NRSG 446 Exam #2 Study Guide

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Late signs and symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Further decrease in LOC. - Bulging fontanelles. - Decreasing spontaneous movement. - Posturing. - Papilledema. - Pupil dilation with decreased or no response to light. - Increased blood pressure. - Irregular respirations. - Cushing's Triad.

increased ICP

______ causes pancreatic ducts to become blocked by mucus - prohibits the secretion of pancreatic enzymes necessary for the metabolism of food nutrients.

______ is an autosomal-recessive disorder. - Can receive a defective gene from either parent. - When both parents carry the defective gene, there is a 75% chance that the child would inherit gene from each parent and manifest the disease. - There is a 50% chance that the child will inherit one defective gene and one normal gene and become a carrier. - There is a 25% change that the child will inherit only normal genes and be free.

______ is found on chromosome 7 - encode CFTR protein which normally regulates the chloride channel and facilitates the activity of other chloride and sodium channels at the cell surface. - Abnormalities of CFTR cause a disruption of sodium ion transport across the exocrine and epithelial gland cells and make the cell walls impermeable to chloride ions - cause an excess of sodium and chloride found in the sweat of children.

______ is most common in Caucasian's - 1 in 3,000 births.

Children are less likely to develop severe illness from ______ compared with adults but are still at risk of developing severe illness and complications. - Underlying medical conditions may cause more complications. - Complications include respiratory failure, myocarditis, shock, acute renal failure, coagulopathy, multi-system organ failure, intussusception, DKA, multisystem inflammatory syndrome.

COVID-19

Children have mild or no symptoms of ______ - can be asymptomatic and spread the disease to others. Other signs & symptoms include... - Fever, fatigue, headache, myalgia. - Cough, nasal congestion or -rhinorrhea. - New loss of taste or smell. - Sore throat, SOB, difficulty breathing. - Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. - Poor appetite or poor feeding.

COVID-19

There are fewer cases of _____ in children than in adults - has been increasing. - Hospitalization rates are lower than in adults - less severe illness.

COVID-19

Brain development continues for the first 2 years of life - ______ can occur from brain injury occurring during the prenatal period and perinatal and postnatal periods.

Diagnosis of ______ is based on clinical symptoms, delay in reaching developmental milestones, hypo/hypertonia, hand preference, persistence of primitive reflexes, CT MRI, cerebral ultrasound.

Education for ______ includes... - Expected growth and development. - Early detection of deterioration. - Signs and symptoms of infection. - Follow-up appointments.

In ______ the amount of disability varies - minimal to extensive assistance.

Medications for ______ includes... - Skeletal muscle relaxants (Baclofen) - hepatic impairment. - Neurolytic agent nerve blocks (Botox) - temporary decrease in spasticity. - Paralysis of specific muscles. - Antianxiety medications (Diazepam). - Seizure medications (AED).

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Splints and braces. - Assistive devices. - Large-handled brushes and toothbrushes. - Self-care tasks. - Frequent rest periods. - Intellectual stimulation. - Enrolled in school. - Activity programs. - Appropriate toys. - Safe environment. - Feed independently - utensils with large handles, upright position, not hurried, guide hand to the mouth, stabilize mandible. - Danger of aspiration. - Rehabilitation.

Perinatal risk factors for ______ includes... - Low birth weight - Birth at less than 32 weeks - Intracranial hemorrhage

Postnatal risk factors for ______ includes... - Viral encephalitis - Bacterial meningitis - Falls - Child abuse - MVC

Prenatal risk factors for ______ includes... - Asphyxia - Infections - Intracranial hemorrhage - Blood incompatibility - Trauma

Prevention of ______ includes educating about risk factors, routine appointments, car seats, helmets.

Signs & symptoms of ______ vary depending on the area of the brain involved and the extent of damage. - Muscle rigidity - Muscle spasticity - Poor control of posture - Ataxia - Delayed development - Abnormal motor performance - Alterations in muscle tone - Alterations in posture - Alterations in reflexes

Surgical treatment for ______ includes... - Joint stability and balanced muscle power - tendon lengthening, release of spastic wrist flexor muscles, correction of spastic hip adduction. - Selective dorsal rhizotomy - improve ability to sit, stand, walk.

______ is a non-progressive neurological disorder that results from brain injury occurring before cerebral development is complete.

