nervous system questions
What would NOT be a side effect of a drug that hypo-stimulates the Leydig (interstitial) cells on a pubertal human? A. increased secretion of GnRH by hypothalamus B. Increased secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary C. Decreased secretion of GnRH D. increased secretion of LH by anterior pituitary
C. Decreased secretion of GnRH by hypothalamus
At the instant following the second heart sound, which heart valves are open?
all valves are closed
which neurotransmitter is not classified as a catecholamine? a. dopamine b. histamine c. epineprine d. norepinephrine
b. histamine; it is a monoamine neurotransmitter
which of the following is a major organic component of bone? a. hydroxyapatite b. keratin c. elastin d. collagen
d. collagen hydroxyapatite is NOT organic
which of the following is both an endocrine and exocrine gland a. thyroid gland b. adrenal glands c. parathyroid glands d. liver
d. liver
SGLT1 is a symporter that can be found in the small intestine. which macromolecule does it trannsport?
monosaccharides
which of the following is an example of lower motor neuron dysfunction?
shriveled muscle is a sign of lower motor neuron dysfunction.. so is general weakness and muscle atrophy
Which of the following accurately describes the direction of an impulse moving through a neuron that carries information to the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? a. an afferent neuron, impulse moving distally b. an efferent neuron, impulse moving proximally c. an efferent neuron, impulse moving distally d. an afferent neuron, impulse moving proximally
d. an afferent neuron, impulse moving proximally proximal movements come from the edge of the body and move towards the center of the body distal movements come from the center of the body and move towards the edge of the body
the pancreas arises from which embryonic germ layer?
endoderm
how is acetylcholine removed from the postsynaptic membrane?
enzymatic deactivation neurotransmitters are removed from the membrane a specific way
Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of Henle) of a healthy adult nephron? amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, large molecular weight protein
large molecular weight proteina re too big to pass thru the glomerulus
Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what phagocytic cell type?
macrophage
a local nerve block is a technique which shuts off afferent receptors in the target area. What is its effect? a. anti-tetanus b. anesthetic c. slows heart rate d. temporary paralysis
tetanus is the maximum sustained contraction of skeletal muscles heart reate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. afferent nerve fibers bring signals back to the central nervous system. a local nerve block would be an anesthetic, as it would block sensation, but would not affect movement. sometimes a nerve block is used to dull tooth pain when pain medication is contradicted.
what is saltatory conduction
the conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon
how would action potentials be affected in a myelinated axon if nodes are far apart? a. action potentials might stop b. action potentials would not be affected c. action potentials might travel more slowly d. action potentials might travel more quickly
A. action potentials might stop action potentials only form in nodes. nodes that are close together might cause action potentials to slow down. nodes that are far apart might cause action potentials to stop.
which hormonal change is linked with the menses period of uterine cycle? A. increased secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum B. Decreased levels of progesterone and estrogen C. increased levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizng hormone D. Increased secretion of estrogen
B. Decreased levels of progesterone and estrogen
Osteoporosis is a disease caused by the imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation that causes weakening of the bones. The medication ibandronate treats osteoporosis by slowing bone loss. If ibandronate is transported through the blood, how will it most directly reach bone tissue? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A, Incorrect)INCORRECTThrough bone marrow(Choice B, Checked, Correct)CORRECT (SELECTED)Through Haversian canals(Choice C, Incorrect)INCORRECTThrough the lymphatic system(Choice D, Incorrect)INCORRECTBy diffusion through the surface of the bone
B. the haversian cannals travel through bone tissue and allow for innervation and vascularization of the bone. this is the most direct way medication can reach bone tissue.
which hormonal supplementation therapy is the least likely to assist a female that has difficulties ovulating? A. luteinizing hormone B. Follicle stimulating hormone C. progesterone D. estrogen
C. progesterone because progesterone levels rise after ovulation has already occured
which structure is likely to be immediately affected due to spread of an infection int he cervical canal? A. fallopian tube B. Fornix C. clitoris D. fimbriae
D. fornix is immediately adjacent to cervical canal
what is spermiogenesis?
