neuro 3000 exam 2 cognella

Which of the following is FALSE? Specific cells can be ablated by selectively expressing a toxin Neuronal activity can't be recorded from neurons in culture Fluorescence microscopy can be used to visualize transport down axons Transgenic mice can be used to locate cells expressing specific reporters

Neuronal activity can't be recorded from neurons in culture

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Two different neurotransmitters don't bind to the same receptor Each neurotransmitter can bind to different subtypes Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein linked Agonists and antagonists can be used to classify receptor subtypes

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein linked

Why is Ca++ needed when treating a neuron with K+ to stimulate neurotransmitter release? Required for vesicle docking and release Required for neurotransmitter synthesis Required for action potentials All of the responses

Required for vesicle docking and release

Which of the following is FALSE regarding electron microscopy? Samples visualized can include living cells Can be used to visualize thin sections of a sample or surface structures All are true Can resolve something as small as the radius of a glutamate molecule

Samples visualized can include living cells

PCR (polymerase chain reaction): Can be used to measure small amounts of DNA or RNA Requires a large amount of tissue Two of the responses All of the responses Can be done in situ

Two of the responses

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, some serotonin and GABA receptors and all glycine receptors are phylogenetically related. true false

true

Optogenetics can be used to excite specific neurons in a living animal. True False

true

Stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than progenitor cells True False

true

The "brainbow" technique can be used to label specific cells in living animals. true false

true

The amplitude of a cell's EPSP is a sum of the miniamplitudes produced by each individual channel. True False

true

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is present in all catecholaminergic neurons. true false

true

Voltage-gated calcium channels are often concentrated at synaptic terminals: True False

true

Which of the following is FALSE? All are true A receptor's structure influences function Gate either anions or cations, but not both Transmitter gated channels usually have five subunits

All are true

Which of the following is FALSE? Norepinephrine is widely distributed in the brain Dopamine is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) Acetylcholine is removed from synapse to stop signaling Epinephrine is present in few neurons

Acetylcholine is removed from synapse to stop signaling

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake All GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors Glycine receptors are Cl- channels Epinephrine is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

All GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Glycine receptors are Cl- channels All GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors Epinephrine is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) Cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake

All GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors

Which of the following is FALSE? All neurotransmitters are released quickly at the synapse Synaptic vesicle membranes are recycled by endocytosis Some synaptic vesicles are docked before an action potential arrives v-SNARES and t-SNARES are both involved in docking and synaptic vesicle release

All neurotransmitters are released quickly at the synapse

Acetylcholine is released from: CNS neurons Only two of these are correct Parasympathetic neurons All of the above Sympathetic neurons

All of the above

Acetylcholine is released from: Only two of these are correct Parasympathetic neurons CNS neurons Sympathetic neurons All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is correct regarding the synapse? Active zones are present on the presynaptic neuron The cleft is not empty, but contains multiple proteins The cleft is approximately 20-50 nm in width Two of the above All of the above

All of the above

Most transmitter-gated channels: Are composed of multiple homologous proteins Two of the responses Have flexible structures that move to open a channel Have multiple subtypes All of the responses

All of the responses

Neurotransmitters are removed form the synaptic cleft by: Reuptake Diffusion Degradation All of the responses

All of the responses

Optogenetics can be used: In mice, fruit fly and zebrafish To modulate cell signaling through ion channels To modulate cell signaling through G protein coupled receptors All of the responses To modulate behavior in animals

All of the responses

Which of the following can be used to disrupt protein expression? Dominant negative expression Knockout RNA interference Two of the responses All of the responses

All of the responses

induced pluripotent stem cells: Can be generated from any cell type All of the responses Can be used to study neurological disorders Can be differentiated into multiple cell types

All of the responses

Which of the following is FALSE? Astrocytes can modulate neuronal signaling over a wide area An action potential at a CNS synapse can lead to the release of one or a few synaptic vesicles The number of channels that open depends on quantity of neurotransmitter released All of the responses are true

All of the responses are true

Inducible conditional knockouts can be used to: Inactivate a gene at a specific time and in a specific cell population Two of these are correct Inactivate a gene at a specific time in development All of these are correct Inactivate a gene that is embryonically lethal

All of these are correct

Knockin mice Are constructed using techniques similar to those used for knockout mice Can be used to replace genes with wild-type version Can be used to study the effects of mutations in disease genes Two of these are correct All of these are correct

