NRES FINAL

Q6. Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is ...

2

Q7. What percentage of the Midwest's wetlands were drained for agriculture?

95%

Q5. Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port?

99%

Q6. Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle ...

80 million tons

Q3. Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after ...

being ingested by invasive mussels Birds consumed toxic gobies gobies ate toxic mussels

Q3. What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?

bioaccumulation

Q7. Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by ...

blue-green algae microcystis cyanobateria

Q3. Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly in a number of ways - this is not one of them:

by exuding a chemical that dissolves their shells

Q2. In recent decades, what is not a primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?

genetic engineering

Q4. Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be ...

habitat generalists

Q4. Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also ...

harmed the reproductive potential of the trout

Q4. The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental shocks especially impact species that ...

have a low reproductive rate

Q2. A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that ...

invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences

Q7. Eutrophication ...

is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients

Q7. Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution ...

is harder to track is more difficult to regulate

Q7. Phosphorus ...

is required by every living organism does not exist naturally in the environment

Q3. The round goby is considered a generalist species because ...

it can live in freshwater or saltwater it has a diverse diet

Q1. Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because ...

it focuses on trophic relationships as a network

Q6. Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that ...

it has a single entry point for foreign freighters

Q5. What has happened to the commercial fishing industry in the Great Lakes as a result of invasive species?

it has been decimated

Q6. The cost of installing ballast control systems on foreign freighters is estimated to be ...

more than $1 million per ship

Q4. Cities around the Great Lakes tended to be constructed ...

near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths

Q7. In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include ...

none of the above

Q8. Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative?

nonpoint source pollution control removal of toxins invasive species control

Q8. The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because ...

of so much environmental degradation

Q2. Invasive species are harmful because ...

of where they are

Q7. Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by ...

run-away algal growth decomposition of algal cells excessive nutrient inputs

Q1. An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a ...

seiche

Q2. The sea lamprey is anadromous, meaning that they ...

spawn in freshwater but live in the ocean as adults

Q5. Bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they ...

starve their competitors by eating plankton

Q3. A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was ,,,

that the locks and channels were too small

Q7. After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by ...

the Buckeye Traction Ditcher

Q3. In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in ...

the Cuyahoga River

Q2. There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five Lakes. One was Niagara Falls. The other was ...

the Falls of St. Mary

Q5. One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is ...

the Illinois River

Q1. Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?

their connectivity

Q3. When the zebra mussel first arrived in the Great Lakes, it encountered an environment where populations of native mussels were greatly reduced because ...

their shells were used to make buttons

Q7. Failure of the state of Michigan to treat Flint River water with an anti-corrosive agent ...

was a violation of federal law

Q1. Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining ...

water quality

Q8. On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on ...

wetlands

Q5. The solution that provided clean water to Chicago ...

..passed the problem on to their downstream neighbors ..required the use of 6 billion gallons of Lake Michigan water per day

Q5. The St. Lawrence Divide ...

..separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin ..runs through the western part of Chicago .. runs through southern Canada ..is generally more of a hill than a mountain

Q5. Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including ...

..strong dispersal ability ..an extremely high reproductive rate ..a lack of predators

Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by ...

..taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water .. being able to live on a boat outside the water for days

Q2. The scientific method is initiated ...

with observations

Q3. The diet of the round goby includes ...

young zebra and quagga mussels zooplankton the eggs and young of other fish

Q1. The last glacier withdrew from North America about ...

12,000 yrs ago

Q5. The estimated annual economic value of commercial and recreational fishing, recreational boating, wildlife viewing, and beaches and lakefront use in the Great Lakes is ...

$1 billion

Q2. Recreational fisheries pump about $7 billion into the U.S. economy, so the lamprey control program is considered a bargain at an annual price tag of ...

$20 million

Q6. Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost ...

$200 million

Q6. The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels ...

$600 million

Q5. All of the water that falls in the Great Lakes basin ...

winds up in the Atlantic Ocean winds up in the St. Lawrence River

Q5. By 1890, Chicago was in crisis because ...

..Lake Michigan served as both the city's water source and its sewer ..conditions were right for the outbreak of waterborne disease

Q3. The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act ...

..because they thought it was relatively harmless ..because doing so would reduce administrative costs ..even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so

Q5. The Sanitary and Ship Canal was ...

..benefitted Chicago at the expense of downstream cities .. an example of people trying to engineer nature to suit their needs ..essentially a back door to the Great Lakes ..an early, successful water grab from the Great Lakes

Q5. Silver carp are notorious for ...

..causing serious injury to recreationists on the water ..launching themselves like missiles ..swarming when the water is disturbed

Q5. Once it reached the Mississippi River, the zebra mussel ...

..could attach to barges and other boats ..would eventually reach inland lakes with no connection to the Mississippi ..was able to go up and down river like riding an elevator

Q4. The massive timber harvest in Michigan and Wisconsin affected the Great Lakes and its tributaries because ...

..hundreds of thousands of tons of sawdust fouled lake and river bottoms ..when being transported on water, bark fell off and covered spawning grounds ..when being transported on water, logs scoured streams and ruined spawning areas

Q7. A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that ...

..minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm ..people should have a voice in decisions that affect them

Q4. A challenge with dredging river bottoms to permit passage of super cargo ships is that ...

..no landfill wants the toxic sludge that's dug up ..some of the toxic dredge will be carried downstream ..it's incredibly expensive ..toxic pollutants are released back into the water column

Q1. How much of the freshwater on planet Earth is readily available for use by humans and other organisms?

1%

Q1. The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in ...

Elevation

Q1. Which is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?

Erie

Q1. What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?

