neuro HY

what is the lab tests for alzheimers

APOE4 increases APOE2 decreases (bad four you, two good to be true)

huntingtons

CAG autosomal dominant - cells lost from the indirect pathway ==> favors the direct pathway ==> causes chorea

stoke that hits the ACA

CL legs

what is the most common tumor in immunocompromes patient

CNS lymphoma

what is the efferent visual pathway

EWN ==> pre-ganglion occulomoter ==> cillary ganglion ==> post ganglion occulomotor nerve ==> sphinctor pupillary muslce (every person calls poop shit)

frontotemporal dementia

HPTP ==> picks disease , difference in activity and reasonioning of the patietn with primative reflexes

what is the risk factor for intraparanimal bleed

HTN ==> lipohylinaosis ==> plaque bbuild up and hyaline deposition in the artery

stroke that hits the MCA

IL face and CL arms

bbrown sequard syndrome

IL motor loss , IL dorsal columns, CL pain and temperature

cabbalifozin

SGLT2 inhibitor

ALS signs

UMN and LMN dysfunction, pure motor only

what part of the brain makes dopapmine

VTA and the subbstantial nigra in the midbrain

what NT is decreased in the brbain from alzheimers

acholine

wet macular degeneration

acute vision loss with metamorphsisa- blurry lines ==> grey to green discoloration of the lens ==> treat with VEGF

injury to CN IV results in

affected eye is not abble to move down and in from superior rectus ==> affected eye is higher on the tilted head

injury to CN VI results in

affected eye is not able to use lateral rectus - abduction

what is this histology of someone with parkensons

alpha syn nuclein with lewy bodies

what is an angiopathy that could lead to alzhiemers

amylodosis

what is a risk factor for lobar hemmorhages

amyloid deposition in the vascular - alzhimers

what is the mesolimbic pathway

associated with schizophrenia, connects the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens (Schiophrenia is Vere the most trouble accumulates)

what brain regions are affected in huntingtons

atrophy of the caudate and the putamen

huntingons inheriance

autosomal dominant

subdural hematoma

bbanana shaped- bbridging bveins - shaken bbaby syndrome - blood thinners - slow bbleed

subarachnoid hematoma

bberry anuerisms in the middle

stroke that hits the PCA

blindness IL, macular sparing temporal hemanpsois

what is the proper response to shining a light in one eye

both eyes constrict

what makes up the striatium

caudate and putamen

intraparanimal bleed

central bbleed, small

how to urinate

cerebbral cortex inhibits the sacral mituition center and the potine micturion cener activates

what is the indirect pathway

cortex ==> striatium ==> inhibited external GP ==> sunthalamic nucleus inhibited ==> internal GP and subbstantia nigra pars recticulars increased activity ==> thalamus inhibted (Come see everyone star in sussical tonight)

what is the direct dopamine pathway

cortex ==> striatium inhibits ==> inhibits internal GP and substantia nigra pars reticularis ==> allows the thalamus to act (Come straight into the thalamus - into means the inside ones are inhibited)

what is the cause of the negative symtpoms of schizophrenia

decrease in activity of the mesocortical - deccrease in dopamine

what occurs in parkensons

decrease in dopamine from the subbstantia nigra to the striatium

what is the issue with parkensons and the direct dopamine pathway

decrease in dopamine leads to decreased activation of the direct pathway ==> incharge of starting movements

what are the dpoamine receprtos for the direct and indirect pathway

direct is D1 and indirect is D2

what is the NT used in the tubuloinfadubular pathway

dopamine

what is the main chemical messager that is affected in schizophrenia

dopamine

where is the MLF

dorsal pons (helps see parallel)

injury to CN III results in

down and out eye with a blown pupil

dry macular degeneration

drusen deposits ==> red specs

what happens if you have a stoke in the posterior communicating artery

eyes down and out with pure sensory loss

what is seen in the brain as a result of alzheimers

flat gyri with wide sulci

What is the mesocortical pathway

from the ventral tegmental nucleus to the cortex ( they must have a very tan core to not wear a shirt)

where in the brbain does alzheimers hit the hardest

hippocampus

what happens when you have a lesion to the lateral geniculate nucles

homonomous hemianospia with macular sparin

What is the tubuloinfadubbular pathway

hypothalamus ==> pitiutary ==> releases prolactin

what happens with prolactin and dopamine

increase dopamine ==> increased prolactin and decreased GnRh

what is a related assoication with Alzhimers disease

increased APP from autism

cerebral cortex

inhibits the sacral micturion center

polyarthritis arthritical

intermittened episodes of abdominal pain, peripherial neuropathy, renal insufficeny, and severe HTN

