NEUR305 Exam 3

Dichotic listening task

2 different inputs and patient has to recall information from both stories, input that was attended was recalled better, mimics cocktail party

Which of these comprises a motor unit? A. A single motor neuron + all muscle fibers it activates at the neuronal axons B. A single motor neuron + one muscle fiber activated by the neuronal axon C. A single motor cortex neuron + a single motor neuron + all muscle fibers it activates at the neuronal axons D. A single motor cortex neuron + a single motor neuron + one muscle fiber activated by the neuronal axon

A. A single motor neuron + all muscle fibers it activates at the neuronal axons

You are at the gym with your friend getting a great pump when suddenly, a gym member drops a bar loaded with 500lbs, causing you and your friend to turn around and look toward the heavy drop sound. This is an example of __________ attention. A. Endogenous, overt B. Exogenous, covert C. Endogenous, covert D. Exogenous, overt

A. Endogenous, overt

What is the definition of a fast fatigable (Type II fibers) motor neurons? A. Largest fibers, most powerful, high threshold for activation. B. Semi-resistant to fatigue. C. Sustained activity, low threshold for activation D. Smallest "red" fibers, little fatigue

A. Largest fibers, most powerful, high threshold for activation.

Damage to the right hemisphere of the frontal cortex, would mean the cerebellum would lack input about which side of the body? A. Left B. Right C. Both sides of the body

A. Left

Habit formation is a type of A. associative learning B. observational learning C. social learning D. not learning

A. associative learning

The striatum refers to which two structures of the basal ganglia? A. Internal and external segment of the globus pallidus B. Caudate and putamen C. Putamen and globus pallidus D. Subthalamic nucleus and caudate nucleus

B. Caudate and putamen

What is the signal that releases the thalamus from GPi inhibition? A. Excitatory input from frontal cortex to GPi B. Excitatory input from frontal cortex to striatum C. Inhibitory input from frontal cortex to thalamus D. Inhibitory input from frontal cortex to striatum

B. Excitatory input from frontal cortex to striatum

If a patient has left cerebellar damage, they will exhibit deficits on A. The right side of the body B. The left side of the body C. Both sides of the body

B. The left side of the body

When the patient is shown a pen on the left visual field, he will name the object as "pen". When the patient is shown a pencil on the right visual field, he will name the object as "pencil". However, when the patient is shown both objects at the same time, the pencil on the right visual field and the pen on the left, he will name the object as "pen". What affliction does this patient likely have? A. Balint's syndrome B. Visuospatial neglect C. Cerebellar disorder D. Cocktail party effect

B. Visuospatial neglect

You move your left arm to grab a cup. During this movement, the _____ receives somatosensory input about your arm from the _____ side of the cerebrum and modulates your movement. A. cerebrocerebellum, right B. spinocerebellum, left C. spinocerebellum, right D. vestibulocerebellum, left

B. spinocerebellum, left

Select the motor behaviors that would most likely NOT be considered voluntary • Breathing • Gastrointestinal rhythms • Grabbing a cup of coffee • The movement of your handoff a hot stove • Dancing

Breathing, Gastrointestinal rhythms, The movement of your handoff a hot stove

How are motor maps clustered?

By type of movement

What cell type forms parallel running fibers? A. Purkinje cells B. Mossy cells C. Granule cells D. Golgi cells

C. Granule cells

Which cerebellar structure is correctly paired with its function? A. Cerebrocerebellum—vestibuloocularreflex B. Spinocerebellum—speech C. Vestibulocerebellum—posture D. Vermis—movement of distal muscles

C. Vestibulocerebellum—posture

Which region of the basal ganglia is most ventrally located in the brain? A. Caudate B. Putamen C. Globus palladus D. Substantia nigra

D. Substantia nigra

What is extinction?

Extinction occurs when patient presented with two stimuli simultaneously, the presence of the competing stimulus in the ipsilateral hemifield prevents patient from detecting contra-lateral stimulus

T/F: Selective attention can only occur when an individual is in the appropriate arousal state

False; selective attention occurs at all arousal states

basal ganglia loops

Gating & initiation of movement; selecting which motor plan to use (direct path) and which to suppress (indirect path)

Fast fatigable (Type II) Fibers

Largest fibers, most force; As it exerts more force, it doesn't fatigue as quickly as the slow type does; These fibers are strengthened from high intensity exercises over short periods of time.