Shedding of unnecessary cytoplasm
which hormonal change is linked with the menses period of uterine cycle? a. increased secretion progesterone by corpus luteum b. decreased levels of progesterone and estrogen c. increased secretion of estrogen d. increased levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
b. decreased levels of progesterone and estrogen during menses, both progesterone and estrogen levels are decreased
damage in cerebellum would result in difficulty with which of the following functions?
coordination of movement.. emotion is regulated by areas other than the cerebellum
the phenomenon known as "goosebumps" is often combined with shivering to reduce heat loss. What integumentary layer is most directly related to this reflex/
reticular dermis arrector pili muscles attach to hair follicles to control individual hair movement. the reticular dermis is the location of arrector pili muscles, anchored in the dense connective tissue that characterizes this layer.
which type of synovial joint is multiaxial, allowing motion in mre than one plane of movement? a. plane joint b. saddle joint c. pivote joint d. hinge joint
saddle joint
what coagulation factor is common to both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?
x (stuart-prower factor) the extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue injury by the release of tissue factor. tissue factor catalyzes the formation of factor VII, which catalyzes the formation of factor x.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease which attack gangliosides, which are molecules found on the outside of a cell. Patients with this disease have a nerve conduction block which is often caused by a slowed conduction potential and can lead to paralysis. Which type of cell is attacked? A. Schwann cells B. Neurons C. Astrocytes D. Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells control the conductive potential velocity because of increased axon diameter and myelination
which statement correctly identifies a similarity between cartilage and bone? a. both are produced by specialized mesenchymal cells b. both are avascular c. both are sites of hematopoiesis d. both are innervated
both are produced by specialized mesenchymal cells
lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, due to insufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase. Where is lactase usually found?
brush border of duodenum
which of the following anatomical portionof a nephron connects the b owman's capsule to the loop of henle? a. distal convoluted tubule b. connecting tubule c. proximal convoluted tubule d. collecting duct
c.
what is an aponeurosis a. a segement of muscle that is not attached to the bone b. an area of smooth muscle in the abdomen c. a large, flat tendon that anchors muscle d. a group of neurons that innervate striated muscle cells
c. a large, flat tendon that
which of the following accurately describes a function of angiotensin 2? a. acts on the pituitary to increase secretion of aldosterone b. acts on smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels, decreasing resistance to blood flow c. acts o nephrons to increase water retention in the blood d. acts on the adrenal glands to increase secretion of ADH
c. acts on nephrons to increase water retention in the blood angiotensin 2 is activated in response to low blood pressure. decreasing resistance to blood flow decreases blood pressure. the pituitary secretes adh, the adrenal glands secrete aldosterone. angiotensin 2 acts on nephrons to increase water retention in the blood.
juxtaglomerular cells are part of which structure in the nephron? a. efferent arterioles b. proximal convoluted tubule c. afferent arterioles d. glomerulus
c. afferent arterioles juxta glomerular cells release renin into the blood stream and they line the afferent arterioles
which of the following is least likely to trigger the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland? a. increase in angiotensin 2 plasma concentration b. decrease in blood pressure c. high blood volume d. decrease in sodium concentration in glomerular filtrate
c. high blood volume high blood volume implies high blood pressure
increased stomach pH is the consequence of which of the following? a. damage to mucous cells b. increased G cell activity c. inhibition of parietal cells d. overexpression by chief cells
c. inhibition of parietal cells parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, which increases the acid concentration of the stmach. inhibiting these cells would increase the pH
Growth factors and histamine are chemical agents released in small amounts that act locally on neighboring cells. Which of the following best describes the function of growth factors and histamine? Choose 1 answer: a. endocrine function b. autocrine function c. paracrine function d. none of the above
c. paracrine function
which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest a. repolarized b. hyperpolarized c. polarized d. depolarized
c. polarized. there is a separation of charges that is referred to as polarization. the membrane potential of a neuron at rest is slightly negative, thus it is polarized.