Airway management for ______ ______ includes... - Supplemental oxygen if not intubated. - Intubated - monitor ventilation equipment - ABG's, sedative or relaxant medications. - Monitor respiratory status. Hyperventilating with a bag valve mask if condition worsens - prolonged = hypotension. - Suction airway - can increase ICP. - Position on the side to decrease obstruction. - Unconscious for extended period = tracheostomy - tracheostomy care, chest physiotherapy.

increased ICP

Blood flow and oxygen delivery rise as a result of ______ ______. - When blood flow and oxygen decrease, secondary brain injury occurs. - ICP = pressure in cerebrum + pressure in blood + pressure in CSF.

increased ICP

Diagnosis of ______ ______ is based on signs and symptoms and papilledmea - ophthalmoscope.

increased ICP

Early signs and symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Change in LOC. - Irritability. - Lethargy. - Headache. - Nausea, emesis. - Diplopia, blurred vision. - Seizures. - Decrease in GCS score. - Sunsetting eyes. - Decreased eye contact - infant. - Pupil dysfunction. - Cranial nerve dysfunction. - Seizures.

increased ICP

Education for ______ ______ includes... - Head injury prevention. - Postprocedural care. - Medications, referrals, complications.

increased ICP

Treatment of ______ includes... - Nutrition, hydration, rest. - IV fluids. - Humidity. - Antibiotic therapy. - Corticosteroids.

pertussis

______ AKA "whooping cough", is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract that causes paroxysmal cough. - Major cause of morbidity and mortality. - Most common in infants.

pertussis

______ is spread via droplet infection and direct contact with discharges from respiratory mucous membranes of an infected child. - Spread via droplet infection and direct contact with discharges from respiratory mucous membranes of an infected child.

pertussis

______ requires droplet precautions.

pertussis

______ is very contagious and can be passed by touch from the infected child to others. - Prevent with good hand washing, keep child at home for 24 hours after antibiotic.

impetigo

Infants and children whose fontanelles have not closed are able to compensate for ______ ______ for a short time = fontanelles bulge, cranial sutures spread.

increased ICP

______ traction is used for an extremity with a type of strapping material applied to the limb. - Used for short periods of time. - Bryant & Russel Traction.

skin

______ ______ ______ include strains and sprains and are more common in adolescence than younger children because younger children's bones are newer so an injury would more likely cause a fracture than a soft tissue injury. - Treatment - RICE.

soft tissue injuries

______ CP causes stiff muscles because of increased muscle tone, and the muscles are predisposed to contracture. - Most common. - Poor control of posture, coordinated movement, and balance. - Classified according to the limbs affected. - May have difficulty walking if the legs are affected.

spastic

After delivery of a newborn with ______ ______ cover the defect with moistened sterile gauze and change every 2-4 hours.

spina bifida

Children with ______ ______ should have a latex free environment due to latex allergy.

spina bifida

Complications of ______ ______ includes... - Hydrocephalus, level of sensation. - Tether spinal cord, risk for seizures, altered sensation and motor ability. - Clubfoot, increased or decreased muscle tone, neuromuscular scoliosis. - Sleep apnea, complications from neuromuscular scoliosis. - DVT, skin impairment. - Neurogenic bladder, neurogenic bowel, constipation - fecal continence, prevent constipation, bowel program. - Antegrade continence enema. - Decreased sensations, latex allergy. - Functioning challenges, learning disability, anxiety, decreased quality of life.

spina bifida

Education for ______ ______ includes... - Postoperative care. - Signs & symptoms of infection to report. - Common medical problems. - Follow-up appointments.

spina bifida

Normal ICP is ______-______ mmhg, at ______ mmhg small increases in blood volume can result in extreme elevations in ICP.

0, 10, 20

With clubfoot, The Browne splint is used after the final cast has been removed - worn for 23 hours/ day until the child is about ______ years old.

Rescue medications are for seizures that last greater than ______ minutes. - Benzodiazepines in children - diazepam rectal gel, lorazepam intranasal.

With ______ therapy, drug levels should be monitored. - LFT, UA, CBC, drug interaction, side effects.

AED

With ______ therapy, monotherapy is desired, polytherapy is initiated with intractable epilepsy and uncontrolled seizures.

AED

______ therapy is not started after the first seizure.

AED

______ therapy should start with one drug and titrate the dose until seizures are controlled.

AED

Otoscopic examination with ______ shows the intact membrane appears bright red and bulging with no visible landmarks or light reflex, the usual landmarks of the bony prominences from the long and short processes of the malleus are obscured by the outwardly bulging membrane.

AOM

Sign & symptoms of _______ includes... - Otalgia, otorrhea - Irritability, fever - Poor feeding - Rubbing or pulling at the affected ear - Bulging tympanic membrane, air fluid level, or visualization of purulent material on otoscopic examination. - Postauricular and cervical lymph glands and lymph node enlargement.

AOM

______ causes a thick mucus that accumulates and obstructs the different organs. - Plug small intestine - failure to pass meconium, meconium ileus. - Thick sections in GI system - malnutrition.

______ causes an increase in mucus production in the airways causes obstructions and stasis of fluid providing a rich habitat for bacterial growth.