Slow (Type I) Fibers

Smallest fibers, little fatigue; As it exerts more force it fatigues more; These fibers strengthen from low intensity exercises for long periods of time

neuromodulation

The alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus, such as electrical stimulation or chemical agents, to specific neurological sites in the body

The biased competition model

When different stimuli fall within the receptive field of a neuron, bottom-up signals from two stimuli compete for control of neuron firing, attention favors one of the stimuli

positive feedback loop

a change in a given direction causes additional change in the same direction

negative feedback loop

a change in a given direction causes change in the opposite direction

bottom-up processing

a form of information processing in which incoming stimulus data initiate and determine the "higher level" process involved in their recognition, interpretation, and categorization. salient, unexpected stimulus

Feature Integration theory

a target item can be identified more quickly amongst distractors if it can be identified by a single stimulus feature

A motor unit is comprised of a) An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates b) an alpha motor neurons c) a nucleus of lower motor neurons and all the muscle fibers it innervates d) all the muscle fibers activated during a given motion type (extension vs flexion)

a) An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Selective attention involves a) focusing on certain things while ignoring others b) focusing sequentially on the things around you c) remembering things using small details d) multitasking while learning

a) focusing on certain things while ignoring others

If the Posner cueing task a trial is considered 'valid'... a) if the stimulus is presented in the same area as the cue b) if the stimulus is presented in a different area as the cue c) if the stimulus is the same as the cue d) if the participant answers correctly

a) if the stimulus is presented in the same area as the cue

If you perform intense, vigorous exercise for short periods of time, which do you think is most likely to occur? a) increase maximal force of motor unit b) decrease fatiguability of motor unit c) no change d) decrease speed of contraction in motor unit

a) increase maximal force of motor unit

Which region is more likely to be sensitive to context-dependent sensory signals? a. Premotor cortex b. Supplemental motor area c.Primary motor

a. Premotor cortex

Which area is most involved in the execution of movement? a. Primary motor b. Primary somatosensory c. Posterior parietal d. Premotor

a. Primary motor

During a particularly boring lecture, you carefully note the time on a clock that is mounted on the side wall of the classroom while keeping your eyes fixated on the professor's face. This is an example of a. covert attention. b. inhibition of return. c. extinction. d. conjunction search.

a. covert attention.

In general, it could be said that ___________________ areas tend to be involved with the control of attention, whereas __________________ areas are affected by attention. a. frontal and parietal; sensory processing b. subcortical; parietal and frontal c. sensory processing; temporal and parietal d. sensory processing; frontal and parietal

a. frontal and parietal; sensory processing

selective attention

ability to prioritize some things and not others (at any level of arousal)

instructed delay task

an initial cue tells the subject where to move and only later is a cue given to start the movement

overt attention

attention that involves looking directly at the attended object, target fixation

Distractor stimuli in a visual search experiment a) never share any features with target stimuli b) are never identical to target stimuli c) always slow down visual search for target stimuli d) never slow down visual search for target stimuli

b) are never identical to target stimuli

The stretch reflex is a ____ feedback loop a. positive b. negative c. not great

b) negative

central pattern generations... a) require sensory input to oscillate b) once initiated, can oscillate without descending input c) are not modified by sensory experience d) are not modified by descending input

b) once initiated, can oscillate without descending input

Patients with left side neglect have damage to the a) left side of the brain b) right side of the brain c) both hemispheres

b) right side of the brain

The first time Joe had to put together a bicycle, it took a long time. Now that he has built several bicycles, he can put together a bicycle quickly and easily because he knows what the final product should look like. Joe's improved speed and skill can be attributed to____. a) bottom-up processing b) top-down processing c) perceptual expectancy d) object constancy

b) top-down processing

When a voluntary movement such as contracting one's RIGHT biceps is generated, what other signals, if any, must accompany this command? a. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to flex simultaneously. b. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to relax c. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the left biceps, to relax. d. No other signal is necessary.

b. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to relax

Neurons in which region are most likely to be active when rehearsing a piece of music or mentally practicing a dance routine? a. Premotor cortex b. Supplemental motor area c. Primary motor

b. Supplemental motor area

Which of the following is a major function of the cerebellum? a. Alter local circuits of the brainstem and spinal cord via direct projections to the lower motor neurons b. Analyze error between intended motor output and actual motor output c. Modulate and relay executive decision-making information from the prefrontal cortex to the rest of the cerebral cortex

b. analyze error between intended motor output and actual motor output

Studies of attention employing the P1 waveform and the N1 waveform suggest that... a. both vision and audition involve a late-selection mechanism b. both vision and audition involve an early-selection mechanism c. visual attention primarily involves early selection, whereas auditory attention primarily involves late selection d. auditory attention primarily involves early selection, whereas visual attention primarily involves late selection.

b. both vision and audition involve an early-selection mechanism

Patients with neglect have deficits in _________ attention and those with Bálint's syndrome have deficits in _________ attention. a. object-based; scene-based b. scene-based; object-based c. visual; kinesthetic d. kinesthetic; visual

b. scene-based; object-based

Parkinson's disease results from cell death in the _______, which is a part of the _______. a. substantia nigra; cerebellum b. substantia nigra; basal ganglia c. striatum; cerebellum d. striatum; basal ganglia

b. substantia nigra; basal ganglia

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia? a. the putamen b. the claustrum c. the caudate d. the globus pallidus

b. the claustrum

vestibulocerebellum

balance, postural adjustments, coordination of eye movements

Causes of Balint's Syndrome

bilateral damage to regions of the posterior parietal and occipital cortices. caused by stroke or dementia

What neurons are in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord? a) upper motor neurons b) lower motor neurons c) sensory neurons d) efferent copy

c) sensory neurons

The main deficit in Bálint's syndrome is that patients can focus attention only on a. contralesional objects. b. ipsilesional objects. c. one object at a time. d. the foveal part of the visual field.

c. one object at a time.

Parts of basal ganglia

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus external and internal, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

properties of motor units

contraction speed, maximal force, fatiguability

exogenous spatial cueing

covert, cue is away from center of visual field

Which is NOT a Central Pattern Generator (CPG)? a) Breathing. b) Running. c) Walking. d) Doing homework.

d) Doing homework.

Which nuclei comprise the striatum? a. Globus pallidus and caudate b. Putamen and pallidum c. Caudate and substantia nigra pars compacta d. Putamen and caudate e. Pallidum and substantia nigra pars compacta

d. Putamen and caudate

Dopaminergic neurons that synapse on medium spiny neurons originate from which brain region? a. Substantia nigra pars reticulata b. Pallidum c. Globus pallidus d. Substantia nigra pars compacta e. Subthalamic nucleus

d. Substantia nigra pars compacta

movement planning

deciding what action or series of actions to perform to fulfill an intention

Parkinson's disease causes

degeneration of substantia nigra pars compacta

Symptoms of Balint's Syndrome

difficulty perceiving visual field as a whole scene, inability to guide eye movements voluntarily, difficulty reaching to grab an object

Pathways of basal ganglia

disinhibition of thalamus, initiation of correct movement

feature attention

enhances the representation of image characteristics throughout the visual field, a mechanism that is particularly useful when searching for a specific stimulus feature

top-down processing

form of information processing in which an overall hypothesis about of general conceptualization of a stimulus is applied to and influences analysis of incoming stimulus data, biased perception, higher order processing

Arousal

global physiological and psychological state of an organism, alertness

Striatal outputs: direct pathway

globus pallidus (external) -> subthalamic nucleus -> globus pallidus (internal) -> thalamus -> frontal cortex

Reinforcement learning

goes hand in hand with action selection, involves dopamine, choose behaviors that are rewarding and avoid actions that have adverse outcomes, dopamine encodes prediction errors

most abundant cell type in cerebellum

granule cells

what does the motor cortex control?

hand-to-mouth, defensive, central space/ manipulation, reach, outward arm movements, climbing/ leaping