we would expect to find smooth muscle in all of the following EXCEPT: a. pulmonary circulatory tissue b. esophagus c. small intestine d. myocardial tissue
myocardial tissue cardiac tissue is made up of cardiac muscle, not smooth muscle
what charge is a cation
postive
What vessels carry deoxygenated blood away from the hearT?
pulmonary artery carries blood from the right ventricle into the lungs
the space between two z lines constitutes the:
sacromere
if you were to apply pain to your right hand where would your brain receive that information
the left side of the cerebral cortex
which hormone is consistently positively correlated with thickening of the endometrium? A. progesterone B. Estrogen C. luteinizing hormone D. follicle-stimulating hormone
A. progesterone
Most avian skeletons include pneumatic bones, which contain pockets of air that make the bones less dense. A researcher suspects that this design weakens the tensile strength of bone and that the skeletal system of birds must compensate for this loss by adjusting the composition of the bone matrix. If this hypothesis is true, how would the bone matrix of birds differ from that of other vertebrates? a. it would contain a relatively high proportion of collagen b. it would contain a relatively high proportion of hydroxyapatite c. it would contain lacunae d. it would contain a larger number of osteoclasts
a. it would contain a relatively high proportion of collagen
In humans, which meiotic phase has the longest duration? a. anaphase 1 females b. prophase 2 in males c. prophase 1 in females d. metaphase 2 in females
c. prophase 1 in females; gametes remain arrested in meiosis 1 until ovulation occurs
which cells and their specific cell adhesion structures prevent antibodies from binding with sperm? a. sertoli cells' tight junction b. interstitial cells' desmosomes c. spermatocyte's tight junctions d. spermatogonia's gap junctions
a. sertoli cells' tight junctions. they create the blood testis barrier prevent antibodies from binding to sperm. spermatogonia do not have gap junctions. spermatocyte do not have tight junctions. interstitial cells do not prevent antibodies from reaching sperm.
what is the role of acetylcholine in calcium release? a. stimulates cellular contraction by opening voltage-gated ion channels b. stimulates postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors to release intracellular calcium c. binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing calcium release d. binds to the t-tubules, causing calcium release
a. stimulates cellular contraction by opening voltage-gated ion channels
what is the role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction? a. to release troponin from tropomyosin, allowing myosin to bind to the actin filament b. to prevent myosin from continuing to slide up the actin filament c. to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. to aid in myosin 'cocking' on the actin filament
b. to prevent myosin from continuing to slide up the actin filament; tropomyosin binds to actin and prevents myosin from sliding up the actin filament until tropomyosin experiences a conformational change
what would be a direct result of an enzymatic deficiency on the acrosome? a. implantation may occur in uterine tube b. primary spermatocyte would not become secondary spermatocyte c. egg would not complete metaphase 2 d. spermatid would not become primary spermatocyte
c. egg would not complete metaphase 2. acrosome is responsible for sperm penetration in the egg, if that does not occur the egg would not complete metaphase 2.
curare is a naturally-occuring compound that binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells. which of the following symptoms might be seen in a patient who has been exposed to curare? a. cardiac arrest b. muscle spaticity c. excessive salivation d. diaphragmatic paralysis
d. diaphragmatic paralysis
which connective tissue connects and stabilizes adjacent bones? a. tendons b. ligaments c. fascia d. cartilage
ligaments connect and stabilize adjacent bones
which impairment in the male reproductive system will NOT necessarily lead to sterility? A. obstruction of bulbourethral glands B. blockage of the ampulla of vas deferens C. Degeneration of epididymis D. prostatic cancer
A. obstruction of bulbourethral glands epididymis is essential for sperm maturation. vas deferens is responsible for conducting the sperm outside during ejaculation. bulbourethral glands produce pre-ejaculatory fluid that aids in lubrication, thus its obstruction does not interfere with sperm production, maturation, or activation.
where are voltage-gated sodium channels found in greatest concentration?
trigger zones
Rank the following blood vessels in order of their average pressure, from highest to lowest: artery, vein, arteriole, venule, aorta, capillary.