All of these are correct

Slice cultures in vitro can be used for: Electrophysiology Observing synapse formation Studying cell migration All of these are correct None of these are correct

All of these are correct

Which of the following neurotransmitters activate G protein-coupled receptors? Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Only two of these neurotransmitters are correct All of these neurotransmitters are correct

All of these neurotransmitters are correct

Which of the following statements is FALSE? An axon can form multiple active zones when synapsing on a target neuron Astrocytes are often found in close proximity to synapses Synapses can be formed between dendrites All of these statements are TRUE

All of these statements are TRUE

Glutamate: Acts through ligand-gated and G protein-coupled receptors Is taken up from the synapse into neurons and glial cells Two of these statements are correct Is present at approximately half of the CNS synapses All of these statements are correct

All of these statements are correct

Glutamate: Two of these statements are correct All of these statements are correct Is present at approximately half of the CNS synapses Is taken up from the synapse into neurons and glial cells Acts through ligand-gated and G protein-coupled receptors

All of these statements are correct

Acetylcholine is a(n): Amino acid transmitter Peptide transmitter Amine transmitter Lipid transmitter

Amine transmitter

Which of the following is FALSE regarding cultured primary neurons: All are TRUE Are a homogeneous population Can form synapses Can maintain neural phenotype for a while in culture

Are a homogeneous population

Which of the following regarding vesicular neurotransmitter transporters is FALSE? Are similar in structure to membrane uptake transporters Filling driven by H+ gradient The VMAT, VAChT and VIAAT are have similar structures All of the responses are true

Are similar in structure to membrane uptake transporters

Gray's type II synapses: Are usually inhibitory Are usually excitatory Are asymmetrical More than one of the above

Are usually inhibitory

Some neurons make multiple neurotransmitters that: Are released from the same vesicle Are contained in different vesicles which are released upon different levels of stimulation Both responses None of the responses

Both responses

Removing calcium from the synapse would eliminate neurotransmitter release because: Calcium is required to bind to vSNAREs and initiate vesicle fusion Calcium is required to bind to tSNAREs and initiate vesicle fusion It would block action potentials in presynaptic neuron It would have no effect on vesicle release

Calcium is required to bind to vSNAREs and initiate vesicle fusion

Which of the following is FALSE regarding fluorescence microscopy? Multiple fluorophores can be used at the same time Two photon fluorescence has less background than confocal microscopy It can be used to visualize neural structure and function Can only be used with fixed tissues or cells

Can only be used with fixed tissues or cells

Which of the following is FALSE regarding brain organoids Can be used to study neural development Can be derived from iPSCs Can replace full size brains Can be used to study neurological disorders

Can replace full size brains

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Symmetrical synapses are usually inhibitory Synapses exist in various sizes Astrocytes are close to many synapses Chemical synapses are bidirectional

Chemical synapses are bidirectional

Confocal microscopy: Visualizes molecules only at the surface in great detail Collects light from one thin section of a specimen at a time Collects light from the whole depth of the tissue All of the responses

Collects light from one thin section of a specimen at a time

Which of the following is FALSE? Many toxins used to study signaling come from nature Antagonists block the actions of neurotransmitters Black widow venom increases acetylcholine release Curare is an agonist

Curare is an agonist

Which of the following is FALSE about length constants? Depends on internal resistance and membrane resistance Does not depend on number of ion channels open Quantifies how currents dissipate as they move down a dendrite Not the same value for all dendrites

Does not depend on number of ion channels open

Which of the flowing is FALSE regarding neurotransmitter release?Every action potential always releases a large number of synaptic vesicles Some synaptic vesicles are docked Vesicle membranes are recycled by endocytosis Exocytosis occurs rapidly

Every action potential always releases a large number of synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is FALSE regarding transmitter-gated channels? Channels open rapidly upon binding of the neurotransmitter They are not as selective as voltage-gated channels Excitatory channels allow Cl- entry Channel is usually closed until the neurotransmitter is bound

Excitatory channels allow Cl- entry

Which of the following regarding membrane neurotransmitter transporters is FALSE? They are different in structure from vesicular uptake transporters All of these answers are TRUE The DAT, SERT and NET have similar structures Filling driven by H+ gradient

