Netherlands 5
Some powerful cities from earlier ages began to quickly lose influence, _______________ in particular
's-Hertogenbosch
The ___ _______ ______: No hostilities, maintain status quo both at home and abroad, Spain would recognize the Republic's sovereignty during the truce
12 Year's truce
When was the beginning of the 80 Years War?
1568
in _______, the Act of Abjuration (States-General of the northern provinces met in the Hague and officially withdrew their allegiance to Philip II)
1581
Productive refugees from south came to Amsterdam after the fall of Antwerp in _____. (Holland made sure the Scheldt remained closed to trade until well into the 18th century)
1585
In ____, Sharp Resolution passed by States of Golland - no national 'synod' (church council) would be called to deal with the religious issues, aka, they would be decided by civil gov't
1617
Other 5 provinces did not enjoy the affluence that the sea provinces acquired during the ____century
17th
These small lands they occupied slowly became a colonial empire that would play an important part in the ____ century
19th
___ century - German and English immigrants joined the population in South Africa
19th
Holland paid how much of the taxes?
58%, the other six paid the rest
Awareness grew that the northern Netherlands were a confederation of __ republics (became known as the ______ United Dutch Provinces)
7, Seven
This shutout forced the Dutch to go find spices at their source: the Far East, and was quickly followed by Dutch expansions in ________ (mainly to create problems for Spain)
America
A revolt broke out in Holland, but what city was excluded because they didn't want to lose their money?
Amsterdam
Which city was now the center for European grain trade?
Amsterdam
Appointed Duke of ______ (King of France's brother) as ruler, but it's only __________ (William of Orange was in charge (John of Nassau (William's brother) was the leader of the Union of Utrecht))
Anjou, symbolic
Dutch West India Company (WIC) was initially begun to what?
Antagonize the Spanish
In 1598, Philip II granted the Netherlands to his daughter Isabella when she married the governor-general, her cousin, the __________ __________ _________
Archduke Albert of Austria
Union of _____ - Catholic nobles uniting to side with Philip II and the Catholic religion
Arras
Unsettled the Portuguese (by force this time), but they lacked the means to seriously engage in ____ _______ _______
Asian trade market
States-General convened the two parties (the Remonstrance and the Counter-Remonstrance) for a conference to no ______
Avail
Same products as _______ brought through the Straatvaart (very important for export)
Baltic
Orange officially joined the __________ Church In Holland, and Roman Catholic worship was prohibited. Other states quickly followed suit.
Calvinist
1652, Jan van Riebeek founded the settlement on the _______ ___ ________ ________ (southern tip of Africa) (Staging post on the long journey to the Indies)
Cape of Good Hope
2 expeditions through the traditional route (_____ ___ _______ _______), great commercial _________ and established several Dutch ports in the East Indies (south and southeast Asia)
Cape of Good Hope, success
Prince Maurice also became the what of the Republic's army?(Who won many battles against Spain, but came to a halt when they ran out of funds)
Captain-general
In 1572, William of Orange and the Sea Beggars did what to coastal towns?
Captured them
Dutch managed to ________ most Portuguese factories during the 17th century
Conquer
Remonstrant doctrines were ____________ and Calvinist orthodoxy ___________. (New translation of the Bible was ordered. Completed in 1637, called the States' Bible, which lasted until well into the 20th century)
Denounced, prevailed
1602, reps from companies met at the Hague at formed the _______ ____ ________ ________ __________, governed by a central committee called the "Gentlemen XVII" and granted a __________ in Dutch trade for 21 years, later prolonged
Dutch United East India Company, monopoly
Spain could no longer trade in the _____ and _____ Indies
East, West
1600, _______ ______ _____ _________ was established, forced Dutch companies to cooperate with one another
English East India Company
Spain and Portugal had become great colonial powers through ___________, the Dutch had not taken part in the first part of the ____ century (Spain had America, gold and silver, as well as large-scale, slave-worked plantations producing sugar, tobacco and cotton, Portugal had a monopoly in the spice trade until King Philip II captured Lisbon(Elizabeth) and then closed the port to Dutch traders)
Expedition, 16th
True or false: Frederick Henry's cousin had 5 territories, while Henry had the other 2. (Seven United Dutch Provinces)
False, Henry's cousin only had 2, and Henry had 5.
True or false: Prince Maurice brokered a 12 years' truce with Isabella and Albert
False, VO did
True or false: Slowing trade diminished the rise of various industries
False, flourishing trade encouraged it
What were the protestants thanking god for when they built the university at Leiden?
Floods (forced Spaniards led by Alba out)
When Alba takes revenge and plunders rebellious towns, what comes to their rescue?
Floods, forced the army to retreat
Dutch and Huguenots (exiles from _______) were quick to settle here (on the Cape of Good Hope), Farming and cattle breeding primarily, introduced viticulture
France
What country was aiding the rebels until there was a massacre in their capital city and were first to withdraw their support?
