Neuro; Exam 3

What effect would an deficit of dopamine have on movement? What is this called?

A deficiency of dopamine would result in slowed movement. Called: Bradykinesia.

Absorption of the CSF into the blood stream takes place in, what area? And through what structures?

Absorption of the CSF into the blood stream takes place in the superior sagittal sinus through structures called arachnoid villi. (They act as one-way gates)

What effect would an excess of dopamine have on movement? What is this called?

An excess of dopamine would result in unwanted and unnecessary movement. Called: Dyskinesia.

When the CSF pressure is lower than the venous pressure, Blood will flow where? Through what structures?

Because the arachnoid villi act as "one way valves", if the CSF pressure is less than the venous pressure, the arachnoid villi will NOT let blood pass into the ventricular system, so, no flow will occur.

What are the symptoms and cause of Bradykinesia? What is an example of a specific pathology?

Bradykinesia is identified slowness of movement, It is caused by a deficiency of dopamine. An example would be Parkinson Disease (PD).

CSF flows from the ____ ____ into the ____ ____ through the foramina of Luschka (there are two of these) and the foramen of Magendie (only one of these).

CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka (there are two of these) and the foramen of Magendie (only one of these).

CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space through the ____ of ____ (there are two of these) and the ____ of ____ (only one of these).

CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka (there are two of these) and the foramen of Magendie (only one of these).

CSF flows from the ____ ventricle to the ____ ventricle through the interventricular foramen (also called the foramen of Monro).

CSF flows from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen (also called the foramen of Monro).

CSF flows from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle through the ____ ____ (also called the ____ of ____ ).

CSF flows from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen (also called the foramen of Monro).

CSF is produced mainly by a structure called the ____ ____ in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.

CSF is produced mainly by a structure called the choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.

CSF is produced mainly by a structure called the choroid plexus in the ____ , ____ and ____ ____ .

CSF is produced mainly by a structure called the choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.

_____ _____ is produced mainly by a structure called the choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.

CerebroSpinal Fluid is produced mainly by a structure called the choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.

What is coordinated by the Cerebrocerebellum?

Cerebrocerebellum, coordinates distal limb movements and movements of small speech muscles.

What does CSF stand for?

Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Damage to the vestibulocerebellum results in what?

Disequilibrium , which is difficulty maintaining and correcting balance.

What are the symptoms and cause of Dyskinesia? What is an example of a specific pathology?

Dyskinesia is identified unwanted or unnecessary movements, It is caused by an excess of dopamine. An example would be Huntington Disease (HD), or Tourette Syndrome (TS).

What are the two most common types of pathologies will we see with the Basal Ganglia?

Dyskinesia, and Bradykinesia.

From the subarachnoid space the cerebrospinal fluid can drain into the dural sinuses, which function as one-way valves, mixing with venous blood from the brain. This mixture of deoxygenated blood and CSF are then drained into the jugular veins in the neck, and are returned to the venous system, where they can be filtered and reused by the body.

From the subarachnoid space the cerebrospinal fluid can drain into the _____ _____ , which function as one-way valves, mixing with venous blood from the brain. This mixture of deoxygenated blood and CSF are then drained into the _____ veins in the neck, and are returned to the venous system, where they can be filtered and reused by the body.

What is hydrocephalus?

Hydrocephalus is an active expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume at the expense of the brain tissue (excluding atrophy or ventriculomegaly in congenital maldevelopment). This occurs when the CSF is unable to drain into the venous system due to malformation or blockage of the ventricular system.

In total there is roughly 140 ml of CSF in the body at any one time, of which about 115 ml will be in the ______ and about 25 ml in the ______. The production of CSF is a constant process in the body and over the course of an average day, the entirety of the CSF will be replaced about ______ times.

In total there is roughly 140 ml of CSF in the body at any one time, of which about 115 ml will be in the subarachnoid space and about 25 ml in the ventricles. The production of CSF is a constant process in the body and over the course of an average day, the entirety of the CSF will be replaced about three times.

Describe the pathway of information in the spinocerebellum from the origination to final destination.

