NEUR175 Exam 3 Quizzes

Efficient performance in the standard radial arm maze (never going down the same arm twice) appears to depend on which type of memory? A. Working memory B. Long-term memory C. Procedural memory D. All choices are correct.

A

When someone is addicted to something (e.g., alcohol, cocaine) they are most likely A. neither wanting nor liking the substance they are addicted to. B. liking the substance they are addicted to. C. wanting the substance they are addicted to.

C

When your stomach is full, mechanosensory neurons in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via which nerve? A. Glossopharyngeal B. Hypoglossal C. Vagus D. Trigeminal

C

Which is a consequence of leptin deficiency? A. Decreased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus B. Decreased MCH in the lateral hypothalamic area C. Increased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus D. Increased metabolism

C

Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus respond to an increase in blood leptin levels? A. TSH/ACTH neurons B. Adipocytes C. alphaMSH/CART neurons D. NPY/AgRP neurons

C

Which of the following describes REM sleep behavior disorder? A. Individuals who do not generate REM brain waves characteristic of REM sleep B. Delta wave terrors C. Dreamers have no REM atonia and therefore act out their dreams D. Another name for narcolepsy

C

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. GABA B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. Glycine

C

Which of the following is the function of tectospinal tract? A. Enhances the antigravity reflexes B. Liberates antigravity muscles C. Orienting head and eyes toward new stimuli D. Maintains an upright posture

C

Which two neurohormones are released into the bloodstream by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells? A. Angiotensin I and angiotensin II B. Cortisol and adrenalin C. Oxytocin and vasopressiny D. Renin and ADH

C

The dopamine-rich area of the brain that participates in motor control is the ____. A. Reticular activating system B. Ventral tegmental area C. Substantia nigra D. Raphe nuclei

C

What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex? A. Thalamus B. Brain stem C. Midbrain D. Cerebellum

A

Memory required for animals to behave successfully in the delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task is which of the following? A. Procedural memory B. Cognitive memory C. Recognition memory D. Long-term memory

C

A patient with brain trauma cannot remember events prior to the trauma. Which type of amnesia does this symptom indicate? A. Retrograde amnesia B. Anterograde amnesia C. Transient global amnesia D. Dissociated amnesia

A

Dimensional emotion theories propose what about emotions? A. Emotions can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements combined in different ways. B. Each emotion results from a pattern of brain activation involving particular areas per emotion. C. Sensory signals have direct emotional impact on the brain regardless of how they are perceived. D. Each emotion has a one-to-one correspondence with a particular area of brain activation.

A

In the proposed neural circuit for learned fear, the state of the ANS is altered by what neural connection? A. Efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus. B. Cells in the basolateral region of the amygdala project to the central nucleus of the amygdala. C. Sensory information is sent to the basolateral region of the amygdala. D. Cells in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala project to the cerebral cortex.

A

Injecting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into experimental animals can produce which of the following behavioral effects? A. Increased behavioral expression of anxiety B. Hyperactivity C. Decreased fear response D. Psychotic behaviors

A

Insulin levels are maximal during which of the following phases of the body's reaction to feeding behavior? A. Substrate B. Cephalic C. Gastric D. Digestion

A

Mirror neurons are especially interesting to researchers because A. All of these B. they might be part of a neural system for empathy. C. they appear to trigger specific movements. D. they fire when a monkey sees another monkey (or human) performing a simple movement previously performed by the monkey itself.

A

The EEG is primarily used to help diagnose certain neurological conditions, especially which of the following? A. The seizures of epilepsy B. Brain tumors C. Abnormal heart rhythms D. Schizophrenia

A

The posterior pituitary releases ___ and the anterior pituitary releases ___. A. vasopressin, oxytocin; hypophysiotropic hormones B. hypophysiotropic hormones; vasopressin, oxytocin C. vasopressin; cortisol D. hypophysiotropic hormones; hypophysiotropic hormones

A

The time that elapses between two successive occurrences of a circadian event, such as the commencement of the day's activities, is called the A. period. B. phase. C. zeitgeber. D. entrainment.

