NFS

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin ______________. a. A b. D c. E d. K

b. D

Which vitamin is referred to as the "sunshine vitamin"? a. A b. D c. E d. K

b. D

In the liver, vitamin E is incorporated into ______________ and from there delivered to cells. a. LDLs b. VLDLs c. chylomicrons d. HDLs

b. VLDLs

Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin, which is needed for: a. antioxidant functions b. blood clotting c. bone calcification d. night vision

b. blood clotting

Since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods, ______________ is necessary to release them for absorption. a. pepsin b. bile c. amylase d. lactase

a. pepsin

The actions of vitamin D do NOT include: a. regulating thyroid hormone synthesis b. stimulating intestinal calcium absorption c. breaking down of done to release calcium into the blood d. increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

a. regulating thyroid hormone synthesis

A vitamin D-deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called: a. rickets b. xerophthalmia c. scurvy d. osteomalacia

a. rickets

The primary function of vitamin E is: a. to act as an antioxidant b. to increase absorption of calcium in the SI c. to regulate acid-base balance d. to regulate glucose levels

a. to act as an antioxidant

Which transports preformed vitamin A from liver stores to tissues? a. carotenoid circulating factor b. chylomicrons c. opsin d. retinol binding protein

d. retinol binding protein

______________ is a visual pigment that helps transform light energy into a nerve impulse sent to the brain. a. retinoic acid b. opsin c. retinal d. rhodopsin

d. rhodopsin

The best way to increase antioxidant intake is to: a. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. b. eat more meat. c. consume more dairy foods. d. take an antioxidant-containing supplement.

a. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency? a. elderly b. light skinned children c. pregnant women d. teenagers

a. elderly

Keratomalacia most severely effects the: a. eyes b. liver c. skin d. tongue

a. eyes

Vitamin E is essential for: a. fertility b. the prevention of rashes c. the healing of scars d. bone formation

a. fertility

As the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases, the need for vitamin E: a. increases b. decreases c. changes in complex way determined according to intake of antioxidant nutrients d. there is no relationship

a. increases

Children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which vitamin? a. A b. D c. E d. K

a. A

Which vitamin has the best known role in cell differentiation? a. A b. D c. E d. K

a. A

What is true about provitamin A? a. It is bound to fatty acids. b. It is a carrier of proteins. c. It functions as a metabolic enzyme. d. It is available in both plant and animal products.

a. It is bound to fatty acids.

Which statement about vitamin D toxicity is FALSE? a. It is likely to be caused by too much sunlight. b. It may be caused by over-supplementation or over-fortification. c. It results in calcium deposition in soft tissues. d. It may cause cardiovascular damage.

a. It is likely to be caused by too much sunlight.

Which is true regarding vitamin E in the diet? a. Natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type. b. Vitamin E in supplements is identical to the naturally occurring vitamin in foods. c. Most nutrition facts panels underestimate the amount of functional vitamin E. d. Several naturally occurring forms of vitamin E in foods can be converted with similar efficiencies to the active form of the vitamin.

a. Natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type.

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents? a. To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A. b. To determine the amount of vitamin A lost in processing. c. To quantify the decrease in vitamin A function due to exercise or activity. d. To estimate the bioavailability of vitamin A from different food sources.

a. To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A.

Why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness? a. Vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues. b. The mucus secreting cells damage the surface of the eye. c. Keratin-producing cells decrease immune function. d. The hard, dry surface protects normal epithelium

a. Vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues.

What is a function of vitamin E? a. Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage. b. Vitamin E blocks the absorption of free radicals in the small intestine. c. Vitamin E works with biotin to destroy harmful intestinal bacteria. d. Vitamin E liberates the bound reactive oxygen compounds into the bloodstream.

a. Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage.

Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements? a. Women of child-bearing age need extra folate. b. Supplement use increases overall health in all populations. c. Vitamin A should be given in high doses to the elderly. d. Vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A.

a. Women of child-bearing age need extra folate.