______ causes an increased loss of sodium - salt depletion. - Excess salt in the sweat.

Treatment for ______ includes... - Airway clearance, antibiotic use. - Aerosol therapy, chest physiotherapy. - CVAD for antibiotic therapy. - Mucolytics, recombinant human DNAse, inhaled hypertonic saline, inhaled tobramycin, oral azrythromycin. - Replace pancreatic enzymes - enzyme replacement with meals and snacks - digestive enzymes are mixed with food in the duodenum. - Insulin therapy. - Increased calories and protein diet, high salt diet. - Anti-inflammatory medications to open the airway. - Vitamin supplementation. - Lung transplant.

Children with ______ need to be on a high protein, high calorie diet.

Diagnosis of ______ is based on signs & symptoms, family history, absence of pancreatic enzymes, increase in electrolyte concentration of sweat, chronic pulmonary involvement, chest x-ray, pancreatic dysfunction, pulmonary function tests, genetic testing, and Quantitative Sweat Chloride Test.

Education for ______ includes... - Medication compliance - Hand washing - Avoiding contact with other with respiratory infections - reduces potential for complications - Chest physiotherapy techniques, schedule, and requirements. - Diet requirements. - Enzyme therapy. - Infection risk factors and signs. - Nature of the disease. - Suction equipment. - Medication administration. - Respiratory therapy.

In later childhood with ______, the reproductive system is affected by being occluded which leads to infertility.

Prevention of ______ includes identification of carriers and family planning decisions. - None known.

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Meconium ileus - Prolonged jaundice - Steatorrhea - Rectal prolapsed - Crackles - Wheezes - Diminished breath sounds - Dry productive cough - Tachypnea, hypoxia, cyanosis - Salty-tasting tears and skin - Dehydration - Malnutrition - Intestinal atresia - Idiopathic pancreatitis - Biliary cirrhosis - Cholestasis - Emphysema, atelectasis - Prolong hypoxia - Hemoptysis - Bacterial pneumonia - Diabetes - Anemia - Failure to thrive - Osteoporosis - Thin and underweight - Barrel chest - Protuberant abdomen and distention - Wasted buttocks - Thin extremities - Listless and lethargic - Delayed development of secondary sex characteristics and infertility - Occlusion of the vas deferens or ovarian ducts

The best diagnostic for ______ is the Quantitative Sweat Chloride Test. - Chloride concentration greater than 60 mEq/L. - Abnormal function of CFTR cause a disruption of sodium ion transport across the exocrine and epithelial gland cells and make the call walls impermeable to chloride ions - excess of sodium and chloride found in the sweat.

The goal of treatment for ______ includes ensuring respiratory function, enhance nutrition, promote growth and development, and encourage independence.

The loss of sodium and water in ______ increases viscosity of the mucus and disrupts the ciliary mechanism that is intended to clear the airways - respiratory infections.

With ______ there is a transport defect in pancreatic and bile ducts - inadequate excretion of pancreatic enzymes for food breakdown causes reduced protein and fat absorption. - Weight loss, failure to thrive, abnormal bowel patterns.

______ presents with blood glucose greater than 250 mg/dL, ketonuria, or ketonemia with serum bicarb less than 18 mEq/L, pH less than 7.34. - Common occurrence with young children who have difficulty verbalizing the classic signs and symptoms. - Prevent with close monitoring and control of blood glucose.

DKA

Treatment for ______ includes bedrest and surgical interventions. - Pain management with narcotics. - Monitor neurovascular status. - Physical therapy - crutch walking.

SCFE

______ causes pain in the groin and referred pain to the thigh or knee due to the child externally rotating the leg to relive pressure on the hip joint.

SCFE

Treatment for ______ includes... - Desmopressin (DDAVP) for when polyuria is persistent - intranasal, subcutaneous, parental, or oral.

______ ______ is a late sign of increased ICP and is indicative of impending herniation. It includes... - Hypertension with widening pulse pressure. - Bradycardia. - Irregular respiratory pattern.

Cushing's Triad

______ causes insufficient ADH resulting in excessive production of extremely dilute urine, causing the child to be excessively thirst. - Can be due to not enough production of ADH or lack of response to ADH - temporary or chronic.

______ is difficult to diagnosis in infants because they naturally excrete dilute urine.

Treatment of ______ includes... - Restore fluid volume. - Return child to a glucose utilization state by inhibiting lipolysis. - Replace the child's body electrolytes. - Correct acidosis and restore acid=base balance.

DKA

Diagnosis of ______ is based on history and physical examination, daily log of fluid and dietary intake and output, urine specific gravity, serum for osmolarity and sodium, hyperdilute urine with elevated serum osmolarity and serum sodium, 24-hour urine collection to determine total daily urine output and water deprivation test - not in newborns or infants.