Aorta > artery > arteriole > capillary > venule > vein
Information from the sympathetic nervous system follows a different structural path than the parasympathetic nervous system. Which of the following accurately describes the flow of sympathetic nervous system information? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AA sympathetic nerve originates in the middle of the spinal cord and has a long axon to the synapse of a second neuron. From the second cell, there is a short axon that goes to the target neuron. (Choice B, Checked)BA sympathetic nerve originates in the middle of the spinal cord and has a short axon to the synapse of another neuron. From the second cell, there is a long axon that goes to target neuron.(Choice C)CA sympathetic nerve originates in the brain stem and has a short axon to the synapse of another neuron. From the second cell, there is a long axon that goes to the target neuron. (Choice D)DA sympathetic nerve originates in the bottom of the spinal cord and has a long axon to the synapse of another neuron. From the second cell, there is a short axon that goes to the target neuron.
B.Sympathetic nerves originate in the center of the spinal cord and have a short axon to the synapse of a nother neuron. from there, there is a long axon to the target neuron
Which of the following statements correctly describes the activation of autonomic nervous system function within the circulatory system? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A, Incorrect)INCORRECTSympathetic nervous system activation decreases cardiac output. (Choice B, Incorrect)INCORRECTParasympathetic nervous system activation increases heart rate. (Choice C, Checked, Correct)CORRECT (SELECTED)Sympathetic nervous system activation constricts arteries found within the salivary glands. (Choice D, Incorrect)INCORRECTParasympathetic nervous system activation constricts arteries found within erectile tissue.
C. Sympathetic nervous system activation constricts arteries found within the salivary glands. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system would decrease activities regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system, including digestion. the constriction of arteries to salivary glands is a characteristic of sympathetic nervous system activation
What is the correct trajectory of sperm during ejaculation? A. ejaculatory duct, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla of vas deferens, urethra B. Epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ampulla of vas deferens, vas deferencs, erethra C. epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla of vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra D. vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla of vas deferens, urethra
C. epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla of vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
The partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2pCO2p, C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript) and oxygen (pO2pO2p, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript) in the atmosphere at sea level are 0.3 mmHg and 160 mmHg respectively, but the partial pressures of these gases in blood leaving the lungs are 40 mmHg (pCO2pCO2p, C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript)and 95 mmHg (pO2pO2p, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript). What factor most likely accounts for this difference? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A, Incorrect)INCORRECTCO2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript penetrates more deeply into small airways than O2O2O, start subscript, 2, end subscript(Choice B, Incorrect)INCORRECTCO2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript is less soluble in the blood than O2O2O, start subscript, 2, end subscript(Choice C, Incorrect)INCORRECTO2O2O, start subscript, 2, end subscript penetrates more deeply into small airways than CO2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript(Choice D, Checked, Correct)CORRECT (SELECTED)CO2CO2C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript is more soluble in the blood than O2O2
CO2 is more soluble in blood than O2
In a situation where the respiratory bronchioles become inflamed and narrowed, such as is seen in asthma, which aspect of respiration would be most mechanically impaired? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A, Incorrect)INCORRECTNormal expiration(Choice B, Incorrect)INCORRECTForced inhalation(Choice C, Incorrect)INCORRECTNormal inhalation(Choice D, Checked, Correct)CORRECT (SELECTED)Forced expiration
D
What layer of the heart would be most immediately susceptible to infections caused by bacteria circulating in the blood? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)AEpicardium(Choice B)BMyocardium(Choice C)CPericardium(Choice D, Checked)DEndocardium
D. endocardium because it lines the inside of the heart and is in direct contact with circulating blood
what is the primary difference in graded potentials versus action potentials?