Niagara Falls

Q7. In the 1960s, over half the phosphorus flowing annually into Lake Erie was from ...

from laundry detergent

Q2. Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal ...

accommodated longer and wider ships

Q3. Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to ...

an extremely high reproductive rate

Q1. Which statement is not correct? The Great Lakes ...

are really one big lake

Q8. Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to ...

be less predictable be greater

Q7. The effects of lead poisoning ...

can last for decades are especially pronounced in children

Q3. Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin in the Great Lakes because the former ...

can tolerate much deeper water

Q6. The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently ...

could be carried by two freight trains per day

Q1. Which of the following is a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?

currents

Q2. In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with ...

data

Q7. To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint ...

decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River decided to build its own water pipeline

Q6. Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has ..

declined

Q4. Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has ...

decreased

Q5. Electrical barriers of the sort constructed on the Sanitary and Ship Canal are intended to ...

deter fish from crossing them

Q2. The remixing of the world's plant and animal species started slowly, following ...

early human migration routes

Q8. In the Great Lakes region, many restoration efforts focus on ...

ecosystem services

Q2. The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because ...

encountered impassable rapids

Q5. The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because ...

every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock

Q3. Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance in the 1960s due to ...

excess phosphorus inputs

Q2. When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species ...

explode

Q2. Which of the following is false? In nature, ecosystems are ...

fairly simple to understand

Q6. Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters

false

Q2. For the lamprey to get from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, it was necessary ...

for water to flow from Erie to Ontario in the Welland Canal

Q1. The southern and southeastern shores of Lake Michigan feature the world's largest ...

freshwater dune system

Q3. The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby ...

have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter

Q1. Phytoplankton are consumed by zooplankton, which are similar to ...

herbivores on land

Q8. Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by ...

high water low water

Q5. Collectively, western states in the U.S. have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?

hundreds of millions of dollars

Q7. The Clean Water Act ...

ignored nonpoint pollution focused on point-source pollution

Q7. An exception to the Great Lakes compact regarding water diversions outside the basin is ...

in containers 5.7 gallons or less to a municipality in a county that's partially inside the basin

Q8. Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change?

increase in water temperature increase in the number of heavy rainfall events

Q4. For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense ...

it must be favorable to an organism's survival it must be heritable it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce

Q3. Ballast water serves a key function on freighters because ...

it provides stability to an empty ship it is heavy, readily available, and basically free

Q1. At the time of European contact, the food web of the Great Lakes was fragile because ...

it was a relatively young system

Q4. In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but ...

it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species

Q4. Invasive species are ...

just doing what they evolved to do

Q2. Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was ...

lacking in some ways but superior in others

Q2. Louis Joliet obtained the release of an Iroquois prisoner, and in gratitude, the freed man guided Joliet to the last of the Great Lakes to be discovered by Europeans - which was it? Lake ...

lake erie

Q8. Increases in the temperature of lake water caused by climate change is a concern in the Great Lakes regions because this will ...

lead to higher evaporation rates

Q6. Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada?

less than 2

Q5. When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish ...

let some of them go

Q8. Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, the commercial shipping industry is most affected by ...

low water

Q3. Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because ...

offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents

Q1. Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by ...

outflow

Q2. The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by ...

preying on their young

Q7. By far, the best predictor(s) of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are ...

race

Q5. Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody ...

refused to close the locks

Q4. Although never known as a consumer of other fish, lake whitefish began turning up with what species in their bellies?

round gobies

Q4. The deadliest fire in U.S. history was ...

the Peshtigo Fire

Q1. The last connection between the Great Lakes and freshwaters beyond the Great Lakes Basin was through ...

the St. Lawrence Valley

Q1. According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not ...

the stormiest

Q7. Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie is ...

the warmest the shallowest

Q4. Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a food source because ...

their stomach muscles began to enlarge

Q4. Alewife populations crashed because ...

there was so much pressure from salmon the invasive mussels took up so much plankton

Q1. In summer, what is the phenomenon by which lake water is prevented from mixing?

thermal stratification

Q3. In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because ...

they are used as bait to catch larger fish

Q4. Even so-called empty ballast tanks still pose a threat to the Great Lakes because ...

they carry thousands of pound of muck and scattered puddles

Q2. Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because ...

they could be planted after 6 months

Q3. The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because ...

they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

Q4. Because cities on the Great Lakes such as Chicago and Cleveland depended on the Lakes for the water supply ...

they moved their freshwater intakes further out as pollution worsened

Q7. In reality, wetlands serve many useful purposes. For example, ...

they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out they filter the water

Q2. Howard Tanner did not favor the native lake trout because ..

they weren't fun to catch

Q1. There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?

they're actually one lake

Q4. Since 1993, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is ...

to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean

Q3. In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was ...

to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

Q2. Applegate discovered the first lampricide by ...

trial and error

Q3. According to the film Silent Invaders, what is the estimated population of quagga mussels in Lake Michigan?

two trillion

Q4. Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is ...

very difficult to do

Q7. Wetlands were loathed by early immigrants and still are today by many people because they are perceived as ...

..unsightly ..a menace ..a frightening place ..full of disease and wild animals

Q5. DNA barcoding ...

..was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast ..is meant to identify species

Q7. In addition to ditches, drain tiles were needed to fully drain the Great Black Swamp. These tiles ...

..were made of abundant clay from the swamp ..carried water to ditches, then to nearby creeks ..were made in over 50 tile factories in the area ..Intercepted subsurface flow and directed it away from the fields

Q3. The number of species being moved around the planet in ballast water on any given day is estimated to be ...

10,000

Q4. Successful invasive species tend to ...

be very good dispersers produce a lot of offspring

Q4. Eventually, the round goby ...

became the dominant forage fish helped to keep mussel populations in check

Q1. On shallower lakes, storms are likely to be ...

more furious

Q8. Increases in high precipitation events caused by climate change is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct results will be ...

more runoff from agricultural fields