Education for ______ includes... - Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance to prevent complications. - Logging accurate intake and output. - Daily weight. - Replace fluids in the infant.

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Diet low in solutes - breast milk. - Monitor for signs of dehydration or fluid imbalance by monitoring urine output and fluid intake. - Daily weights. - Care during the water deprivation test - difficult, irritable. - Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance.

Prevention of ______ may not always be possible, prevent dehydration, plan ahead by carrying water and supplying medications, medical alert bracelet.

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Vomiting, constipation, fevers, dry skin. - Poor feeding. - Failure to thrive. - Fussiness. - Frequent saturated diapers. - Irritability. - Excessive thirst - polydipsia. - Excessive urine production - polyuria. - Craving for cold water. - Enuresis - nocturnal bed wetting. - Nocturia. - Weight loss. - Dehydration - irritability, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, decreased tears, sunken fontanelles, tachycardia, thread pulse, hypotension.

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Appear after being able to walk - 3-7 years. - Waddling, wide-based gait. - Calf muscles that become weak and hypertrophied. - The leg, pelvis, arm, shoulder, and cardiac muscles are weak and hypertrophied. - Gower's Maneuver

DMD

______ muscular dystrophy is the most common and most severe form. - X-linked recessive trait, about 30% of the cases are new mutations. - Females can be carriers. - High calcium levels cause muscle to be destroyed.

Duchenne's (DMD)

______ ______ occurs in DMD and is when when the child must move to a kneeling position with hands also on the floor to stabilize, then the child rises to feet by using the hands to walk up the legs until in a standing position.

Gower's Maneuver

Diagnosis of ______ is based on signs & symptoms, visual inspection - diagnosed at home, use OTC medications that don't work, then seek medical care.

HPV

Education for ______ includes... - Reduce spreading. - Discuss concerns. - Medication adherence. - Wound management. - Healing after cryotherapy.

HPV

Prevention of ______ includes avoid exposure from others, hand washing, shoes in public, covering warts.

HPV

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Warts appear rough, raised or flat, and flesh-colored. - Can have a central black dot.

HPV

Treatment for ______ includes... - No intervention many times. - Cryotherapy - describe procedure, pain management, dressings. - OTC medications. - Curettage.

HPV

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Hip or knee pain/ stiffness. - Pain increases with activity and decreases with rest. - Painful limp. - Quadriceps muscle atrophy. - Joint dysfunction. - Limited ROM.

LCPD

The cranium and vertebral body form a rigid container, and if any of its contents increase, ______ increases.

ICP

Diagnosis of ______ does not have a specific test. - Exclude other conditions and infections. - Any child with joint inflammation longer than 6 weeks. - ESR - inflammation. - XR, CBC/ WBC - other cause. - Slit-lamp eye exam - inflammation in the eye, leads to glaucoma and blindness.

JIA

Education for ______ includes... - Proper care. - Asses joints for warmth, tenderness, pain, and limitations in ROM - Be alert for increasing irritability, guarding, and refusal to bear weight and take action by encouraging rest. - Proper positioning. - Heat and cold application. - Exercise program. - Diet. - Counseling.

JIA

Females are twice as likely to be affected by ______ than males. - No prevention.

JIA

Medications for ______ include... - NSAIDs - decrease inflammation; bleeding symptoms, GI upset, headache. - Corticosteroids - decrease inflammation; nausea, irritability, increased hunger, weight gain, impact growth, immunosuppression, hyperglycemia, insomnia, risk of infection, osteoporosis. - DMARDs - cause immunosuppression to reduce immune response associated with JIA; risk of infection, anemia, increases risk for cancer.

JIA

Pain management is priority nursing care for ______. - Monitor vitals. - Distraction techniques. - Maintain development. - Heat, passive and active ROM, exercise. - Physical and occupational therapy.

JIA

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Joints that are swollen, tender, and warm to the touch. - Joints that are stiff and have loss of motion, especially in the morning. - Limited ROM. - Systemic - malaise, fatigue, lethargy, late afternoon fever of 105.1F.

JIA

Success of ______ is related to how the child and family cope with the condition is based on how well the child meets developmental milestones. - If in a younger child, growth retardation is more likely to occur. - Patterns of remissions and exacerbations.

JIA

Surgical treatment for ______ is rarely indicated but includes joint replacement. - Assess suture line, bowel sounds, voiding, fluid status, diet.

JIA

______ ______ ______ is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory process of the joints and other tissues with unknown origin but is thought to be triggered by an infection. - Peak onset occurs in children aged 1-3 years and from 8-12 years.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

Classifications of ______ include... - Catterall I & II: less than 50% of the femoral head is involved. - Catterall III & IV: greater than 50% of the femoral head involved and a potentially poor prognosis.

