neuroscience chapter 17

in the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals what

submission

in rats, boxing is

- a defensive mechanism and directed at attacking conspecifics - defensive

according to the cannon-bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

- are parallel processing - have no direct casual relation - are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli

darwin believed that

- expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. - expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost - opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures

overall, research has found the effects of testosterone on the aggressive behavior of humans to be inconsistent - the text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

- hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species - the tests hat have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species - testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on the general blood levels of testosterone

the dominant male rat of a colony

- is the alpha - usually moves sideways toward another male intruder - directs lateral attacks at male intruders - durects bites at the back of a male intruder

gastric ulcers

- lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum - more common in people living in stressful situations - have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress

the fact that social aggression in many mammalian species occurs more frequently between males than females is often attributed to

- organizational effects of testosterone - activational effects of testosterone

the first major book on the biopsychology of emotions

- published in 1872 - was the expression of emotions in man and animals - introduced darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression

adrenocorticotropic hormone

- released by the anterior pituitary - activates the adrenal cortex - increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids

on the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted:

- the ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli - there is not enough. evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state

the defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats has been assigned to various categories on the basis of

- their topography - situations in which they occur - their apparent function

which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscience research on emotion

- there is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences emotion - similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experience an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion

the emotional experiences of patients with broken necks

-indicate the somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion - are inconsistent with the james-lange theory

which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression

Ekman

each amygdala is

a cluster of many nuclei

ronda was assaulted by a robber so she kicked him - her response is an example of

a defensive attack

the immune system has two components: the innate immune system and the ___ immune system

adaptive

glucocorticoids are released from the

adrenal cortex

what is not a symptom of kluver-bucy syndrome

aggression

correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels

bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the ___ block auditory fear conditioning

amydgala

the kluver-bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the

amygdala

the structure in which emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the

amygdala

what are the structures of the limbic system

amygdala, cingulate cortex, septum, and mammillary body

bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the kulver-bucy syndrome?

anterior temporal lobe

patients with gastric ulcers are often helped by

antibiotics and psychological treatments, even if they don't reduce H. pylori infection

the idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of

antithesis

the polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

arousal

lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds

auditory cortex

during a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the

back of the neck

in the rat, the target site for social aggression is the

back, near the base of the tail

urbach-wiethe disease is associated with

bilateral calcification of the amygdala

an important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __ which plays a role in inflammation and fever

cytokines

sham rage is displayed by

decorticate cats & cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed

fear is assumed to be the main motivating force for

defensive mechanisms

an important feature of social aggression that distinguished it form other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is

dependent on testosterone

according to the james-lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce ___ patterns of autonomic system activity

different

the james-lange and cannon-bard theories make ___ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience

different

the true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the

duchenne smile

according to the james-lang theory, the

experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of th ebody's reactions to emotional stimuli

the belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the

facial feedback hypothesis

the theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the

facial feedback hypothesis

the most commonly employed physiological measure of stress in the level of circulating

glucocorticoids

because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the

guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible

lymphocytes are

- specialized white blood cells - produced in the bone marrow - stored in the lymphatic system

in order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to

have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects

how many primary facial expressions are there

6

lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a contex

hippocampus

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other limbic structures on the

hypothalamus

bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the

hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression

the amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral responses to threat via the __________ and the appropriate behavioral responses to threat via the

hypothalamus, PAG

microglia are phagocytes of the

CNS

in the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that

increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor

the duchenne smile

involves the orbicularis oculi

the first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by james and

lange

evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning --

lateral nucleus

polygraphy is commonly referred to as

lie detection

papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the

limbic system

what is not a primary emotional expression

lust

in most mammalian species social aggression usually occurs between

male conspecifics

most patients with gastric ulcers display signs of H. pylori infection, however, to put this observation in perspective, it is important to understand that

many healthy people are similarly infected

ledoux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the ___ blocked auditory fear conditioning by that bilateral lesions to the ___ did not

medial geniculate nucleus, auditory cortex

modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research has emphasized the roles of two brain structures in emotion: the

medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala

the true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called

microexpression

because it is usually difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection us the

mock-crime procedure

limbic means

border

pellis and his colleagues found that giving caats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their

mouse killing

each facial expression ___ on the left side of the face

develops sooner

the concept of generalized stress response was developed by

hans selye

according to the cannon-bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are

parallel processing

the human amygdala seems to be specifically involved with the

perception of fear in others

gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks ar one another and submission by

pointing their beaks away from one another

phineas gage has damage to his medial

prefrontal lobes

body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling what

pride

the field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called

psychoneuroimmunology

disorders who's symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called

psychosomatic disorders

patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty

recognizing facial expressions of fear

studies of septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it woul dbe more appropriate to refer to it as

septal defensiveness

decorticate cats display

sham rage

in rats a lateral attack is a component of

social aggression

which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species

social aggression

subordination stress is most readily investigated in species that form

stable dominance hierarchies

the relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing

subordination stress

functional brain imaging studies of the role of the human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed

suppression paradigms and reappraisal paradigms

here is a summary of the two-system view of the stress response - which label is missing

sympathetic nervous system

the adrenal cortex was identified by selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge that important contribution of the

sympathetic nervous system

the limbic system rings the

thalamus

vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because

the adaptive immune system has a memory

blanchard and blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using

the colony intruder model of aggression and defense

the re-experiencing of related patterns of sensory and motor neural activity during the experience of emotion is generally referred to as

the embodiment of emotions

the results of ekmaan and friesen's 1971 study of an isolated new guinea tribe suggested that

the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures

the pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called

the kluver-bucy syndrome

research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using fMRIs suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on

the particular brain structure under investigation

according to the cannon-bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce ____ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity

the same

the physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as

the stress response

fear is the emotional reaction to

threat

the results of a study by pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are

vacillating between attack and defense

the specific areas of the cortex that are involved in emotion seem to

vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person

the muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the

zygomaticus major