Filling driven by H+ gradient

Which of the following is FALSE? All peptide neurotransmitters act through G protein-coupled receptors Glycine receptors mediate inhibition in the spinal cord ATP and nitric oxide are both neurotransmitters G protein coupled receptors sometimes function as ion channels

G protein coupled receptors sometimes function as ion channels

Which of the following is FALSE regarding GABA? Mediates most synaptic inhibition in the CNS GABA-B receptors are G protein coupled GABA-A receptors are voltage-gated Receptors are modulated by alcohol and barbiturate

GABA-A receptors are voltage-gated

Which of the following is FALSE? Glycine and GABA are destroyed in the synaptic cleft to stop signaling Carbon monoxide is a potential neurotransmitter NMDA receptors are transmitter-gated and voltage dependent Three main classes of neurotransmitters are peptide, amine, amino acids

Glycine and GABA are destroyed in the synaptic cleft to stop signaling

Which of the following is FALSE: Halorhodopsins are used to excite neurons Epifluorescence microscopy is not as accurate as confocal microscopy for localizing molecules in cells More than one of the above is FALSE. Immortalized cells lines are easier to grow than primary cells

Halorhodopsins are used to excite neurons

A dendrite with what properties would have the highest length constant? High membrane resistance and low internal resistance Low membrane resistance and high internal resistance High membrane resistance and high internal resistance Low membrane resistance and low internal resistance

High membrane resistance and low internal resistance

Which of the following is FALSE regarding GABA? Ligand-gated receptor has allosteric sites Is broken down in the synapse It is an amino acid neurotransmitter Mediates most of the synaptic inhibition in the CNS

Is broken down in the synapse

Which of the following is FALSE regarding serotonin? Is synthesized from the amino acid proline Precursor to melatonin Produced by raphe nucleus neurons Involved in regulating pain, sleep, and mood

Is synthesized from the amino acid proline

Which of the following is FALSE? Some viruses can be used to transfect neural cells (nondividing) CRISPR technology can be used to transcriptionally regulate genes Dendrites and axons can be resolved with a light microscope Knockouts are reversible

Knockouts are reversible

Which of the following is FALSE? Ligands bind to receptors Ligands can be used to label a receptor Ligands can be agonists, but not antagonists Ligands can be toxins

Ligands can be agonists, but not antagonists

A dendrite with these properties would have the lowest length constant: High membrane resistance and low internal resistance Low membrane resistance and high internal resistance High membrane resistance and high internal resistance Low membrane resistance and low internal resistance

Low membrane resistance and high internal resistance

Which of the following is FALSE? Two are false CRE recombinase is used to create conditional knockouts Lox sites used to create knockouts are normally in human cells Conditional knockouts often utilize a modified version of CRE recombinase

Lox sites used to create knockouts are normally in human cells

Which of the following is FALSE? All of the responses Noradrenergic neurons modulate attention and arousal Norepinephrine is synthesized in the cytoplasm Two of the responses Epinephrine is also released from the adrenal gland

Norepinephrine is synthesized in the cytoplasm

Which of the following is FALSE All are TRUE One fluorophore at a time must be used during fluorescence microscopy Immortalized cells lines may not maintain the properties of the native or primary cells from which they were derived During scanning EM the electron beam moves over the surface.

One fluorophore at a time must be used during fluorescence microscopy

Which of the following is FALSE regarding G protein coupled receptors? Have seven transmembrane regions More than one is FALSE Signal slower than ligand-gated receptors Signaling through the same receptor can have multiple actions Only present on postsynaptic cells

Only present on postsynaptic cells

Which of the following is FALSE regarding endocannabinoid neurotransmitters? All are true Open transmitter-gated channels Are membrane permeable Involved in retrograde signaling

Open transmitter-gated channels

Endorphins are: Amino acid transmitters Peptide transmitters Amine transmitters Lipid transmitters

Peptide transmitters

Which of the following is FALSE? RNA interference leads to DNA breakdown RNA interference can block translation RNA interference uses the RISC complex RNA interference can be used in culture or in living animals

RNA interference leads to DNA breakdown

Lack of removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft can lead to: Receptor desensitization Receptor degradation Increased neurotransmitter release None of the responses

Receptor desensitization

Why is neomycin used in the generation of knock out mice? Required for successful breeding Needed to identify inserted transgene Destroy cells containing inserted transgene Select for stem cells containing inserted transgene