A

What are hippocampal place cells? A. Neurons that fire when the animal is in a specific location B. Neurons that fire when the animal successfully completes the Morris water maze C. Neurons that are located in a specific location in the hippocampus D. Neurons that fire when the subject remembers being in a specific place

A

What is the behavior of mice lacking 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors? A. Unusually anxious B. More exploratory behavior C. Decreased aggression D. Preference for open spaces

A

What is the function of lateral pathways with regard to the descending motor pathways? A. Control the voluntary movement of distal musculature B. Control the sensory modification of motor control C. Control the posture and locomotion D. Control balance of head and shoulders

A

What is the most common symptom of amygdala lesions in humans? A. Inability to recognize the facial expression of fear B. Emotional disturbances such as spontaneous crying C. Klüver-Bucy syndrome D. Placid demeanor

A

Which are two major classes of anxiolytic drugs? A. Benzodiazepines and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors B. Lithium and tricyclic compounds C. MAO inhibitors and lithium D. Tricyclic compounds and MAO inhibitors

A

Which neurotransmitter is synthesized and released by the raphe nuclei? A. Serotonin B. Norepinephrine C. Acetylcholine D. Adrenaline

A

Which of the following about the primary motor cortex is false? A. It occupies a large part of the upper medulla. B. Cortical maps of M1 show plasticity, changing with experience C. Many M1 cells have directional sensitivity. D. It is a major source of axons that form the pyramidal tract.

A

Which of the following describes ghrelin? A. A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty B. A peptide highly concentrated in the intestines that is released into the bloodstream when the intestines are empty C. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is full D. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is empty

A

Wolfram Schultz showed that dopamine neurons can learn to: A. signal errors in reward prediction. B. fire more when a reward is better than expected. C. fire less when a reward is more than expected. D. Both A and B.

A

hirst triggered by hypovolemia is called: A. volumetric thirst B. osmotic thirst C. osmometric thirst

A

Which of the following are true about serotonin? Select all that apply. A. Abnormalities in serotonin may contribute to eating disorders. B. Serotonin levels fall during a meal C. Serotonin rises when you anticipate food. D. Drugs that increase serotonin in the brain suppress appetite. Answer Key: A, C, D

A, C, D

Getting rid of cells in the ___ might make you sleepy. A. raphe nuclei B. Locus coruleus C. ventral tegmental area D. substantia nigra

A,B

The hippocampus is critical for A. consolidation of facts and events. B. spatial memory. C. recognition of people and objects. D. integration of sensory information.

A,B,C,D

The symptoms of PTSD include A. intrusive memories. B. increased anxiety. C. iritiability. D. flashbacks of the traumatic experience.

A,B,C,D

The Morris Water Maze A. was devised by Richard Morris. B. can reveal hippocampal dysfunction. C. is commonly used to assess procedural memory. D. can be used as a test of spatial memory.

A,B,D

What kind of amnesia was Mary Sue suffering from? A. Transient global amnesia B. Anterograde amnesia only C. Retrograde amnesia only D. Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

A,D

Which of the following are true about the diffuse modulatory systems? A. They have many projections throughout the brain. B. Most are found in the cortex. C. They are confined to a small area of the synaptic cleft. D. They are made up of a small set of neurons

A,D

Reconsolidation is inconsistent with A. the multiple trace consolidation theory. B. reactivation. C. the standard consolidation model. D. the cognitive map theory.

C

What led to the belief that anterior thalamus plays an important role in emotion? A. The observation that tumors in the anterior thalamus led to fear, irritability, and depression B. The observation that the anterior thalamus is affected by the virus responsible for rabies C. The observation that lesions in the anterior thalamus led to spontaneous laughing and crying D. The observation that the anterior thalamus governs the behavioral expression of emotion

C

A hamster kept in constant dim light will eventually A. become entrained to an exact 24-hour cycle. B. become free-running. C. show a phase shift of activity. D. find a zeitgeber to orient its activity.

B

An animal with dopmine depleted will A. neither like nor want food. B. like food, but not want it. C. both want and like food. D. want food, but not like it.

B

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits what response in humans? A. Increased recognition of fearful, happy, and neutral facial expressions B. Increased anxiety and fear C. Decreased vigilance or attention D. Decreased fear and aggression

B

In the hierarchy of motor control, which of the following is a function at the lowest level of control? A. The goal of movement and the best method to achieve this goal B. Activation of motor neurons that generate goal-directed movement C. Sequences of muscle contraction to accurately achieve the goal D. Memory of sensory information from the past movements

B

The PMA and SMA A. perform very different functions, in terms of motor control. B. perform similar functions, but on different groups of muscles. C. allow the perception of the position of our body in space. D. control the muscles of the face and neck

B

The adrenal cortex releases ___ which ___. A. cortisol; boosts the immune system B. cortisol; suppresses the immune system C. ACTH; stimulates cortisol release D. CRH; suppresses the immune system

B

The basolateral nuclei of the amygdala receives A. olfactory afferents. B. auditory, tactile, gustatory, and visual afferents. C. visual and olfactory afferents.