LCPD

Diagnosis of ______ is done by radiography or MRI to show osteonecrosis.

LCPD

Education for ______ includes... - Management after discharge - therapy for 1-3 years. - Avoid weight bearing exercises, mobility restrictions. - ROM exercises. - Bedrest with emotional support and diversional activities. - Home care - adaptive play.

LCPD

Nursing care for ______ includes... - History - uncover how long the child has been limping and severity of pain. - Assessment of ROM. - Assessment of the thigh and buttock area will reveal a wasting of the muscles. - Shortening of the extremity on the affected side indicates that the femoral head has collapsed. - Assess for skin breakdown. - Prepare for scans. - Bedrest - reduce inflammation, restore motion. - Pain management.

LCPD

Risk Factors for ______ include... - Male. - Preschool/ early age.

LCPD

Surgical intervention of ______ is done to contain the femoral head within the acetabulum. - Surgical osteotomies - cutting through bone, performed to reposition the femoral head to maintain optimal position for healing. - Spica hip cast.

LCPD

The goal of treatment for ______ is to reestablish blood supply to the epiphysis. - Can take up to 4 years.

LCPD

Treatment for ______ includes... - Physical therapy, bracing, surgical containment. - Bracing (uncommon). - Surgical intervention. - 18-24 months for revascularization and new bone growth to occur, up to 4 years to resolve. - Requires monitoring by orthopedics for several years.

LCPD

______ is a multifactorial condition caused by genetic and environmental factors, which may be a precursor to the disease. - No preventative measures available.

LCPD

______ is caused by an ischemic episode that interrupts vascular circulation to the femoral epiphysis, articular cartilage hypertrophies and the epiphyseal marrow becomes necrotic.

LCPD

______ is interrupted blood supply to the femoral head. - Insidious onset, growth disorder.

LCPD

______ is self-limiting, meaning it does not get worse.

LCPD

Glasgow Coma Score is used to assess ______. - 9-15 = unaltered state of consciousness. - 8-4 = coma - intubated if less than 8. - 3-0 = deep coma.

LOC

______-______-______ ______ is idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head.

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (LCPD)

______ ______ is a complication of tick bites caused by a bacteria. - Monitor for red rash with spot in the middle.

Lyme's Disease

______ are the most common cause of TBI in children.

MVC

______-______ ______ states that if one of the components (blood, ICP, CSF, brain tissue, CPP) increases, the other components must compress. - The body tries to compensate by an increase in CSF absorption, a decrease in CSF production, a reduction in blood volume, or a decrease in brain mass. - When compression is exhausted, the ICP rises.

Monro-Kellie Doctrine

Children with recurrent ______ are at risk for both hearing loss and speech delay.

Diagnosis of ______ is based on symptoms and otoscopic examination.

Education for ______ includes... - Antibiotic administration - assess reaction. - Prevention strategies. - Monitor for tympanic membrane rupturing.

Prevention of ______ includes eliminating environmental allergens, feed infants in an upright position, avoid propping the bottle, encourage medical follow-up to check for complications, avoid pacifiers, breastfeeding, avoid URI and secondhand smoke.

Relating factors of ______ include that the eustachian tubes are short, die, and straight and lie in a horizontal plane. The cartilage lining is undeveloped, making the tubes more distensible. The normally abundant pharyngeal lymphoid tissue readily obstructs the eustachian tube openings in the nasopharynx. Immature humoral defense mechanism increases the risk of infections. - The lying-down positions of infants favor the pooling of fluid, such as formula, in the pharyngeal cavity. - Incidence is highest among children between 6-24 months.

Tobacco smoke aggravates ______ by impaired mucociliary function with subsequent congestion of soft nasopharyngeal tissues.

Treatment of ______ includes... - Pain management - analgesics, warm compress. - Treat infection - antibiotics or antifungal drops for 7-10 days, corticosteroids with cotton wick. - Educate to prevent reinfection and on proper medication administration. - Withhold the use of antimicrobials unless a bacterial cause is clearly evident. - Identify risks for speech, development language, and learning problems and documenting each visit for the presence of effusion.

Otoscopic examination with ______ shows slightly injected, dull gray membrane, obscured landmarks, and a visible fluid level or meniscus behind the eardrum if air is present above the fluid.

OME

Signs & symptoms of ______ and ______ includes... - Asymmetric, afebrile - Intermittent complaints of ear pain - Feeling of fullness in the ear, popping or a feeling of "talking in a barrel". - Complaint of healing loss. - Dizziness or impaired balance. - Chronic vomiting and failure to thrive.

OME, COME

Education for ______ includes... - Specific to the injury. - Rehabilitation. - Prevention. - Social resources.

