Nervous System

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of a. oligodendrocytes. b. microglia. c. ependymal cells. d. astrocytes. e. Schwann cells.

Schwann cells

The all-or-none principle states that a. all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. b. all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. c. the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. d. only motor stimuli can activate action potentials. e. only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials

________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma. a. Amnesia b. Apraxia c. Hemiaplasia d. Dyslexia e. Aphasia

amnesia

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation? a. arachnoid granulations b. third ventricle c. dural sinuses d. cerebral aqueduct e. lateral ventricle

arachnoid granulations

Interneurons a. carry only sensory impulses. b. are found only in the central nervous system. c. carry only motor impulses. d. are found between neurons and their effectors. e. only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons.

are found only in the central nervous system

Which ion is needed to trigger the release of acetylcholine, via exocytosis, into the synaptic cleft? a. potassium b. chloride c. zinc d. calcium e. sodium

calcium

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by a. meninges. b. cell bodies of neurons and glial cells. c. tracts. d. columns. e. blood vessels.

cell bodies of neurons and glial cells

Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called a. collaterals. b. synapse. c. action potentials. d. hillocks. e. synaptic knobs.

collaterals

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called ________. a. threshold b. refractories c. hyperpolarizations d. action potentials e. graded potentials

graded potentials

Axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other are found in the ________. a. gray commissures b. lateral gray horns c. posterior gray horns d. posterior white columns e. anterior white columns

gray commissures

The projections of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called a. horns. b. pyramids. c. tracts. d. fibers. e. wings.

horns

In general, the nervous system a. is long lasting. b. is fast acting c. is one of the simplest organ systems. d. responds to changes in the external environment only. e. controls only conscious activities.

is fast acting

Saltatory conduction a. occurs at the synapse. b. is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon. c. occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking. d. is slower that conduction on an unmyelinated axon. e. occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous.

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon

Which structure secretes melatonin? a. pineal gland b. anterior pituitary gland c. superior colliculus d. posterior pituitary gland e. hypothalamus

pineal gland

The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region? a. cerebellum b. diencephalon c. mesencephalon d. pons e. midbrain

diencephalon

The ________ establishes emotional states. a. basal nuclei b. pons c. cerebellum d. midbrain e. limbic system

limbic system

Which structure(s) control(s) the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli? a. hypothalamus b. medulla oblongata c. inferior colliculi d. hippocampus e. superior colliculi

superior colliculi

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity. a. somatic b. autonomic c. central d. ganglionic e. collateral

autonomic

Which structure functions in the subconscious control of muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns? a. hypothalamus b. reticular formation c. hippocampus d. basal nuclei e. thalamus

basal nuclei

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the soma between them are called a. tripolar. b. unipolar. c. polypolar. d. bipolar. e. multipolar.

bipolar

The resting potential of a neuron is ________. a. + 70 mV b. -10 mV c. 0 mV d. +10 mV e. -70 mV

-70 mV

The brain and spinal cord comprise the a. efferent nervous system. b. afferent nervous system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. autonomic nervous system. e. central nervous system.

central nervous system

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the a. medulla oblongata. b. cerebellum. c. midbrain. d. thalamus. e. diencephalon.

cerebellum

The midbrain has a slender CSF-filled canal known as the ________. a. cerebral aqueduct b. lateral ventricle c. third ventricle d. fourth ventricle e. medulla oblongata

cerebral aqueduct

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the a. midbrain. b. cerebellum. c. medulla. d. cerebrum. e. pons.

cerebrum

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system? a. regulating or controlling peripheral structures and systems b. integrating sensory information c. coordinating voluntary and involuntary activities d. providing sensation of the internal and external environments e. sending signals to muscles

sending signals to muscles

The specialized membranes that protect the spinal cord are termed a. cranial meninges. b. spinal mater. c. spinal meninges. d. cranial mater. e. epidural membranes.

spinal meninges

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates? a. arachnoid villi b. pia mater c. epidural space d. subarachnoid space e. dural sinus

subarachnoid space

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the a. parietal lobe. b. frontal lobe. c. temporal lobe. d. cerebellar lobe. e. occipital lobe.

temporal lobe

Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands? a. ventral horns b. white column c. anterior gray commissure d. ventral roots e. dorsal roots

ventral roots

Most neurons in the brain are a. anaxonic. b. tripolar. c. multipolar d. unipolar. e. bipolar.

multipolar

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the soma are called a. unipolar. b. polypolar. c. multipolar. d. bipolar. e. tripolar.

multipolar

Adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________. a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. GABA d. acetylcholine e. dopamine

norepinephrine

The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands. a. midbrain b. cerebellum c. diencephalon d. pons e. medulla

diencephalon

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain a. sensory nuclei. b. visceral motor axons. c. autonomic motor nuclei. d. nerve tracts. e. somatic motor nuclei.

sensory nuclei

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because a. these spaces compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain. b. pathways will be blocked. c. epicardial tissue will be affected. d. the venous sinus will not drain. e. they could cause severe pain.

these spaces compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain

Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called ________. a. centers b. ganglia c. nuclei d. tracts e. the cortex

tracts

The entire spinal cord is divided into ________ segments. a. 35 b. 12 c. 31 d. 25 e. 5

31

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential.1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels3. Depolarization to threshold4. Closing of potassium channels a. 3, 1, 2, 4 b. 3, 1, 4, 2 c. 1, 3, 2, 4 d. 1, 3, 4, 2 e. 4, 3, 2, 1

3, 1, 2, 4

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse?1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine.2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase.3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.4. Axon terminal depolarizes. a. 1, 4, 3, 2 b. 4, 1, 3, 2 c. 2, 3, 1, 4 d. 4, 1, 2, 3 e. 3, 4, 1, 2

4, 1, 3, 2

Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are known as a. microglia. b. neurofibrils. c. synapses. d. neurofilaments. e. Nissl bodies.