action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrites and soma
Renin is not released in response to which of the following? a. detection of low plasma electrolyte levels by macula densa cells b. detection of low blood pressure by baroreceptor cells c. detection of low glomerular filtrate electrolyte levels by macula densa cells d. innervation by sympathetic nerve cells
a. detection of low plasma electrolyte levels by macula densa cells macula densa cells detect low blood pressure by sensing sodium ocncentration in the glomerular filtrate, not the blood plasma
Curare is a naturally-occurring compound that competitively binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells. Which of the following symptoms might be seen in a patient who has been exposed to curare? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A, Checked, Correct)CORRECT (SELECTED)Diaphragmatic paralysis(Choice B, Incorrect)INCORRECTCardiac arrest (Choice C, Incorrect)INCORRECTExcessive salivation(Choice D, Incorrect)INCORRECTMuscle spasticity
a. diaphragmatic paralysis
Hormones travel through the blood stream and bind to receptors located on target cells. Which of the following would NOT bind to transmembrane proteins on the target cells? a. estrogen b. prolactin c. insulin d. antidiuretic hormone
a. estrogen estrogen is a hydrophobic steroid hormone and readily diffuses across the cell membrane and binds to receptors inside the cell. it does not bind to transmembrane protein located on the surface of the cell is the correct answer.
which of the following causes dissociation of hte ligand from the g-protein coupled receptor? a. hydrolysis of GTP to GDP b. docking of intracellular signaling proteins c. release of cyclic amp d. phosphorylation by tyrosine kinase
a. hydrolysis of gtp to gdp
Mice subjected to a very high sodium diet were found to have a significant increase (p<0.05) in plasma renin concentration; in order to test the hypothesis that this increase is due to the sensing of increased sodium by macula densa cells, an assay designed to detect which of the following signalling molecules should be performed? a. prostaglandins b. polypeptide hormones c. biogenic amine hormones d. neurotransmitters
a. prostaglandins are molecules that send short-range signals between cells; they are not produced by specific organs, but rather throughout the body. Mascula densa cells send local, short range signals to juxtaglomerular cells via release of prostaglandins.
which of the following terms describes the type of plasticity that occurs when entire neurons are lost due to decreased activity? a. structural depression b. structural potentiation c. synaptic depression d. synaptic potentiation
a. structural depression synaptic = neuroplasticity that occurs at a synapse structural = neuroplasticity that affects whole neurons or groups of neurons
which of the following is accurate regarding Type 1 and Type 11 muscle fibers? a. type 1 fibers store as much of their energy as triglycerides, whereas type 2 fibers store energy as ATP or creatine phosphate b. type 1 fibers are easily fatigued adn are therefore intended for short bursts of activity c. type 1 fibers employ anaerobic metabolism, whereas type 2 fibers utilize aerobic metabolism d. type 1 fibers are white, wherease type 2 fibers are red
a. type 1 fibers are slow twitch muscles, use aerobic process and are red. type 1 is for endurance. type 2 is short, red, and anaerobic.
In the scenario of adrenaline interaction with its G-protein coupled receptor, which of the following functions as a second messenger? a. gtp b. cyclic amp c. adenylate cyclase d. the alpha subunit
adenylate cyclase is an enyme that is activated by interactions with GTP; it is not considered a secondary messenger. cyclic AMP is one of the most important secondary messengers known
Humoral immunity is a type of adaptive immunity that results in the circulation of which of the following throughout the blood?
antibodies are produced by the adaptive immune system; they identify and bind to antigens
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) refers to a large group of genes that code for proteins that play an essential role in which of the following?
antigen presentation to T lymphocytes b lymphocytes produce antibodies and act as antigen presenting cells. antigen presenting cells present their anitgens to various types of t cells.