TBI

______ ______ is an immobilization device that leaves room to swell. - Used temporarily to prevent compartment syndrome, then moved to a cast.

RJ bandage

With an acute slip in SCFE the nurse should not perform ______ because it may cause further damage.

ROM

Diagnosis of ______ is based on enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, rapid immunofluorescent antibody from direct or aspiration of nasal secretions or nasopharyngeal washings, chest x-ray, ABG's with decreased pH and PaCO2 indicating respiratory compromise and potential failure, CBC with increased WBC indicating infection, and pulse oximetry.

RSV

Education for ______ includes... - Watching for worsening condition. - Cool-mist humidification. - Fluids, fever control. - Saline drops and nasal suctioning. - Smaller, more frequent feedings, upright positioning, prevent vomiting, observe for respiratory distress. - The first 24-72 hours are the most critical, most of the time there is a complete recovery.

RSV

Nursing care of ______ includes... - Treat symptoms - hydrations, fever control, oxygenation, keep mucous membranes clear of mucus. - Hospitalization for high-risk patients and complications. - Elevated head 30-40 degrees. - Monitor O2 saturation. - Strict isolation, contact precautions, hand washing.

RSV

Prevention of ______ includes proper hand washing, reducing exposure, avoid secondhand smoke, monoclonal antibody palivizumab given IM to high-risk infants to reduce complications, hospitalization for high risk infants.

RSV

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - URI symptoms of cough, coryza, and rhinorrhea lasting 3-7 days. - Respiratory distress with noisy, raspy breathing and cyanosis. - Audible wheezing, retractions. - Rales and prolonged expiratory phase of respirations. - Tachypnea, low to moderated fever. - Decreased appetite, pharyngitis. - Dehydration - poor tearing, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor. - Thick mucus, exudate, and mucosal edema obstruct smaller airways leading to a reduction in expirations, air trapping, and hyperinflation of the alveoli. - Impaired gas exchange - hypoxemia, hypercapnia - respiratory acidosis. - Otitis media and conjunctivitis.

RSV

Treatment of ______ includes... - Cool-mist therapy combined with oxygen administered by hood or tent. - IV fluids. - Antiviral agents through ET tube, hood or tent - crystallization in nares, teratogenic. - Oxygen therapy. - Corticosteroids, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics with bacterial infection.

RSV

______ begins as an infection in the nasal epithelial cells and then replicates in the host cell which is destroyed and the virus particles are released to propagate the infection. - Infection results in the destruction of the epithermal cells of the respiratory tract. - Triggers humoral immune response. - May need hospitalization.

RSV

______ requires strict isolation and contact precautions.

RSV

Complete slippage in ______ can cause decrease blood supply.

SCFE

Diagnosis for ______ is done with radiographic studies and there are no preventative measures.

SCFE

Education for ______ includes... - Ambulation with crutches in the home. - Home safety.

SCFE

Emergency care for ______ includes immediate non-weight bearing status.

SCFE

For ______, the nurse should assess the opposite hip to determine if it is also affected.

SCFE

Risk factors for ______ includes... - Obesity. - Male. - Late school age/ early adolescence. - Genetics. - Endocrine abnormalities.

SCFE

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Pain in the groin, referred pain to the thigh or knee. - Limping. - Favoring an extremity. - Limited abduction and rotation. - Leg length discrepancy.

SCFE

The goal of treatment for ______ is to prevent further slippage.

SCFE

______ ______ ______ ______ is a condition where the capital femoral epiphysis slips through the epiphysis in a posterior direction. - More acute. - Associated with hypothyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and post-radiation therapy.

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

Diagnosis of ______ is based on elevated blood glucose and HbA1C, urine glucose and ketones increased, loss of c-peptide, positive for islet antibodies.

T1DM

Education for ______ includes... - Insulin types, diet and nutrition, exercise stress management, blood glucose and ketone monitoring. - Medical alert bracelet.

T1DM

Individuals with ______ may be hospitalized to control the blood glucose and determine what type, dose, and frequency of insulin works best.

T1DM

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Monitor blood glucose levels. - Monitor for complications. - Glycemic control. - Normal growth and development. - Minimize complications. - Emotion adjustment. - Monitor blood glucose levels more frequently in young children because they may not respond to hypoglycemia. - Hypoglycemia unawareness. - Urine ketone testing every 3 hours. - Lifestyle changes, diet, carb counting, stress reduction. - Continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pumps.

T1DM

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia. - Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia. - Weight loss. - Muscle wasting. - Nocturia. - Tachycardia. - Blurred vision. - Fatigue. - Vaginal moniliasis.

T1DM

______ is an autoimmune disease that arises when a child with a particular genetic makeup is exposed to any precipitating event.