B

The dopaminergic system that originates in the ventral tegmental area, and projects to limbic areas of the brain is known as what system? A. Medial lemniscus B. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system C. Pontomesencephalotegmental complex D. Reticular activating system

B

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a A. period adjuster. B. zeitgeber. C. temporizer. D. phase shift.

B

What is the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in anxiety disorders? A. Activates the hippocampus during the stress responses B. Activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the stress response C. Inhibits the stress response D. Activates the amygdala during the stress response

B

What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response? A. Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone into the bloodstream B. Suppresses the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus C. Stimulates the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus D. Releases corticotropin-releasing hormone into the portal circulation

B

Where are the lower motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system located? A. Ventricular zone B. Autonomic ganglia C. Ventral horn D. Brain stem

B

Where will you find the raphe nuclei? A. The hypothalamus B. The midline of the brain stem C. The pons D. Cortex

B

Which of the following are the targets of the ANS? A. Periventricular zone of the hypothalamus B. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands C. Skeletal muscle fibers D. The pituitary gland

B

Which of the following describes the ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome? A. Reproductive incompetence with leptin deficiency B. Hypothalamic lesions that cause overeating and obesity C. Condition characterized by a decrease in adiposity D. Hypothalamic lesions that cause anorexia

B

Which of the following has not been found to demonstrate a circadian rhythm? A. Body temperature B. They all demonstrate a circadian rhythm. C. Hormone secretion D. Hair growth

B

Which of the following represents the humoral response to a drop in leptin levels? A. Increased secretion of TSH and ACTH from the pituitary gland B. Decreased secretion of TSH and ACTH from the pituitary gland C. Activate the parasympathetic division of the ANS. D. Activate the sympathetic division of the ANS.

B

Which of the following structures is known as the 'true master gland of the endocrine system'? A. Adrenal glands B. Hypothalamus C. Anterior pituitary D. Thyroid glands

B

Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory? A. Hippocampus B. Striatum C. Pararhinal cortex D. Inferotemporal cortex

B

Why is propranolol used to treat stage fright? A. Reduces the firing of raphe neurons B. Slows heart rate and reduces blood pressure C. Provides a sense of self-confidence D. Dilates the pupils

B

Which of the following are true about the locus coruleus? Select all that apply. A. Cells in the locus coruleus can release any catecholamine. B. Cells in the locus coruleus release NE C. Out of all of the modulatory systems, the locus coruleus makes the most diffuse connections. D. The locus coruleus is found in the medulla.

B,C

Anxiety disorders have been related to which of the following? A. Diminished activity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. B. Elevated activity of the prefrontal cortex C. Diminished activity of the hippocampus D. Hyperactivity of the amygdala

B,C,D

What is the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the stress response? A. Activation of the hippocampus. B. Activates the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain to increase vigilance C. Activates hypothalamic stimulation of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system D. Activates periaqueductal gray matter to produce avoidance behavior

B,C,D

Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following? A. Permanent anterograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits B. Permanent retrograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits C. Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory D. Permanent procedural memory deficits and transient anterograde amnesia

C

How did Hebb define the cell assembly? A. All the cortical cells that are activated by the process of memory reconsolidation B. All the cortical cells that are activated by any one of the senses C. Neurons simultaneously activated by an external stimulus that are reciprocally interconnected

C

In Pavlov's experiments, the auditory stimulus was the ___ and the food was the ___. A. CS; CR B. US; CR C. CS; US

C

In learned fear, the central nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke autonomic responses. A. periaqueductal gray B. somatosensory cortex C. hypothalamus D. cerebral cortex

C

Information from the visual and auditory sensory systems feeds into which part of the amygdala? A. Corticomedial nuclei B. Central nucleus C. Basolateral nuclei D. Stria terminalis

C

A new hamster mutant, zip, has a daily rhythm (in the absence of light cues) with a period of 8 hours. If you transplanted the fetal SCN from a zip animal into the brain of an adult hamster with the tau mutation (and its own SCN lesioned), you would expect the period of this adult's rhythm to be A. 30 hours. B. just under 24 hours. C. just over 24 hours. D. 8 hours.

D

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus? A. Norepinephrine (NE) B. Serotonin C. GABA D. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

D

Animals like rats can be good models to study addiction because: A. they can 'recover' from drug addiction, just like humans do. B. they will suffer pain in order to gain access drugs of abuse, just as humans will. C. they will self-administer the same drugs that humans abuse. D. All of these things make animals like rats good models for studying addiction.