Select for stem cells containing inserted transgene

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the NMJ? Signaling is slow, but are reliable synapses Easier to study than CNS synapses Large number of acetylcholine receptors are present on the muscle Are between motor neurons and muscle cells

Signaling is slow, but are reliable synapses

Which of the following is FALSE regarding neuromuscular junction synapses? Small and thus easy to manipulate experimentally Fast, reliable synapses Similar to CNS synapses All are TRUE

Small and thus easy to manipulate experimentally

Which of the following is FALSE regarding neuromuscular junction synapses? Small and thus easy to manipulate experimentally Fast, reliable synapses Similar to CNS synapses All are TRUE

Small and thus easy to manipulate experimentally

When EPSPs add up due to rapid firing of an input axon this is called: Spatial summation Quantal summation Temporal summation Shunting inhibition

Temporal summation

Which of the following is FALSE? CRISPR is used by bacteria as a defense against invading organisms CRISPR can be used to modify genes in adult cells CRISPR can be used to knock out genes The CRISPR technique uses an enzyme to target the specific DNA sequence

The CRISPR technique uses an enzyme to target the specific DNA sequence

Which of the following is FALSE regarding electrical synapses? They consist of unique connections called gap junctions They are common in glial cells They are considered evolutionarily old (present in many primitive species) They are unidirectional

They are unidirectional

"Brainbow" technology depends on the use of the CRE-lox system. True False

True

Which of the following is FALSE Two different neurotransmitters can bind to the same receptor Ligands bind to the extracellular loops of G protein-coupled receptors G proteins bind to the intracellular region of the G protein coupled receptor In situ hybridization can be used to locate RNAs

Two different neurotransmitters can bind to the same receptor

Molecules are usually classified as neurotransmitters because they are: All of the responses Present in a presynaptic neuron Two of the responses Released by post synaptic cells Released by presynaptic cells in a calcium-dependent way

Two of the responses

Molecules are usually classified as neurotransmitters because they are: Released by post synaptic cells Two of the responses Released by presynaptic cells in a calcium-dependent way All of the responses Present in a presynaptic neuron

Two of the responses

Transgenic mice can be used for: Tracing connections by expressing fluorescent reporters in specific cells Integrating new DNA into specific genomic locations All of the responses Two of the responses Analyzing promoter cell-type specificity

Two of the responses

Why would one generate a conditional gene knockout? None of the responses Want to determine the effect of mutating the gene Early gene knockout may be lethal or affect development Want to determine the effect of gene loss in specific cells Two of the responses

Two of the responses

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Can be used to quantify RNA levels All of these are correct Two of these are correct Can be used to identity genomic mutations Can be used to quantify protein levels

Two of these are correct

What can you do to stimulate signaling at a synapse? Select all that apply. Use reuptake inhibitor Apply antagonist All of these are correct None of these are correct Apply agonist

Use reuptake inhibitor Apply agonist

Immunochemistry: Employs labeled RNA to identify specific transcripts in neurons Involves recording from neurons to characterize electrical responses to neurotransmitter application Uses DNA primers to amplify specific transcripts Uses labeled antibodies to localize specific proteins

Uses labeled antibodies to localize specific proteins

Autoreceptors are often transmitter gated channels: true/ false

false

EPSPs are produced when ion channels allowing anion entry are opened. True/False

false

EPSPs are produced when ion channels allowing anion entry are opened. true/false

false

Glutamate signals only through multiple types of transmitter-gated channels. true false

false

Peptide neurotransmitters are released faster than amine or amino acid neurotransmitters true false

false

Peptide neurotransmitters mediate fast synaptic transmission. True False

false

Proteins can move between cells through gap junctions. True False

false

Viruses can be used to deliver genes to cultured neurons and brain slices, but not to living brain. True False

false

Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine are all part of diffuse modulatory systems: True False

true

Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine are all part of diffuse modulatory systems: true false

true

Brain serotonergic projections are widespread in the cortex true false

true

Dense core vesicles contain peptide neurotransmitters. True/False

true

Freshly dissociated neurons can be grown in culture as well as immortal cell lines True False

true

Most G protein coupled receptors are part of a family of multiple subtypes. true false

true

PCR (polymerase chain reaction): Requires a large amount of tissue Can be used to measure small amounts of DNA or RNA All of the responses Two of the responses Can be done in situ

two of the responses