T1DM

______ is autoimmune and is not preventable; can prevent complications.

T1DM

______ is shown by elevated blood glucose above 200mg/dL and elevated hemoglobin A1C greater than 7%.

T1DM

Diagnosis of ______ is based on overweight plus two of the following: family history, race/ ethnicity, signs of insulin resistance, maternal history; blood glucose testing, fasting blood glucose.

T2DM

Education for ______ includes... - Healthy eating habits, increasing activity. - Diabetes education. - Oral hypoglycemic agents. - Monitor for complications. - Blood glucose checks, insulin administration, ketosis monitoring.

T2DM

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Education. - Manage diet, exercise, lifestyle, and medication compliance. - Monitoring for complications. - Team care. - Blood glucose monitoring. - HbA1C monitoring. - Ketosis monitoring and prevention. - Decreasing calories, limit intake of sugar and fat, increase fiber. - With a mildly elevated HbA1C, an oral hypoglycemic agent (metformin) may be given. - With severe HbA1C presentation, insulin may be given.

T2DM

Prevention of ______ includes a healthy lifestyle, diet, physical activity, healthy weight.

T2DM

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Numbness of the feet, ankles, and legs. - Blurred or poor vision. - Impotence. - Fatigue, poor wound healing. - Obesity, unexplained weight loss. - Headache, symptoms of sleep apnea. - Polyuria, polydipsia, enuresis, nocturia, yeast infections, whole body itching.

T2DM

______ is caused by the body's resistance to recognize and use insulin. - Occurs when the individual cells do not recognize the insulin molecule and resist its influence. - The cell membrane does not allow the insulin to initiate the normal enzymatic reactions that cause metabolism. - Becoming more common in the young population.

T2DM

Diagnosis for ______ is computed with CT, MRI, EEG, and ICP monitoring.

TBI

Nursing care for ______ includes... - ABC's. - Airway patency, supplemental oxygen via bag-valve mask until airway is established. - Stabilize neck and spine. - Neurological assessments - Glasgow Coma Scale. - Pupil assessment. - Reflexes. - Palpate the skull. - Assess for increased ICP. - Intubation, mechanically ventilation - care for machinery. - 2 large-bore IV's - administer warmed isotonic fluid to maintain adequate circulation. - Administer blood products. - Do not place an NG tube if basal skull fracture is suspected.

TBI

Prevention of ______ includes injury prevention education, anticipatory guidance, helmets, seat belts, car seats, effective sporting equipment, and home safety inspection.

TBI

Signs & symptoms of a ______ includes... - Scalp laceration - Alteration in LOC - Seizures

TBI

______ ______ is caused by hypofuntion of the posterior pituitary gland.

diabetes insipidus

______ stirdor can be caused by FB, bacterial tracheitis.

biphasic

______ stridor occurs at or below the cords, intra or extrathoracic.

biphasic

Treatment of ______ includes... - Hospitalization and IV antibiotics if severe, steroids. - Anti-inflammatory medication. - Medications.

cellulitis

______ hydrocephalus includes... - Post-hemorrhagic. - Post-inflammatory. - Post-infectious.

acquired

______ seizures are caused by... - Febrile episode - Acute cerebral edema - Tumor - Toxins - Metabolic

acute

______ OM is inflammation of the middle ear space with the rapid onset of the signs and symptoms of acute infection = fever ear pain.

acute (AOM)

Characteristics of a ______ seizure include... - "Staring" - Periods of staring or only minor movements of brief periods of time. - Nonconvulsive. - May happen several times/ day.

absence

Diagnosis of ______ is based on skin assessment, history, laboratory tests for underlying endocrine disorder.

acne

Education for ______ includes... - Proper skin care. - Medication management.

acne

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Cleaning the area. - Assess area in good light. - Teaching about medications. - Light therapy. - Laser sources.

acne

Prevention of ______ includes skin care and cleansing, decreased rubbing and picking, avoid oil-based cleaning, proper makeup, manage stress and diet

acne

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Increased sebum production. - Follicular hyperkeratinization. - P-acnes within the follicle. - Inflammation with papules, pustules, or nodules. - Can be mild or severe. ~ Mild - open and closed comedones with no inflammatory lesion. ~ Moderate - mix of noninflammatory comedones and inflammatory pustules and papules. ~ Severe - increased number of inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules, with scarring.

acne

Treatment of ______ includes accutane which is a retinoid. - Causes severe birth defects. - Hypercholesteremia, drying of mucous membranes, decreased night vision, headaches, depression, liver damage. - Do not share medication. - Monitor liver enzymes.

acne

______ is caused by the onset of adrenal androgenic hormones with increased size of the sebaceous glands in the prepubertal child is the primary reason for the inflammation and presence of papules, pustules, or nodules. - Can begin earlier in some children.