France
The idea that a nation could function without a sovereign had not occurred to them, so when Anjou died, they offered the sovereignty first to King of ________ (refused), and then to Queen Elizabeth of England, who _____________
France, accepted
Who was called the "Subduer of Cities" because he added many territories to the Republic?
Frederick Henry
At the end of the 12 Years' Truce, Maurice continued his military of campaign, and on his death in 1625, Maurice was succeeded by who?
Frederick Henry (his half-brother)
Signed in 1648, United Netherlands was a ____ and ___________ country (this was acknowledged by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor)
Free, sovereign
Swedish copper for the arms' industry, fur and hide, caviar, and gemstones from Russia were shipped _____ the Baltic
From
Holland feared that the other provinces would use this religious issue as a pretext to voice their uneasiness over Holland's what? (If other states united, they could subject Holland to their political will)
Growing economic and political power
They were so active in trade with Baltic, that almost ______ of the ships which passed the tolls of the Sound before 1650 were Dutch-owned
Half
Elizabeth promised to send someone suitable for governor-general, Earl of Leicester was appointed in 1586. How did the people, more specifically Prince Maurice, feel about him?
He wasn't very well liked, he was too overbearing
VOC commission who to find a more direct passage to the Indies (Polar route, or Northwest Passage)?
Henry Hudson
In 1596, England and France were ready to support the United Provinces (recognized them as an ____________ ____________)
Independent federation
Interior of Java remained in the hands of ___________ rulers, while VOC ruled the coasts and had begun to _______ on inland principalities
Indigenous, advance
Tired to main island of _______, built a fort at Jakarta (Djakarta), the town that grew around the fort was called Batavia, and the governor-general of the _______ _______ _______ lived there
Java, Dutch East Indies
When was William of Orange assassinated (at Delft, age 51)?
July 10th, 1584
The 80 Years War was between who?
King Philip II, the forces of William 'the Silent' of Orange and his brothers, the counts of Nassau
Cochin - pepper and pearls Bengal - opium trade Ceylon (Sri Lanka) - cinnamon, Dutch ousted the Portuguese from the Ceylonese coasts and forced the _____ ____ ________ to cooperate with them
Kings of Kandy
Spain realized that it ___________ ___ _________ to pay for constant battle
Lacked the money
China, or the "________ _______", was very desirable to European nations for trade (textiles, gemstones, gold, jewels, pearls, silk)
Middle Empire
Ports and factories set up on the ___________ (Spice Islands) to trade with the native populations = earliest Dutch _____________
Moluccans, colonizations
Referred to the Baltic as the "_________" of their commercial wealth.
Mother
Japan decided to oust all nations except for the Dutch, who were allowed to send ___ ship to ______ every year
One, Japan
Gomarus (another Leiden professor) held equally strong and __________ views as Arminius (The counter-remonstrance was issued by his followers)
Opposing
What was the agreement between the Netherlands provinces called where they agreed to end the "Spanish Fury" called?
Pacification of Ghent
In 1667, the English forced the Dutch to cede New Amsterdam as part of a ________ ____________ following a brief war
Peace settlement
For 20 years, the Dutch held the north-eastern part of Brazil, but were eventually forced to relinquish their colony to who?
Portugal
The south coast of India dominated by the ___________, export of pepper to Europe
Portuguese
Prince Maurice had taken action in several cities (got a lot of power), replacing people who sided with VO and the Remonstrants, and when he started to do this the States-General gave him full _______ in ____
Power, 1618
Arminius (Protestant minister and Leiden professor) did not believe in the tenet of ____________ (Calvinist belief that salvation foreordained by God for some and not others)
Predestination
Who, the 17 year old elder son of WIlliam of Orange, was made a member of the Council after his father's death?
Prince Maurice
In 1618, the majority of the provinces in the States-General took the side of the ______ against ________ and decided to hold a national synod in Dordrecht
Prince, Holland
The Dutch strongly opposed to _______ __________ from the very beginning (Later led to forced segregation or "Apartheid"(In SA))
Racial mingling
_____________ : against predestination presented by followers just after his death
Remonstrance
Conflict deepened with VO supporting the tolerant ____________, and Prince Maurice taking the side of the ______________ ____________ Holland took the side of who? (Amsterdam, interestingly, remained orthodox to demonstrate its political independence)
Remonstrance, Counter-Remonstrance. VO and the Remonstrance
VO advised Holland to employ a force of "waardgelders" (mercenaries) to what? (Maurice saw this as a direct attack on his authority as captain-general)
Replace the troops of Prince Maurice
"Land provinces" remained relatively _____
Rural
What caused the revolt?