Information comes from proprioceptors (the muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) via the spinocerebellar tracts and from vestibular nuclei.

Injury to what portion of the cerebellum results in Asynergia, Dysdiadochokinesis, and Ataxia?

Injury to the Cerebrocerebellum results in Asynergia, Dysdiadochokinesis, and Ataxia.

When the CSF pressure is greater than the venous pressure, CSF will flow where? Through what structures?

Into the blood stream at the superior sagittal sinus, through structures called arachnoid villi.

Lesions to the ________ result in gait ataxia.

Lesions to the spinocerebellum result in gait ataxia. (The presence of abnormal, uncoordinated movements on the gait)

Lesions to the spinocerebellum result in what?

Lesions to the spinocerebellum result in gait ataxia. (The presence of abnormal, uncoordinated movements on the gait)

Ventral anterior and Ventral lateral nuclei are associated with what?

Movement.

Describe the shape and location of the Flocculus.

The Flocculus is a small egg-shaped lobe on the undersurface of the cerebellum. (Latin: tuft of wool, diminutive)

What is the small egg-shaped lobe on the undersurface of the cerebellum?

The Flocculus. (Latin: tuft of wool, diminutive)

What portion of the basal ganglia is responsible for movement initiation and inhibition?

The Motor circuit.

What information does the cerebellum processes from the cortex?

The cerebrocerebellum coordinates distal limb movements, as well as movements of the small muscles used for speech.

Describe the pathway of the information inputted into the cerebrocerebellum, from the origination to final destination.

The cerebrocerebellum gets its input from the primary motor cortex, and cortical association areas of all four of the cortical lobes. The cerebrocerebellum then integrates these signals and projects a signal back to the cerebral cortex which forms a neural circuit.

The _________ gets its input from the primary motor cortex, and cortical association areas of all four of the cortical lobes. The _________ then integrates these signals and projects a signal back to the cerebral cortex which forms a neural circuit.

The cerebrocerebellum gets its input from the primary motor cortex, and cortical association areas of all four of the cortical lobes. The cerebrocerebellum then integrates these signals and projects a signal back to the cerebral cortex which forms a neural circuit.

What portion of the basal ganglia has extensive connections to prefrontal cortex and cortical association areas?

The cognitive circuit.

What does the direct pathway of the basal ganglia stimulate? What does it inhibit?

The direct pathway stimulates distal muscles and inhibits the proximal ones.

The _____ cells within these choroid plexus filter blood plasma from the capillaries into the ventricle,

The ependymal cells within these choroid plexus filter blood plasma from the capillaries into the ventricle,

What does the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia stimulate? What does it inhibit?

The indirect pathway inhibits distal muscles and stimulates proximal ones.

What response does the information from proprioceptors elicit from the spinocerebellum?

The information elicits a response of maintenance of posture and gait.

How are the meninges of the brain layered relative to the skull, brain, and subarachnoid space?

The layers, from outer to inner are: 1. Skull, 2. Dura mater, 3. Arachnoid mater, 4. Subarachnoid space, 5. Pia mater, and 6. Brain tissue.

What portion of the basal ganglia has many connections with emotional centers?

The limbic circuit.

What signal, and where to, is the final output of the Basal Ganglia?

The nerve signal ends in the muscles: (the direct pathway stimulates distal muscles and inhibits the proximal ones, whereas the indirect pathway inhibits distal muscles and stimulates proximal ones.)

What portion of the basal ganglia regulates eye movement?

The oculomotor circuit.

Where is the main input to Basal Ganglia from? What is this structure also responsible for?

The primary motor cortex initiates the movement which the basal ganglia directs, The primary motor cortex is also the portion of the brain that initiates all voluntary movement.

What response does information from the cortex elicit from the cerebrocerebellum?

The response elicited is the correction of movement errors.

What information does the spinocerebellum processes and what spinal tracts carry this information?

The spinocerebellum coordinates proximal limb muscles, especially the muscles of the lower extremities, it does so using the proprioceptive information that it receives from the proprioceptors in the limbs. The spinal tracts that carry it are ascending tracts, called the the spinocerebellar tracts.