which of the following is not a function of astrocytes a. structural support b. hypoxia buffering c. barrier protection d. interstitial fluid monitoring for pathogens
astrocytes are involved in strengthening the blood brain barrier, but do not monitor the interstitial fluid for foreign pathogens. that is microglias job
what is the most common cell type in the brain?
astrocytes have structural, metabolic, regulatory, and repair functions, and are the most abundant cell in the brain
Which of the following cell types of the innate immune system does not perform phagocytosis? a. neutrophils b. basophils c. macrophages d. eosinophils
b. basophils release histamine
A second degree burn can result in a loss of sensation, but do not necessarily affect motor control of arrector pili muscles. Which of the following are damaged in a second degree burn? a. pacinian's corpuscles b. meissner's corpuscles c. hair follicle receptors d. ruffini's ender
b. meissner's corpuscle respond to light touch and are found at the border of the epidermis and dermis
there are two main types of neurotransmitter receptors. which of the following statements about receptors accurately describes how they function? a. metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors directly allow ions to pass through the membrane b. metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors move more slowly than ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors c. ionotropc neurotransmitter receptors activate a second messenger inside the neuron d. ionotropic neurotransmitter receptros move more slowly than metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors
b. metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors move more slowly than ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors because they require the activation of a second messenger inside the neuron but their results may be larger and more widespread
Nematodes are small worm-like animals with roughly 300 neurons. Imagine that a mutation is introduced into a population of nematodes that down-regulates the production of Schwann cells. Which of the following phenotypes would you predict to have a selective advantage in the population? a. nematodes with smaller diameter axons b. nematodes with shorter axons c. nematodes with longer axons d. nematodes with larger soma
b. nematodes with shorter axons schwann cells create myelin. myelin allows action potentials to travel faster down axons. with less myelin, shorter axons would be least affected
which structures contain connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves? a. papillary dermis only b. papilllary and reticular dermis c. epidermis, papillary dermis, and reticular dermis d. reticular dermis only
b. papillary and reticular dermis
which of the following is NOT a function of the human skeletal system? a. fatty acid storage b. primary glycogen storage c. protection of organs d. calcium storage
b. primary glycogen storage
which of the following areas of the brain is not involved in the diffuse cortical projection of dopamine? a. hypothalamus b. raphe nuclei c. ventral tegmentum d. substania niagra
b. raphe nuclei bc it releases serotonin to the cerebral cortex, not dopamine
which statement describes the membrane potential at the peak of an action potential? a. the membrane potential is the same as the Na+ equilibrium potential b. the membrane potential is slightly less positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential c. the membrane potential is slightly more positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential d. the membrane potentail si much more positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential
b. sodium equilibrium potentials are around 50 mV. thus, the membrane potential is slightly less positive than the sodium equilibrium potential at the peak of an action potential.
which of the following is an example of a basic nervous system function? a. remembering a painful experience b. sweating during a yoga class c. learning english as a second language d. feeling afraid of the dark
b. sweating during a yoga class basic functions are associated with the senses, movement, and automatic function higher functions are associated with cognition, emotion, or consciousness
an individual with blood type O- could potentially have which blood antibodies present in their plasma?
both a and b antibodies
Which of the following statements best describes how parathyroid hormone (PTH) affects the serum concentration of calcium? a. pth stimulates osteoblasts, decreasing serum [ca] b. pth stimulates osteoblasts, increasing serum [ca] c. pth stimulates osteoclasts increasing serum [ca] d. pth stimulates osteoclasts, decreasing serum [ca]
c. pth stimulates osteoclasts, increasing serum [ca] osteoblasts syntehsize hydroxyapatite, the mineral component found in bones. hydroxyapatite synthesized by osteoblasts contain calcium, so stimulating osteoblasts removes calcium from the bloodstream. osteclasts break down the bone tissue and add calcium to the bloodstream
Which of the following is a physiological function that is mediated by a hormone released by the posterior pituitary? a. maturation of the egg and sperm b. decreased in calcium levels c. water retention d. increased in thyroid hormone level
c. water retention posterior pituitary releases two hormones: ADH and Oxytocin oxytocin regulates uterine contractions during pregnancy and breast-feeding. ADH causes the collecting duct of the kidney to become more permeable to water and therefore assists in water retention
mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases would most likely be associated with:
cancers; rtks are associated with growth factors andmutations in rtks can cause uncontrolled growth
in which type of cell are ligand-gated ion channels most commonly found?