Sea Beggars got some ground and took lots of cities
Scheldt river to remain closed to trading from the ___________ Netherlands, ensuring Amsterdam the position of major international port (Antwerp couldn't compete)
Southern
Grain from _______, merchant ships found their way to the Italian ports where ______ products were bought to be sold in _________ Europe, English products: wool and textiles, iron and coal
Spain, Asian, Western
While looking for a north-east passage to Asia, they got stranded at the island of __________ for 2 years, which became the center of the Dutch ________ industry
Spitsbergen, whaling
William of Orange was elected what to represent the King of Spain?
Stadhouder
____________ = trade with southern Europe through the Straits of Gibraltar
Straatvaart
People demanded that their interests no longer be what to Spanish policy?
Subservient
Amsterdam became the center of the world trade because...
Success of the fishing industry, success of international trade, absence of a protectionist economic policy (due mostly to lack of central government) (don't have the carefulness of the other countries, they take risks more, people making decisions are businessmen, not rulers) Republic developed a well-functioning infrastructure (each city/province had their own "government"), educational system with one of the highest literacy rates in the world (in the cities), large amounts of natural fuel (peat)
No one succeeded in infiltrating mainland China, so they occupied island of _______ (Formosa) instead (profitable _________ trade with the continent)
Taiwan, smuggling
Established New Amsterdam on the southern tip of what island?
The Manhattan Island
In 1640, peace negotiations started again between Spain and the Republic. Why?
The ongoing war was harmful to trade, especially in Amsterdam
VO was who?
The senior civil servant of Holland
Salt, wine, spices from southern Europe, herring (fish) and textiles from the Netherlands, were all shipped _____ the Baltic
To
The Dutch did not take possession of lands solely to govern them and profit from them, or to use them as settlements for their own population, but mainly for what?
Trading posts
VO united the Northern Netherlands with France and England in the ________ ________
Triple Alliance
True or false: Batavia was the center for all comings and goings of the Dutch-Asian trade industry
True
True or false: Half of the Netherlands wanted to keep fighting for the other ten provinces (Prince Maurice was leading), the other half was happy the way things were and they wanted peace (VO leading)
True
True or false: In 1646, all provinces agreed that a truce was necessary (Delegation of the States-General arrived in Munster, reps from France, Spain, and the German emperor had already gathered)
True
True or false: Prince Maurice and John van Oldenbarnevelt had a theological (religious) conflict
True
True or false: The Mauritshuis museum was built with Brazilian gold by the last Dutch governor of the colony
True
True or false: The trial to imprison VO was not so legally correct, and so he was executed in May 1619
True
True or false: in 1573 and 74, Alba takes revenge.
True
Henry discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the northern what and what?
US and Canada
In 1579, what two unions were formed?
Union of Arras, Union of Utrecht
Union of _______ - Calvinist northern provinces united to continue fight against Spain (Each state would retain their independence, but they would make important decisions (declarations of war, peace, introduction of new taxes) unanimously)
Utrecht
When Prince Maurice got full power, he ordered the imprisonment of who and his associates?
VO
Who persuaded the States of Holland to elect Prince Maurice as lord-lieutenant (Stadhouder)?
VO
When did people start to back Orange?
When Alba (now governor-general because Margaretha left) raised their taxes
The WIC developed into what?
a lucrative trading industry (fur, tobacco, and slaves)
Dutch ___________ was the best in the world at the time
cartography
Lively trade with Japan, and the Dutch got the same materials they wanted from China like...
china, silk, copper, lacquer work
Dutch to travel to Jedo (Tokyo) to negotiate a prolongation of trade, and ________ ________ developed (Several Dutchmen lived in Tokyo for a period of time, and the Japanese are learning culture and science from west, and Dutch are giving their home science and culture from the eastern side)
cultural exchange
First Dutch contacts with Asia were aimed at trade in cloves and mace (spices) (mainly produced in ________ Indonesia)
eastern
New company developed into _______ _____________, called the first multinational in the history of the world's economy (Often referred to as the VOC (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie))
global organization
Well equipped and well-prepared expeditions led to ______ ________ for the Dutch
great success
First goal: discover a _____ (and cheap) north-east passage (to get to Asia) This was called what?
short. The Polar route
Shipbuilding boomed in what region? (Supply companies like rope-yards and sailmakers successful)
the Zaan region
What is cartography?
the science or practice of drawing maps
There were ___ years of talks - Recognition of sovereignty of the Netherlands, freedom for Dutch merchants to trade with East and West Indies, freedom to worship Catholicism in the Republic
two
Prince Maurice and VO, not yet enemies, worked together to ______the various Dutch trading companies established at the end of the 16th century
unite
Natives, the KhoiKhoi (Hottentots) were forced to accept the _____ immigrants, but there was a fierce struggle with invading ________ _______from the north
white, African tribes