The ____ ventricle and ____ ventricle are connected to each other by the cerebral aqueduct (also called the Aqueduct of Sylvius).

The third ventricle and fourth ventricle are connected to each other by the cerebral aqueduct (also called the Aqueduct of Sylvius).

The third ventricle and fourth ventricle are connected to each other by the ____ ____ (also called the ____ of ____ ).

The third ventricle and fourth ventricle are connected to each other by the cerebral aqueduct (also called the Aqueduct of Sylvius).

The _________ processes information regarding the position of the head in space (the static information) and regarding changes in heads position in space (the dynamic information). It receives input from the _________ _________ of the _________ _________ .

The vestibulocerebellum processes information regarding the position of the head in space (the static information) and regarding changes in heads position in space (the dynamic information). It receives input from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.

What information does the cerebellum processes from the vestibular areas? What does it receive this information from?

The vestibulocerebellum processes information regarding the position of the head in space (the static information) and regarding changes in heads position in space (the dynamic information). It receives input from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.

What are the three general functions of the basal ganglia?

Thought, emotion, and movement are affected by basal ganglia.

What is coordinated by the Vestibulocerebellum?

Vestibulocerebellum, coordinates balance.

What are the Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater collectively called?

"The Meninges"

Describe the order of connections between the lateral, third, and forth ventricles, starting with the hemispheres of the brain and explaining the shape and location of each.

- Each of the hemispheres of the cerebrum has its own lateral ventricle, which is roughly shaped like a 'C' and which connects to the third ventricle. - The third ventricle is situated within the midline of the brain, and connects in turn to the fourth ventricle. - The fourth ventricle is a space in the shape of a diamond, located between the pons and the cerebellum. Cerebrospinal fluid can flow into the tiny central canal of the spinal cord from this ventricle, or into the subarachnoid space, through small openings.

Describe the pathway of information passing through the vestibulocerebellum from the origination to final destination.

- Input from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, - travels to vestibulocerebellum, - sends output to the vestibular nuclei, - vestibular nuclei control the muscles - via the vestibulospinal tract.

Injury to the cerebrocerebellum results in what three issues with function? What does each mean?

1. Asynergia: which is a lack of cooperation between muscles that usually work together. 2. Dysdiadochokinesis: which is difficulty doing rapid, alternating movements such as pronation and supination. 3. Ataxia: which is the inability to coordinate muscles when performing a voluntary movement.

What three structures make up the basal ganglia?

1. Caudate nucleus, 2. Putamen, and 3. Globus palidus.

What are the four circuits of the basal ganglia?

1. Motor circuit. 2. Cognitive circuit. 3. Limbic circuit. 4. Oculomotor circuit.

What are the four main functions of the CSF?

1. Protection: the CSF protects the brain from damage by "buffering" the brain. In other words, the CSF acts to cushion a blow to the head and lessen the impact. 2. Buoyancy: because the brain is immersed in fluid, the net weight of the brain is reduced from about 1,400 gm to about 50 gm. Therefore, pressure at the base of the brain is reduced. 3. Excretion of waste products: the one-way flow from the CSF to the blood takes potentially harmful metabolites, drugs and other substances away from the brain. 4. Endocrine medium for the brain: the CSF serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain. Hormones released into the CSF can be carried to remote sites of the brain where they may act.

What are the names of the four nuclei which are functionally associated with the basal ganglia?

1. Subthalamic nucleus, 2. Substantia Nigra, 3. Pudunculopontine nucleus, and the 4. Ventral Tegmental area.

1. What response does information from the vestibular apparatus elicit from the vestibulocerebellum? 2. Is this conscious or unconscious?

1. This input is used to affect the tone of muscles in the limbs, the trunk, the neck, and the extraocular muscles, and to coordinate the muscles that maintain a normal upright posture and a horizontal head position. 2. All of this happens unconsciously.

What are the three parts of the cerebellum?

1. Vestibulocerebellum 2. Spinocerebellum 3. Cerebrocerebellum