Which food contains the highest amount of vitamin E? a. almonds b. cheese c. oatmeal d. beef liver

a. almonds

The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is ______________. a. beta-carotene b. alpha-carotene c. beta-crytoxanthin d. lycopene

a. beta-carotene

Vitamin D regulates ______________ and ______________ balance in the body. a. calcium; phosphorus b. energy; fat c. sodium; potassium d. estrogen; progesterone

a. calcium; phosphorus

Which form(s) of vitamin A has antioxidant properties? a. carotenoids b. preformed vitamin A c. retinal d. retinoic acid

a. carotenoids

The action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol forms: a. cholecalciferol b. retinol c. parathyroid hormone d. 25-hydroxy vitamin D

a. cholecalciferol

Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within ______________. a. chylomicrons b. VLDLs c. LDLs d. HDLs

a. chylomicrons

Which statement about fat soluble vitamins is FALSE? a. They can function in the control of gene expression. b. Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods. c. Intake can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate. d. After absorption, they are transported in the lymphatic system.

b. Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods.

Which statement about frozen foods is INCORRECT? a. Freezing vegetables causes nutrient losses. b. Fresh produce in grocery stores always has higher nutrient content than frozen produce. c. Produce is often frozen in the fields where it is grown. d. Freezing slows the loss of nutrients caused by exposure to heat, light and air.

b. Fresh produce in grocery stores always has higher nutrient content than frozen produce.

What is true about the function of vitamin D? a. Vitamin D inactivates cancerous cells. b. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys. c. Vitamin D decreases the production of intestinal calcium transport proteins. d. Vitamin D binds to proteins in the cytoplasm of most cells.

b. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys.

When consumption of ______________ is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased. a. protein b. fat c. carbohydrate d. water

b. fat

Cystic fibrosis increases the risk of vitamin E deficiency because: a. vitamin E use increases in the body. b. fat absorption is reduced. c. vitamin E excretion increases. d. vitamin E-containing foods taste bitter to affected individuals.

b. fat absorption is reduced.

Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to: a. heat b. light and oxygen c. cold temperatures d. fat

b. light and oxygen

Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by: a. reduced exposure to sunlight. b. long term use of antibiotics. c. use of formula instead of breastmilk. d. kidney disease.

b. long term use of antibiotics.

A vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called: a. keratomalacia b. osteomalacia c. rickets d. osteoporosis

b. osteomalacia

Vitamin A may be lacking in diets of people in North America because: a. vitamin A rich foods are in scarce supply. b. people choose diets which contain low amounts of vitamin A. c. vitamin A is found in summer fruits, and is not available during the winter. d. information about vitamin A in foods is not available to consumers.

b. people choose diets which contain low amounts of vitamin A.

Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S. is most likely to be a problem in: a. older adults b. premature infants c. teenagers d. pregnant women

b. premature infants

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to: a. prevent anemia b. regulate calcium and phosphorus levels c. modulate iron levels d. support night vision

b. regulate calcium and phosphorus levels

African Americans are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. their darkly pigmented skin filters out more light. b. they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds. c. they consume less milk. d. they have a higher incidence of lactose intolerance.

b. they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds.

Xerophthalmia occurs from: a. high intake of preformed vitamin A b. vitamin A deficiency c. low intake of carrot d. excess consumption of cow's milk

b. vitamin A deficiency

Deficiencies of vitamins ______________ and ______________ are most common in developing countries. a. A & E b. D & K c. A & D d. E & K

c. A & D

Why vitamin D is known as the "sunshine vitamin"? a. It functions as a vitamin only during the daylight hours. b. It is available to the body only upon regular exposure to sunlight. c. It can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light. d. It is activated immediately in the muscles upon exposure to sunlight.

c. It can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light.

Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise? a. People spend time outdoors without the benefit of sunscreens. b. Larger bone mass requires additional vitamin D. c. Low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D. d. The kidneys fail to promote vitamin D retention among the elderly.

c. Low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D.

Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin? a. niacin b. riboflavin c. Vitamin A d. Vitamin B12

c. Vitamin A

Long term use of antibiotics may result in vitamin K deficiency because: a. antibiotics may interfere with absorption of the vitamin b. antibiotics require vitamin K as co-factor to function properly c. antibiotics may change the bacterial flora in the gut, decreasing vitamin K production d. most antibiotics promote blood clotting, increasing vitamin K requirements

c. antibiotics may change the bacterial flora in the gut, decreasing vitamin K production

A condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is: a. related to acute toxicity. b. caused by eating egg yolks. c. called hypercarotenemia. d. related to jaundice, when the whites of the eyes turn yellow.

c. called hypercarotenemia.

______________ is an anticoagulant that interferes with the action of vitamin K. a. cyclosporin b. aspirin c. dicumarol d. penicillin

c. dicumarol

When vitamin A is deficient, all of the following occur EXCEPT: a. new epithelial cells do not differentiate properly. b. epithelial cells produce a hard protein found in hair and fingernails. c. epithelial cells produce too much mucus. d. the likelihood of infection is increased.

c. epithelial cells produce too much mucus.

Adequate vitamin D intake has been associated with: a. increasing cancer risk. b. stimulating insulin secretion and predisposing to development of type 2 diabetes. c. inhibiting the development of autoimmune disorders. d. increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

c. inhibiting the development of autoimmune disorders.

Vitamin D acts primarily in the: a. skin and liver b. stomach and pancreas c. intestine, kidney, and bone d. heart and lungs

c. intestine, kidney, and bone

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food? a. mangos b. mustard green c. kiwis d. carrots

c. kiwis

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision? a. beta-carotene b. lycopene c. retinal d. retinoic acid

c. retinal

Differentiation, or the process by which cells become more specialized, is most affected by which form of vitamin A? a. alpha-carotene b. retinal c. retinoic acid d. retinol

c. retinoic acid

Which of the following carotenoids has vitamin A activity in the body? a. Zeaxanthin b. Lycopene c. Lutein d. Alpha-carotene

d. Alpha-carotene

Which of the following is not a role of vitamin E? a. protects membranes b. maintains the integrity of red blood cells c. protects against some environmental pollutants d. prevents blood clotting

d. prevents blood clotting

Which statement about canned vegetables is FALSE? a. Canning exposes vegetables to high temperatures, reducing their nutrient content. b. Canned vegetables are typically high in salt. c. Canned vegetables have a very long shelf life. d. Current dietary recommendations are to rarely, if ever, consume canned vegetables.

d. Current dietary recommendations are to rarely, if ever, consume canned vegetables.

Which statement about cholecalciferol is FALSE? a. It is the chemical name for vitamin D3. b. It is formed in the skin of humans by exposure to sunlight. c. It is derived from cholesterol. d. It is destroyed by UV light.

d. It is destroyed by UV light.

Which statement about the stability of vitamin E is FALSE? a. It can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures. b. It is destroyed by exposure to oxygen. c. It is sensitive to light. d. It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

d. It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world? a. The body's ability to store the fat-soluble vitamins has declined. b. The intake of fats has increased in developed countries. c. Composition of foods may influence how much fat soluble vitamin is absorbed. d. Rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

d. Rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

When vitamin A is deficient, there is a delay in the regeneration of the visual pigment. Which statement is INCORRECT? a. This condition is called night blindness. b. This causes difficulty adapting to dim light after exposure to bright light. c. This is one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency. d. This condition is irreversible.

d. This condition is irreversible.

Which fat soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin E d. Vitamin K

d. Vitamin K

Excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following EXCEPT: a. liver damage b. birth defects c. increased incidence of bone fracture d. acne

d. acne

Vitamin A is essential for ______________. a. reproduction b. growth c. immune function d. all of these

d. all of these

Fat soluble vitamins require ______________ and ______________ for absorption into intestinal cells. a. bile and lymph b. lymph and dietary fat c. lymph and chylomicrons d. bile and dietary fat

d. bile and dietary fat

Which is NOT considered a good dietary source of vitamin E? a. fortified breakfast cereals b. soybean oil c. peanuts d. dark orange and yellow vegetables

d. dark orange and yellow vegetables

The recommended intake of vitamin E is expressed in: a. REs b. µgs c. alpha-tocopherol equivalents d. mgs of alpha-tocopherol

d. mgs of alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of ______________ is (are) ingested. a. carrot juice b. egg yolk c. polar bear liver d. preformed vitamin A supplements

d. preformed vitamin A supplements

Retin A and Acutane, derived from vitamin A, can do all of the following EXCEPT: a. reduce skin wrinkles b. treat acne c. increase epithelial cell turnover d. prevent one from getting the flu

d. prevent one from getting the flu

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin E? a. calf's liver b. skim milk c. raw tomatoes d. vegetable oil

d. vegetable oil

The food that contains the most vitamin D is: a. whole-wheat bread b. cranberry juice c. peanut oil d. whole milk

d. whole milk

Vitamin A deficiency can result in: a. hemolytic anemia b. gioter c. osteomalacia d. xerophthalmia

d. xerophthalmia

______________ is necessary for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism. a. calcium b. iron c. phosphorus d. zinc

d. zinc