D

Anorexia can result from damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A. Dorsal thalamus B. Ventromedial hypothalamus C. Vascular organ of lamina terminalis D. Lateral hypothalamus

D

At the highest level of the motor control hierarchy is/are: A. association areas of neocortex B. basal ganglia C. cerebellum D. A and B E. A, B, and C

D

By what means does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary gland? A. Parvocellular neurosecretory cells B. Hypophysiotropic hormones C. Hypo-thalamo-pituitary portal circulation D. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells

D

Elizabeth Loftus found that A. repressed memories are never true. B. none of these. C. eye witness testimony is infallible. D. she could implant false memories about being lost in a shopping mall.

D

Habituation is A. a type of declarative memory. B. a type of nonassociative memory. C. a type of associative memory. D. A type of nonassociative, nondeclarative memory. E. a type of nondeclarative memory.

D

Karl Lashley studied the effects of various-sized cortical lesions on maze performance in rats. He concluded that the memory deficits were correlated with the size of the lesion but not the location and hypothesized that all cortical areas contribute equally to learning and memory. What is the current interpretation of these experiments? A. All cortical areas contribute equally to memory in rats but not in other species. B. Lashley's conclusions remain unchallenged. C. Nothing about Lashley's studies has stood the test of time. D. All cortical areas do not contribute equally to memory, but memories are widely distributed.

D

Lesions of the periaqueductal gray would affect A. feeling pain. B. sweating in response to something that induces fear. C. an increase in heart rate when presented with something that induces fear. D. running away from something scary.

D

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called A. infradian. B. circadian. C. circannual. D. ultradian.

D

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called A. infradian. B. circannual. C. ultradian. D. circadian.

D

Vasopressin: A. increases water retention. B. decreases water retention. C. inhibits urine production. D. Both A and C

D

Warm- and cold-sensitive neurons are located in what part of the brain? A. Ventromedial hypothalamus B. Motor cortex C. OVLT D. Anterior hypothalamus

D

What do heroin, nicotine, and cocaine have in common? A. They all act on the brain circuitry that motivates behavior. B. They all cause release of acetylcholine. C. They all affect the dopaminergic pathway. D. A and C

D

What is the function of the ventromedial pathways with regard to the descending motor pathways? A. Control the voluntary movement of distal musculature B. Control balance of head and shoulders C. Relay information from cortex to the cerebellum D. Control the posture and locomotion

D

Which kind of learning involves a change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus? A. Instrumental conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Associative learning D. Nonassociative learning

D

Which of the following describes the humoral response? A. Regulating feedback to the central nervous system B. Adjusting the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs of the ANS C. Inciting an appropriate somatic motor behavioral response D. Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones

D

Which of the following is the process of breaking down complex macromolecules? A. Adiposity B. Prandial state C. Anabolism D. Catabolism

D

Which of the following is true about how M1 commands voluntary movement? A. The direction of movement is determined by spinal reflex mechanisms. B. The motor cortex is active only for complex voluntary movements. C. The activity of each cell cast multiple votes for a particular direction of movement. D. The activity of each cell represents a single vote for a particular direction of movement and the direction of movement is determined by averaging the votes in the population.

D

Which of the following is true of the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain? A. Neurons arise from all parts of the brain except from the brain stem. B. Each system originates with a large set of neurons. C. Neurons release transmitter only into the synaptic cleft. D. Each neuron influences many others, contacting more than 100,000 postsynaptic neurons.

D

Which part of the brain participates in implementing the 'go' in the phrase 'Ready, set, go'? A. Supplementary and premotor areas B. Parietal and frontal lobes C. Area 7 D. Major subcortical input to area 6

D

Which theory provides a more complete explanation for H.M.'s temporally graded amnesia? A. Systems consolidation B. Synaptic consolidation C. Standard consolidation D. Multiple trace model of consolidation

D

Which type of memory can be accessed for conscious recollection? A. Classical conditioning B. Procedural memory C. Nondeclarative memory D. Declarative memory

D

Why is the enteric nervous system known as the "little brain?" A. It has sulci and gyri that look like the cerebral cortex. B. It has little influence on body functions. C. It stimulates activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. D. It is capable of operating independently.

D

If you were going to make a lesion to interfere with procedural memory, where would it be?

caudate nucleus

release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by

hormones secreted by paraventricular cells into pituitary portal circulation

a lesion to the corticospinal tract would result in

inability to move fingers independently

memory functions of the hippocampus include

spatial memory, building associations, episodic memory