Fast fatigue resistant (Type IIa) Fibers

in between

apraxia

inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain lesion in ventro-dorsal stream

efference copy

internal copy of a motor command as perceived by the eyes

primary motor cortex

involved in execution of voluntary movements

supplementary motor area

involved in programming complex sequences of movements and coordinating bilateral movements, responds to sequences of movement and to mental rehearsal of sequences of movement, involved in coordination of two-hand movement

premotor cortex

involved in selection of appropriate motor plans for voluntary movements, premotor cortex neurons signal preparation for movement and sensory aspects associated with particular motor acts, is sensitive to behavioral context, and signals correct and incorrect behavior

Broadbent's Theory of selective attention... a) fully accounts for the cocktail party phenomenon b) cannot account for the cocktail party phenomena c) is an early selection model d) is a late selection model

is an early selection model

object attention

knowledge of stimulus features are processed earlier in the visual pathway than object identification

motor unit

made up of motor neurons and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it influences, innervated by alpha motor neuron, motor units have distinct properties based on type

Main neuronal type in striatum

medium spiny neurons

indirect pathway of basal ganglia

modulates disinhibition, antagonizes action of the direct pathway, acts as brake to modulate balance between excitation and inhibition, fine control of motor system

cerebrocerebellum

motor planning, learning, memory

voluntary movement

movements under control of the brain (cortex)

Spinocerebellum

muscle tone and coordination

flexors

muscles that bend joints

extensors

muscles that straighten joints

tuning curve of motor neuron

neuron firing rate greatest before movements in a particular direction, each motor neuron is broadly tuned

central pattern generator

neuronal network that is capable of generating a rhythmic pattern of motor activity

primary motor cortex

neurons involved in relaying motor commands to the alpha motor neurons that cause appropriate muscles to contract, encodes force, direction, extent, and speed of movement

symptoms of visiospatial neglect

normal vision, deficits in attending to and acting in the direction opposite of the side of the unilateral brain damage, biased recall of images

affordance competition hypothesis

ongoing action selection and action specification occurs in highly distributed and simultaneous manner, with cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex

purkinje cells

only output of all motor coordination in the cerebellum, inhibits deep cerebellar nuclei

endogenous spatial cueing

overt, cue is right in the middle of the visual field

movement execution

performing the actual movement

Parkinson's disease

progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement, no cure

superior colliculus

projects multiple outputs to thalamus and motor system, control eye movements involved in changing focus of overt attention

pulvinar of thalamus

receives input from superior colliculus

parietal lobe

receives visual information used to guide motor movements, where and how

Thalamic reticular nucleus

reciprocal connections to and from V1, modulates information flow from thalamus to cortex, inhibitory TRN regulates selective attention during wakefulness and control the thalamic and cortical oscillations during sleep, modulates pulvinar activity

mirror neurons

respond to preparation of the movement but also when the same action is observed

muscle spindles

respond to stretch (changes in length)

reaction time task

sensory cue instructs the subject both where to move (target cue) and when to move

covert attention

shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes stationary, attending a target without fixation

feedback

situation when the output or response of a loop impacts or influences the input or stimulus

Dorsal attention network

source of attentional signals in goal- directed attention, primarily involved with voluntary attention based on spatial location, features, and object properties

reflexes

stereotyped responses to specific stimuli that are generated by simple neural circuits in spinal cord or brain stem

ventral attention network

stimulus novelty and salience, attentional reorienting

Basal Ganglia function

subcortical loop linking most areas of the cerebral cortex with upper motor neurons. action selection, sequencing of movement, self initiated or remembered movements, control of movement parameters, reinforcement learning and error prediction, turn off tonic inhibitory drive to cortical motor neurons, allows movement initiation, disinhibition

cocktail party effect

the ability to focus one's attention a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, ie. noise

rhythmic movement

timing and spatial organization is controlled autonomously by spinal or brain stem circuitry

Parkinson's disease symptoms

tremors and stiffness are common, face shows little expression, speech may be slurred

optic ataxia

unable to reach for a point in visual space unless they have already touched this point, lesions in dorsal- dorsal stream

disinhibition in the basal ganglia

when MSNs in striatum become active they remove inhibition on thalamus