what happens when you have a lesion to the left optic nerve

left anopia

epidural hematome

lens shaped - MMA from the maxillary artery - lucid interval

chocart bbouchard microanurism

lenticulostriate brnachies off of the MCA ==> hits the internal capsule ==> pure motor stroke

sacral mitrution center

located S2-S4 level and responsibble for bladder contraction

where do you make norephinphrine

locus cereulus - posterior pons near the floud of the fourth ventricle (Noepi makes you loco)

what test needs to be order before completing cabaglifozin

look at the serum crearinine

how does the MLF work

look to the right ==> lateral rectus ==> CN VI in the pons) ==> abudction ==> crosses CL to the MLF in the pons ==> CNIII ==> midrbain ==> medial rectus

what happens when you have a lesion to the optic chaisma

loos the temporal lision ==> bitemporal hemianiponia

where is the occulomotor nucles

midbrain (meets in the middle)

polymalgia rhmatica

myalgias of the shulder and pelvic girdle muscles, usually with fever and weight loss, don't have weakness

what would you see on histology for altzhimers disease

neurobribillary tangles and hyperphosphroylated Tau proteins (people with alzheimers get people all tangled up) - look like little sticks; sensile plaques of bebta cleavged APP (alzheimers forget their ABCs) - big circles

what is the only medication used for subarachnois hematoma

nimodipine

dementia

no change in consciousness - change in cognition (demon takes over bbody)

what is assoicated with bbladder use and the head

normal pressure hydrocephalus

how do you know there is a problem with the visual reflex pathway

one or both eyes don't constrict to light

polio

only lower MN

where do you make Dynophin

opioid organic - periaquadructal grey matter, dorsal horn of the spinal tract

what is the cause of positive symtoms of schizophrenia

overactive mesolimbic pathway from an increase in dopmanine

what is the issue with parkensons and the indirect pathwya

overactivity of the indirect pathway from the decrease in dopamine leads to muscle issues

lewy body dementia

parkensons with hallucinations, faster oneset

what pathway is increased in positive versus negative symptoms of schiophrenua

positive has overactivyt of the mesolimbic, negative has underactivity of the mesocortical (too much stimulation for the limbic is better than too little stimulation for the core muscles)

what are common causes of berry anuerism

posterior comminicating (down and out eye) and anterior communicating (bitemporal hemaianopsia) (ABBC)

where do you make histamine and orexin

posterior hypothalamus

what gene mutations are associated with alzheimers

pre-sillin 1 and 2

delirium

rapid fluctuation in consciousness - no change in cognition (dreming of sleep)

after a subarachnoid hematoma, what is the greatest risk of death 1-3 days

rebleeding

labor hemmorhage

recurrent large area hemmorhages

pontine mictuition center

relation of external urethral sphinctor within the bladder contraction during voiding

what is the nigrastriatial pathway in charge of

responsible for the coordination of movement

what is the afferent visual pathway

retina ==> optic nerve ==> to the PTA and the LGN - mainly to the PTA ==> splits the signal and sends to the EWN (Have to be able to see to PE)

what happens when you have a lesion to the left optic tract

right homonymous hemisanopisa

what kind of tumors cause hearing loss

shwannomas

what is related to lambert eatson syndrome

small cell lung cancer

vascular dementia

stepwise decline in cognition with cerebrovascular risk factor ==> cognition drops over the the past few years

what is the nigrastiral pathway

sunstantia nigra to the striatium (ParkenSonS)

what happens when you have a lesion to meyers loop

superior lateral geniculate nucleus ==> pie in the sky opp of the lesion

polymotysis

symettrical proximal muscle weakness, elevated muscle enzymes, inflammation, HMC I

what can a subbarachnpoid hematoma lead to

temporal lobe herinations

what is a sign CN III is not working

the eye will be "blown" and facing down and out

what is related to MG

thymona

what is the preventative treatment for migraines

topramate, valproate, TCAs, BB ( prevent the headache and TV BB)

what are the abortive treatments for migranes

tripians, NSAIDS, erfotaminine ( ewh not today migraine)

lambert eaton syndrome

type II HS reaction blocking pre synaptic calcium channels ==> results in proximal muscle weakness that gets bbetter as the day continues

after a subbbarachnoid hematoma, what is the greatest risk of death 7 - 21 days

vasospasm stroke

what area of the brain is primarily affected in schizophrenia

ventral tegmental area (freud said this is vere the trouble is)

arcutate scotomas

visual defects from lesions to the particular region of the optic nerve head ==> shaped like the lesion

what is associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus

wet wobbbly wacky

scotoma

when you have a visual defect that Is surrounded bby an unimpaired visual field - catarcts around the macula, macular denergation - circle in the middle of the screen

when do you see injury to the MLF

with MS

dawsons fingers

with MS - periventricular with oligioclonal bbands in the CSF