cells that need to respond quickly to external stimuli
In terms of being open or closed, what is the state of the mitral and tricuspid valves (left and right atrioventricular valves, respectively) at the end of the first heart sound?
contraction of the ventricles indicate closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
how are potassium ions typically moved out of a neuron when the membrane is at rest? a. the sodium potassium pump moves potassium ions out of the cell b. electrical gradients move potassium ions out of the cell c. potassium ions are stable and do not move when a membrane is at rest. d. concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell
d. concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell when cell is at rest, sodium ions are more concentrated outside of the neuron; potassium ions are more concentrated inside. concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell.
macula densa cells are in what part of the neuron? a. bowman's capsule b. glomerulus c. proximal convoluted tubule d. distal convoluted tubule
d. distal convoluted tubule the glomerulus is a network of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron, where blood is filtered. the bowman's capsule is a sac surrounding the glomerulus that filters blood the proximal convoluted tubule is at the beginning of the nephron. macula densa cells line the distal convoluted tubule.
Hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating, especially at the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Which of the following could cause this disorder? a. increased sweat at the base of hair follicles b. apocrine gland activation with puberty c. higher density of holocrine glands. d. increased stimulation of merocrine glands
d. increased stimulation of merocrine glands
which of the following cell types release renin? a. extraglomerular mesangial cells b. macula dense cells c. alpha intercalated cells d. juxta glomerular cells
d. juxta glomerular cells macula densa cells senses concentration of sodium ion in glomerular filtrate. Alpha intercalated cells are in the collecting duct; they secrete hydronium ion (acid) nd absorb bicaronate. Extraglomerular mesangial cells are the third cell type of the juxtaglomerular appartus.. function not completely understood. Juxta glomerular cells release renin
the products of the liver and pancreas participate in what type of digestion? a. both mechanical b. chemical and mechanical, respectively c. both chemical d. mechanical and chemical, respectively
d. mechanical digestion separates molecules of a substance, without changing its chemical properties, and is also known as physical digestion. chemical digestion breaks intramolecular bonds and changes the identity of a substance. bile from the liver is involved in emulsification of fats, a mechanical process, which pancreatic enzymes chemically cleave apart macromolecules.
Which of the following correctly identifies muscle components in order from largest to smallest? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A, Incorrect)INCORRECTMuscle fiber, fasciculus, myofibril(Choice B, Incorrect)INCORRECTSarcolemma, sarcoplasm, fasciculus(Choice C, Incorrect)INCORRECTFasciculus, muscle bundle, myofibril(Choice D, Checked, Correct)CORRECT (SELECTED)Fasciculus, muscle fiber, myofibril
d. myofibril is one of the smallest components and fasciculus is a bundle of muscle fibers
why does eating jalapeno peppers feel hot?
molecules in the pepper bind the same receptors responsible for thermoregulation.
A patient comes in with abdominal pain. Their lab results reveal normal levels of pancreatic enzymes, pepsinogen, and both stomach and gall bladder motility, but an acidic small intestine environment. Which hormone is not in balance? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A, Incorrect)INCORRECTLeptin(Choice B, Incorrect)INCORRECTCholecystokinin(Choice C, Incorrect)INCORRECTGastrin(Choice D, Checked, Correct)CORRECT (SELECTED)Secreti
d. secretin gastrin is secreted in the stomach and triggers stomach motility and cholecystokinin release. secretin triggers the release of pancreatic bicarbonate solution, which would produce the small intestine from the acidity of the stomach contents. it is this hormone which is malfunctioning in the patient.
