NFA 201- SmartBook Unit 6: Lipids Focusing on Fats and Cholesterol

Place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the correct order.

1. Absorptive cells in the small intestine take up monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol 2. Triglycerides are reassembled 3. Lipids are packaged into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter lymph and eventually the bloodstream

The small intestine absorbs about _____ of dietary cholesterol.

50%

Peripheral vascular diseases often affect arteries that carry blood to which two parts of the body?

Arms Legs

_____ is a long-term disease process in which plaque builds up within arterial walls.

Atherosclerosis

Which three cuts of meat are considered lean?

Beef top sirloin steak Beef chuck roast Pork tenderloin

Which molecules are removed from chyme by the absorptive cells of the small intestine?

Cholesterol Monoglycerides Fatty acids

Choose all of the following that are risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Excess body fat Increasing age Diabetes

Which of the following are ways that lipids in foods provide desired attributes?

Fat imparts a rich flavor to foods Fat produces an appetizing aroma in foods Fat contributes to a smooth texture in foods

It is important to have fat in your diet because dietary fat aids the absorption of which two of the following options?

Fat-soluble vitamins Phytonutrients

Choose the statement that correctly describes lipid digestion.

The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion

Identify a characteristic of phospholipids that enables them to be major structural components of cell membranes.

Their phosphate "head" is water soluble and their fatty acid "tail" is water insoluble

What is the significance of unsaturated fatty acids having double bonds that are typically in the "cis" form?

Their structures are "bent" or kinked at these double bonds

What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common?

They are mostly in the form of triglycerides

The liver forms _____, which is primarily composed of triglycerides.

VLDL

In a fatty acid carbon chain, one end contains a(n) _____ and the other is called the _____.

acid group (COOH); omega end (CH3)

When a plaque or clot partially blocks an artery leading to the heart, the chest pain that results from a lack of oxygen to heart muscle tissue is called _____.

angina

Since saturated fatty acids do not contain any double bonds, they _____.

can be packed tightly together

Foods that contain lipids are often more desirable because the lipids _____.

can beneficially impact the food's flavor, texture, and aroma

Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause for most cases of _____

cardiovascular disease

Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of _____.

fat as triglycerides

Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases that affect the _____ and blood vessels.

heart

A fatty acid is comprised of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to _____ atoms.

hydrogen

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed is called _____.

hypertension

Consumption of protein and carbohydrate beyond what is required to meet the body's needs can lead to _____.

increased body fat

Cholesterol and fats are types of _____.

lipids

Because they are so large, chylomicrons are first absorbed into _____.

lymph

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.

one double bond

The formation of one or more clots in an artery supplying the heart is problematic when it restricts the proper flow of _____.

oxygen and nutrients

The presence of chyme in the small intestine stimulates the secretion of _____ to aid in lipid digestion.

pancreatic lipase and bile

When atherosclerosis occurs in a blood vessel that does not carry blood to the heart or brain, the condition is called _____.

peripheral vascular disease

The primary site of lipid digestion is the _____.

small intestine

At room temperature, foods high in saturated fat tend to be _____ and foods high in unsaturated fat tend to be _____.

solid; liquid

A lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called a _____.

sterol

A _____ is comprised of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.

two or more double bonds

A saturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.

zero double bonds

VLDL loses a great deal of its triglyceride content and then becomes _____.

LDL

Hypertension is diagnosed once blood pressure values remain at or above _____.

130/80

_____ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat.

Adipose

_____ are a type of lipoprotein that is used to transport lipids from the absorptive cells of the small intestine, first via lymph and eventually via the bloodstream.

Chylomicrons

What are some poor dietary habits that can put you at risk of developing atherosclerosis?

Diets that provide large amounts of added sugars Diets that do not provide enough fruits and vegetables Diets that do not provide enough whole grains, nuts, and seeds

____ can be saturated or unsaturated.

Fatty acids

Cardiovascular disease can result in kidney failure and which other conditions?

Heart attack Stroke

What effect does soluble fiber have on the recycling of bile salts?

It binds with used bile salts, preventing their intestinal absorption and leading to their excretion in feces

Choose the two characteristics that apply to lipids.

Lipids are organic nutrients Lipids generally do not dissolve in water

Where does the conversion of recycled bile salts into new bile occur?

Liver

What are the major products of lipid digestion?

Monoglycerides Glycerol Fatty acids

_____ fatty acids contain only one carbon-carbon double bond.

Monounsaturated

What chemical feature of sterols distinguishes them from other classes of lipids?

Multi-ring structure

_____ fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Polyunsaturated

Match the energy-yielding compound on the left with the best description of how it can contribute to unwanted weight gain on the right.

Protein---- The body can convert excess amounts of certain amino acids into fatty acids Carbohydrates---- The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids Alcohol---- Stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue

_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

Which of the following are types of fatty acids?

Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated

What is it about the structure of phospholipids that makes them ideal as major structural components of cell membranes?

They are soluble in both water and fat

How do bile salts improve the efficiency of fat digestion?

They keep lipids separated in small particles, which gives pancreatic lipase greater access for digestion

Select the structural components of a triglyceride.

Three fatty acids A glycerol backbone

What are major functions of lipids in the body?

To provide energy To insulate and cushion the body To maintain cell membranes

_____ make up about 95% of lipids in the body and in food.

Triglycerides

What are some heart healthy food selection and preparation tips?

Trim visible fat from meat after cooking Replace some of the solid fat in recipes with applesauce Use moist cooking methods for lean meats