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe (the somatosensory cortex)?
receives sensory signals from the skin
The sensory areas of the cerebrum receive and interpret impulses from ______.
receptors
A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus is called a(n)
reflex
A(n) BLANK helps maintain homeostasis by controlling involuntarily processes and carrying out automatic protective responses (i.e. coughing, sneezing, vomiting).
reflex
The simple neural pathway that mediates a reflex is called a(n) ______.
reflex arc
The spinal cord is a center for spinal BLANK and conducts impulses to and from the brain.
reflexes
Except for the first pair, all spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord as two short branches called ______.
roots
The fibers of each spinal nerve (except the first pair) connect to the spinal cord via two
roots
The BLANK areas of the cerebrum function to receive input from receptors, producing sensations.
sensory
Which areas of the cerebrum function to receive input from receptors, producing sensations?
sensory
Because sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system cross over on their way to the cerebrum, centers in the right hemisphere interpret impulses originating from the left side of the body, and vice versa. However, two of the sensory areas receive impulses from both sides of the body. Choose these two sensory areas from the following list.
sensory areas associated with hearing sensory areas associated with vision
The normal reversible state of unconsciousness characterized by limited sensory input and inhibited skeletal muscle activity is commonly known as
sleep
Which term refers to a temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated?
sleep
The ______ nerve branches into the ophthalmic division, maxillary division, and mandibular division.
trigeminal
When a physician moves a finger in front of a patient's face, asking them to follow its movement with their eyes, they are testing the function of the ______ nerve.
trochlear