Steatorrhea is the presence of increased fat in feces. Which organ is least likely to be the cause of a patient's steatorrhea? a. liver b. small intestine c. pancreas d. stomach
d. stomach the stomach plays the role in fat digestion and absorption
Damage to which gland of the oral cavity would lead to an increase in the concentration of triglycerides in the esophagus? Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)ASubmandibular(Choice B)BParotid(Choice C)CSublingual(Choice D)DVon Ebner's
d. von ebner's gland secretes lingual lipase, and damge tot his gland could lead to decreased fat digestion and increased triglyceride concetration in the esophaguse
what physiological condition would produce a relative increase in hematocrit? a. high serum protein concentration b. dehydration c. hemolysis d. iron deficiency
dehydration more protin in serum establishes a strong osmotic gradient in the direction of the blood. therefore, water would flow from the tissues and the hematocrit would decreasre relative to the increase in blood volume.
what produces the force which drives normal exhalation, and is the process active or passive
elastic force,passive
what is the principal component which activates and drives the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
endothelial cell insult
what is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) GLYCINE IS THE MOST common inhibitory neurotramsitter in the spinal cord
Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
ace inhibitors lower blood pressure: how?
inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme, which disrupts the production angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1. ace inhibitors inhibit the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme. angiotensin converting enzyme catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, which acts throughout the body to increase blood pressure.
the microglia arise form which embryonic layer?
mesoderm; majory of the nervous system arise from ectoderm or neural crest cells but microglia arise from monocytes, and are part of the immune system, which arises from the mesoderm
an increased number of microglia would indicate which of the following? a. subdural hematoma b. multiple sclerosis c. bacterial meningitis d. peripheral nerve damage
microglia are macrophages, or phagocytes, of the cns. they will proliferate if there is an infection and cause inflammation
the choroid plexus is a structure made of capillaries and modified neural cells that produces the fluid that cushions the central nervous system. What type of cells are found in the choroid plexus? a. ependymal cells b. neurons c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes
oligodendrocytes are mylein sheaths that wrap around nerve axons to help speed conduction ependymal cells not only help form the barrier that separates the CSF from the rest of the body but help secrete it as well
an increase in what factor would induce a shift in the standard oxygen dissociation curve to the left?
pH during exercise pH decreases, tissue temperature increases
which heart valves are not actively closed by the contraction of muscular structures a. mitral valves b. semilunar valves c. atrioventricular valves d. tricuspid valves
semilunar valves are not associated with the papillary muscles and are not actively closed. miral and tricuspid valves are both atrioventricular valves.
macula densa cells sense concentrations of which of the following? a. adh b. atrial natriuretic peptide c. human growth hormone d. sodium ion
sodium ion
People with albinism have a defect in tyrosinase, an oxidase that helps to control skin pigment production. In what epidermal layer is tyrosinase active?
stratum basale melanocytes are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis
When whole blood is run through a centrifuge, why does plasma separate to the top of the tube, while red blood cells separate to the bottom?
the red cell fraction has a greater density than the plasma fraction centrifugations eparates particles in a suspension ont he basis of their density.
what is the pressure of gas within the alveoli at the peak of inspiration, just before expiration, relative to that of atmospheric air
the same as atmospheric air
What physical feature of large systemic arteries (resistance vessels) makes them relatively more responsive to changes in intracellular calcium concentrations?
thick tunica media intracellular calcium is the cellular messenger resulting in the contraction of smooth muscle and tunica media is a muscular layer
which of the following does not play an active role in the production of red blood cells? thymus kidney bone marrow spleen
thymus is for immune cell production and maturation but does not play a role in the production of red blood cells
which hormone increases basal metabolic rate in the body? a. thyroid hormone b. parathyroid hormone c. secretin d. glucagon
thyroid hormone increases the basal metabolic rate, affects protein synthesis, and helps regulate long b one growth. just remember that thyroid hormones help regulate metabolism throughout the body.