Nissl bodies

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons? a. serotonin b. monoamine oxidase c. dopamine d. acetylcholine e. GABA

acetylcholine

The ________ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system. a. motor b. efferent c. spinal d. descending e. afferent

afferent

The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the a. afferent division. b. efferent division. c. motor division. d. autonomic division. e. somatic division.

afferent division

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are a. motor areas. b. processing areas. c. sensory areas. d. association areas. e. commissural areas.

association areas

The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the a. ependymal cells. b. satellite cells. c. Schwann cells. d. astrocytes. e. microglia.

astrocytes

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the a. astrocytes. b. Schwann cells. c. oligodendrocytes. d. microglia. e. ependymal cells.

astrocytes

The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the a. precentral gyrus. b. postcentral gyrus. c. cerebellum. d. midbrain. e. corpus callosum.

corpus callosum

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called a. Nissl bodies. b. synapses. c. axons. d. dendrites. e. neurofibrils.

dendrites

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in a. hyperpolarization. b. depolarization. c. repolarization. d. myelination. e. increased negative charge inside the membrane.

depolarization

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain? a. astrocytes b. oligodendrocytes c. Schwann cells d. microglia e. ependymal cells

ependymal cells

In adults, the spinal cord usually extends to which level? a. first sacral vertebra b. seventh cervical vertebra c. first or second lumbar vertebra d. tenth thoracic vertebra e. fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra

first or second lumbar vertebra

The ________ ventricle is associated with the pons and upper portion of the medulla oblongata. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. lateral

fourth

The area anterior to the central sulcus is the a. occipital lobe. b. parietal lobe. c. frontal lobe. d. temporal lobe. e. postcentral gyrus.

frontal lobe

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, taking the membrane potential away from 0 mV, results in which of the following? a. hyperpolarizationT b. repolarization c. depolarization d. refraction e. summation

hyperpolarization

Which structure secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin? a. hypothalamus b. epithalamus c. medulla oblongata d. pons e. cerebellum

hypothalamus

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur a. in the cervical and thoracic regions. b. adjacent to the anterior median fissure. c. near the posterior median sulcus. d. in the cervical and lumbar regions. e. in the thoracic region of the spinal cord.

in the cervical and lumbar regions

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, a. motor control of visceral organs would be impaired. b. the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. c. incoming sensory information would be disrupted. d. motor control of skeletal muscles would be impaired. e. the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level.

incoming sensory information would be disrupted

During continuous conduction, a. action potentials move in all directions along an axon. b. action potentials produce a local current that is strong enough to spread along the length of the axon. c. local potentials produce a continuous outward flow of potassium ions. d. local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane. e. action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon.

local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the a. longitudinal fissure b. postcentral sulcus. c. frontal lobe. d. lateral sulcus. e. central sulcus.

longitudinal fissure

The processing of olfactory sensations and reflex movements associated with eating occurs in the a. mammillary bodies b. hippocampus. c. basal ganglia. d. inferior colliculi. e. superior colliculi.

mammillary bodies

Major centers concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the a. midbrain. b. pons. c. medulla oblongata. d. cerebellum. e. diencephalon.

medulla oblongata

Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers? a. superior colliculus b. cerebellum c. inferior colliculus d. medulla oblongata e. pons

medulla oblongata

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called a. ependymal cells. b. Schwann cells. c. oligodendrocytes. d. microglia. e. astrocytes.

microglia

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter a. GABA. b. dopamine. c. acetylcholine. d. norepinephrine. e. serotonin.

norepinephrine

The visual cortex is located in the a. parietal lobe. b. temporal lobe. c. frontal lobe. d. occipital lobe. e. cerebellum.

occipital lobe

The visual cortex of the cerebrum is located in the ________. a. hippocampus b. postcentral gyrus c. parietal lobe d. occipital lobe e. thalamus

occipital lobe

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by a. oligodendrocytes. b. astrocytes. c. ependymal cells. d. microglia. e. Schwann cells.

oligodendrocytes

All of the nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system comprises the ________ nervous system. a. sympathetic b. somatic c. peripheral d. autonomic e. central

peripheral

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain. a. dura mater b. pia mater c. arachnoid d. subarachnoid space e. epidural space

pia mater

The sensory nuclei of cranial nerves V-VIII are found within which of the following? a. midbrain b. pons c. basal ganglia d. cerebellum e. medulla oblongata

pons

When a neuron is at rest, which ion passes through its membrane most easily? a. sulfate b. potassium c. proteins d. sodium e. chloride

potassium

The primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the ________. a. lateral sulcus b. pons c. precentral gyrus d. cerebellum e. postcentral gyrus

precentral gyrus

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the a. olfactory cortex. b. visual cortex. c. primary motor cortex. d. auditory cortex. e. primary sensory cortex.

primary sensory cortex

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains a. why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis b. the conducting ability of neurons. c. the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. d. the longevity of neurons. e. why neurons grow such long axons.

why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis