NRES 103 Final

True or False: Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters.

False

Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle

B. 80 million tons

A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that

A. invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences

Eutrophication

B. is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients C. is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion

Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did not encounter in the Great Lakes region?

B. the Sioux

Cities tended to be constructed A. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths B. where timber resources were C. to look like the European cities immigrants came from D. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl

A. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths D. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl

Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to A. an extremely high reproductive rate B. a lack of native predators C. all the above D. it incredible mobility

A. an extremely high reproductive rate

Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to A. be greater B. be less predictable C. be compressed D. be more pronounced in the more southern Lakes

A. be greater B. be less predictable

Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans? A. downdrafts B. waves C. currents D. upwelling

A. downdrafts

In recent decades, what is the primary factor has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?

A. global connectivity

Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by A. high water B. algal blooms C. low water D.higher water temperatures

A. high water B. algal blooms C. low water

At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes? A. human ignorance B. human ignorance C. human ignorance D. human ignorance

A. human ignorance B. human ignorance C. human ignorance D. human ignorance

In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to A. increase in area B. result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure C. increase runoff during storm events D. could result in runoff during storm events that could carry off domestic livestock

A. increase in area B. result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure C. increase runoff during storm events

Phosphorus

A. is required by every living organism B. does not exist naturally in the environment

Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada?

A. less than 2

The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby A. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter B. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas C. can all be found in deep waters D. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair

A. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter B. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas D. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair

Successful invasive species tend to A. produce a lot of offspring B. be larger than native species C. be very good dispersers D. are dietary specialists

A. produce a lot of offspring C. be very good dispersers

The Clean Water Act

B. focused on point-source pollution C. ignored nonpoint pollution

The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie

B. has resulted in dead zones around the world D. has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly A. eating their larvae B. inhibiting their ability to open their shells C. taking up all available substrate D. all the above

B. inhibiting their ability to open their shells

The round goby is considered a generalist species because A. it tends to take charge of other fish B. it has a diverse diet C. it is very aggressive D. it can live in freshwater or saltwater

B. it has a diverse diet D. it can live in freshwater or saltwater

A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that

B. people should have a voice in decisions that affect them C. minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm

There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it A. The western-most lake was supposed to be Huron B. they're actually one lake C. Michigan was supposed to be named Mishigami but early map-makers misspelled it D. Georgian Bay is actually a separate lake

B. they're actually one lake

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels was

C. $600 million

The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently

C. could be carried by two freight trains per day

In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with

C. data

Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has A. increased. B. stayed about the same. C. decreased. D. not been counted.

C. decreased.

The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because A. the region is already saturated with invasives B. it would be relatively easy to separate the Mississippi and Great Lakes basins C. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock D. all the above

C. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock

Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also A. was reduced in number by lampreys. B. became more valuable to recreational fishermen. C. harmed the reproductive potential of the trout. D. boosted the immune response of trout against the lampreys.

C. harmed the reproductive potential of the trout.

Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because A. it s a more recent concept B. it describes flows of energy among species C. it focuses on trophic relationships as a network D. it s describes linkages among species

C. it focuses on trophic relationships as a network

Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that

C. it has a single entry point for foreign freighters

Who eats who in lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because A. will eat other sturgeons B. it is related to the dinosaurs C. it is quite large yet eats small prey items D. lives in the deep water and eats fish much larger than itself

C. it is quite large yet eats small prey items

Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was

C. lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others

For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is A. low B. low to moderate C. moderate to high D. moderate

C. moderate to high

Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct results will be A. a drop in tourism B. more water in the Chicago canal C. more runoff from agricultural fields D. an increase in invasive species

C. more runoff from agricultural fields

Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on

C. the creeks where lampreys nest

According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not A. the coldest B. the deepest C. the stormiest D. the clearest

C. the stormiest

In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include

None of the above

If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is

Very high

Most invasive species are introduced

by humans

The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by [mark all that are correct]

preying on their young outcompeting them for food

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was

to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after A. being ingested by invasive mussels B. gobies ate toxic mussels C. birds consumed toxic gobies D. the Eurasian ruffe consumed spiny water fleas

A. being ingested by invasive mussels B. gobies ate toxic mussels C. birds consumed toxic gobies

What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain? A. bioaccumulation B. magnification C. zoogenesis D. toxic multiplication

A. bioaccumulation

The effects of lead poisoning

A. can last for decades C. are especially pronounced in children

Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by

A. cyanobacteria C. blue-green algae D. microcystis

In nature, ecosystems are

A. dynamic

A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was A. the 9-month shipping season B. that the locks and channels were too small C. international freighters were unwilling to pay the high fees to use it D. all the above.

A. the 9-month shipping season B. that the locks and channels were too small

Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by A. riding currents as veligers B. being able to live on a boat outside water for days C. being sucked up in the ballast of freighters D. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water

B. being able to live on a boat outside water for days D. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water

It's thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario

B. through the Erie Canal

Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed A. it couldn't be built B. the U.S. would have to pay more than Canada C. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard D. that the Canadians should not be trusted

C. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard

Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because A. the ships on the Lakes were so large and generated so much garbage B. other states outside the region would ship their garbage and contaminants to the Lakes for disposal C. it all sank to the bottom and was thus out of sight D. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

D. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a A. gale B. tsunami C. suisse D. seiche

D. seiche

After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by

D. the Buckeye Traction Ditcher

In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in A. the St. Lawrence River B. the St. Clair River C. the Detroit River D. the Cuyahoga River

D. the Cuyahoga River

In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech

provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive

There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to one another and to the Atlantic Ocean. The reason is that

the Lakes are relatively young

The scientific method is initiated

B. with observations

The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships? A. trophic B. plant-animal C. non-linear D. lotic

A. trophic

Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is

2

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint

A. decided to build its own water pipeline B. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River

One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there C. tardigrades can survive this and they pose a great threat to the Lakes D. all the above

A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there

According to the film Great Lakes Water Level Changes, the three major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include A. evaporation from the Lakes B. precipitation directly on the Lakes C. water withdrawals by lake communities D. runoff into the Lakes

A. evaporation from the Lakes B. precipitation directly on the Lakes D. runoff into the Lakes

Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped to maintain water clarity by A. filtering organic material from the water column B. removing pollutants in the water column C. eating algae D. all the above

A. filtering organic material from the water column C. eating algae

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that A. have a low reproductive rate B. are subject to heavy commercial harvest C. very small species D. tend to forage in near-shore waters

A. have a low reproductive rate

Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change? A. increase in water temperature B. increase in winter ice cover C. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events D. decrease in the growing season

A. increase in water temperature C. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events

At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is: A. to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean B. a request to flush ballast tanks with saltwater, but it's optional C. to flush only tanks that actually carry ballast water D. to combine a chlorine treatment with a saltwater flush of ballast tanks

A. to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean

Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody A. refused to close the locks B. fired Dr. Lodge from the project C. agreed to close the locks temporarily D. met with environmentalists and barge operators

A. refused to close the locks

The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by A. rising land surface after the glaciers retreat B. the creation of a huge freshwater sea larger than all the lakes combined C. the Wisconsin Glacier D. a steep drop in temperature at northern latitudes

A. rising land surface after the glaciers retreat

The St. Lawrence divide A. runs through southern Canada B. separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin C. runs through the western part of Chicago D. is generally more of a hill than a mountain

A. runs through southern Canada B. separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin C. runs through the western part of Chicago D. is generally more of a hill than a mountain

Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes system? A. the Detroit B. the St. Clair C. the Niagara D. the St. Mary's

A. the Detroit

The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because A. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was B. Missouri was not yet a state C. Oliver Wendell Holmes was actually from Chicago D. there was no way reverse the situation could be changed

A. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was

All energy is derived from A. the sun B. the soil C. plants and animals D. hydroelectric power

A. the sun

Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include: A. their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age B. the ability of females to produce so many eggs C. a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes D. their high filtration rate

A. their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age B. the ability of females to produce so many eggs C. a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes D. their high filtration rate

Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because A. they had no teeth B. they were too small C. they were exceedingly slow D. all the above

A. they had no teeth

In reality, wetland serve many useful purposes. For example

A. they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out C. they filter the water D. they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl

Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because A. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate B. the zebra mussel is able to attach to boat hulls C. they were taken up in the ballast of large boats on the lake D. there were so many arriving from the Midwest

A. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed A. to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes B. because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR C. to circumvent Niagara Falls D. all the above

A. to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes B. because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is A. very difficult to do B. an exact science C. easy if you know a lot about them D. easy in systems that have suffered a lot of environmental impacts

A. very difficult to do

There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, compared to the other upper Lakes, it is

A. warmer D. shallower

On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on A. wetlands B. oak savanna C. prairies D. boreal forests

A. wetlands

The diet of the round goby includes A. young of larger fish B. young zebra and quagga mussels C. zooplankton D. eggs of other fish

A. young of larger fish B. young zebra and quagga mussels C. zooplankton D. eggs of other fish

Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because

All of the above

Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines

All of the above

Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to A. 25% B. 12% C. 5% D. 2%

B. 12%

How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes? A. 25% B. 20% C. 10% D. 15%

B. 20%

The deadliest fire in U.S. history was A. The Great Chicago Fire B. The Peshtigo Fire C. The Woolsey Fire D. The Camp Fire

B. The Peshtigo Fire

Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal

B. accommodated longer and wider ships

The food chain in Lake Powell A. consisted of planktivores, herbivores, and carnivores B. was very simple C. was predicted to collapse in less than a decade D. was complex and thus resilient to the invasive mussels

B. was very simple C. was predicted to collapse in less than a decade

The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in A. their surface area B. elevation C. atmospheric pressure D. water use

B. elevation

The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act A. because President Nixon threatened to veto the Act if they did not B. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so C. because doing so would reduce administrative costs D. because they thought it was relatively harmless

B. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so C. because doing so would reduce administrative costs D. because they thought it was relatively harmless

Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former A. can eat the latter B. have an even higher rate of reproduction C. don't need a hard surface to adhere to D. can tolerate much deeper water

B. have an even higher rate of reproduction C. don't need a hard surface to adhere to D. can tolerate much deeper water

Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution

B. is harder to track C. is more difficult to regulate

Ballast serves a key function on freighters because A. it gives the crew members a place to swim B. it provides stability to an empty ship C. it is heavy, readily available, and basically free D. it provides a way to store food on long voyages

B. it provides stability to an empty ship C. it is heavy, readily available, and basically free

Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because A. they are often used for bait B. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents C. their eggs can survive in the guts of predatory fish D. they are such a popular item in the aquaria trade

B. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents

One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that A. they were both a public resource B. they both seemed limitless C. they were mostly eliminated in a couple of decades D. all the above

B. they both seemed limitless

Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found

B. they had the most productive land in the country D. the soils were incredibly rich

DNA barcoding A. uses the same technology as scanning in supermarkets B. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast C. is meant to identify species D. is another term for DNA fingerprinting

B. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast C. is meant to identify species

Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost

C. $200 million

The last glacier withdrew from North America about A. 60,000 years ago B. 1 million B.C. C. 12,000 years ago D. 4,000 years ago

C. 12,000 years ago

At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to A. The bayous of Louisiana B. The Ohio River Basin C. The Atlantic Ocean D. The salt marshes of the Gulf of Mexico

C. The Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time? A. Michigan (the state and the lake) was once covered by the Wisconsin Glacier B. Sleeping Bear Dune is moving inland at the rate of 2 feet per year C. The salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years D. Paleo-indians once hunted mastadons in Michigan

C. The salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years

The second set of barriers funded by Congress A. included three clusters of electrodes B. was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo C. all the above D. were more powerful than the original

C. all the above

The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because

C. encountered impassible rapids

When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan A. it was clear that carp were likely breeding in Lake Michigan B. General Peabody agreed to close the locks C. five states took USACE and Illinois to court D. Peabody worked more closely with Dr. Lodge to find a solution

C. five states took USACE and Illinois to court

In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first

C. focus on water treatment plants

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be A. habitat specialists B. voracious predators C. habitat generalists D. not very attractive

C. habitat generalists

A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with A. methodology B. labor C. target conditions D. environmental justice

C. target conditions

On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage

C. than the Panama and Suez Canals combined

Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of

C. the Safe Water Drinking Act

In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because Answers: A. she wants what's best for the Lake's fish populations B. she doesn't want her clients to lose money C. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix D. all the above

C. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because A. they developed molars that could crush the shells B. they were able to suck the meat out from between the shells C. their stomach muscles began to enlarge D. all the above

C. their stomach muscles began to enlarge

The drought in California is a national problem

C. they grow 90% of the nation's produce

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves

C. transportation

Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port? A.73% B. 30% C. 50% D. 99%

D. 99%

What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes? A. Huron B. Michigan C. Ontario D. Erie

D. Erie

What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes? A. The falls of St. Mary B. A thermobar C. A salt water thermocline D. Niagara Falls

D. Niagara Falls

In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but A. it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply B. such systems aren't required until 2021 C. it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes? A. they are geographically concentrated B. connectivity C. the location D. all of the above E. A and B

D. all of the above

Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including A. extremely high reproduction rate B. lack of predators C. good dispersers D. all the above

D. all the above

Eventually, the round goby A. became the dominant forage fish B. helped to keep mussel populations in check C. depressed populations of sculpins and darters D. all the above

D. all the above

For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense A. it must be favorable to an organism's survival B. it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce C. it must be heritable D. all the above

D. all the above

Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron A. a number of native fish species began to increase in number B. fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue C. the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species D. all the above

D. all the above

One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that A. they spawn up to three times per summer B. they are voracious egg eaters C. they drive other fish from their spawning beds D. all the above

D. all the above

Some strategies for getting rid of carp include A. fertilizer from them B. making pet food from them C. making fish cakes from them D. all the above

D. all the above

The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal A. was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time B. helped to sanitize Chicago's water C. reversed the flow of the Chicago River D. all the above

D. all the above

The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because

D. all the above

Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative? A. removal of toxins B. invasive species control C. nonpoint source pollution control D. all the above

D. all the above

When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan A. General Peabody agreed to close the locks B. Peabody worked more closely with Dr. Lodge to find a solution C. it was clear that carp were likely breeding in Lake Michigan D. five states took USACE and Illinois to court

D. five states took USACE and Illinois to court

When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish A. got funding from another source B. gave the fish back to the fish farmer C. destroyed all the fish D. let some of them go

D. let some of them go

The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because A. of economics B. of politics C. of climate change D. of so much environmental degradation

D. of so much environmental degradation

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by A. evaporation B. aquifers C. precipitation D. outflow

D. outflow

The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was A. the Welland Canal B. the Chicago Canal C. the Sanitary and Ship Canal D. the Illinois and Michigan Canal

D. the Illinois and Michigan Canal

The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because A. they would have fallen prey to many oceanic mussel-devouring fish B. mussels can't walk C. they would have starved in the ocean D. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

D. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was A. to widen and deepen it B. to unload the cargo in Halifax instead C. to extend the shipping season D. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

D. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining A. upwelling B. the epilimnion C. predictable currents D. water quality

D. water quality

Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon

D. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers

On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on A. prairies B. oak savanna C. boreal forests D. wetlands

D. wetlands

Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has

Declined

True or False: The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening.

False