acne

______ is the most common bacterial skin disorder treated in adolescents.

acne

Characteristics of ______ ______ includes... - Tripod position with chin outward. - Mouth open, drooling, protruding tongue. - Dysphagia. - Irritable, restless. - Thick, muffled voice. - Croaking sound on inspiration. - Suprasternal and substernal retractions. - Breaths slowly, throat is red and inflamed. - Distinctive large, red, edematous epiglottis.

acute epiglottitis

Diagnosis of ______ ______ includes blood cultures to identify the causative organism, radiograph of lateral neck.

acute epiglottitis

Education for______ ______ includes... - Medication compliance and administration. - Symptoms of side effects and worsening conditions.

acute epiglottitis

If a provider is performing a laryngoscopy for ______ ______ have tracheal intubation equipment ready.

acute epiglottitis

Prevention of ______ ______ includes the HIB immunization, hand washing, proper hygiene, and prevention of spreading.

acute epiglottitis

Treatment for ______ ______ includes... - Maintain airway. - Antibiotics - can't give orally, don't start an IV when distressed.

acute epiglottitis

With ______ ______ do not attempt to visualize the throat with a tongue blade - laryngospasm - airway occlusion.

acute epiglottitis

______ ______ is a sudden, potentially lethal condition characterized by high fever, sore throat, dyspnea, and rapidly progressing respiratory obstruction.

acute epiglottitis

______ ______ is considered a medical emergency and a serious obstructive inflammatory condition that requires immediate attention. - The child goes to bed asymptomatic and wakens with complaints of sore throat and pain or swelling accompanied by a febrile state, elevated WBC.

acute epiglottitis

______ _____ resolves within 3-4 days or up to 2 weeks. Signs & symptoms include... - Fever, chills. - Foul breath. - Dry throat, difficulty swallowing. - Dysphagia, otalgia, headache. - Malaise, muscular pains. - Enlarged cervical nodes. - Enlarged tonsils - airway obstruction = mouth breathing.

acute tonsillitis

Characteristics of a ______ seizure include... - Complete or total lack of movement.

akinetic

Two components of ______ ______ includes arousal and thought content.

altered LOC

Diagnosis of ______ bites is based on signs & symptoms, radiograph for severe problems.

animal

Prevention of ______ bites includes supervision, safety approaches with animals, permission to pet animals, do not tease an animal.

animal

Signs & symptoms of ______ bites includes... - Scratches, abrasions, deep lacerations or punctures, crushing tissues and bone injury. - Cat scratch disease, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis.

animal

Treatment and nursing care of ______ bites includes... - Obtain an accurate history. - Cleansing the site. - Topical antibiotics. - Dressings. - Tetanus booster. - Antibiotics. - Assess if animal was rabid. - Reportable injury.

animal

Children may outgrow an _______ dosage and need a larger dose.

anticonvulsant

With ______ medications, monitor liver and kidney function, hematological values, and serum levels.

anticonvulsant

______ meningitis is "viral", caused by a known or unknown viral agent typically presenting at peak seasonal viral illness intervals in the fall and winter.

aseptic

Diagnosis of ______ is based on symptoms, history, and exam; pulse oximetry, blood gases, CBC, pulmonary function tests, peak expiratory flow rate, allergy testing, and chest radiography.

asthma

Education for _____ includes... - Prevention, health education. - Medications, use of equipment. - Adhering to treatment. - Prevent infection. - Avoid triggers.

asthma

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Assist with symptom relief. - Health education. - Calm approach. - Side-lying and semi-prone positions. - Respiratory assessment. - Prevent further attacks. - Asthma action plan.

asthma

Prevention of ______ includes identify environmental factors that trigger and attack, compliance with medication, how to use inhalers, spacer devices, aerosol equipment, manage away from home, and recognize when there is a need to seek additional assistance.

asthma

Risk factors for ______ includes... - Air pollution, allergen exposure, exposure to tobacco smoke, chemical odors. - Low socioeconomic status.

asthma

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Recurrent wheezing. - SOB, nonproductive cough. - Chest tightness or pain. - Exercise intolerance. - Prolonged expiratory phase of respirations. - Tachypnea. - Retractions and nasal flaring. - History of allergies. - History of atopic dermatitis. - Nasal polyps. - History of nighttime cough. - Family history.

asthma

Treatment for ______ includes... - Quick-relief medications. - Liquefying secretions - hydration, positing, comfort, lung expansion. - Respiratory treatments. - Long-term control medications. - Anti-inflammatory medications. - Low-dose control medications. - Steroids, beta-antagonists.

asthma

______ is a chronic condition characterized by bronchial smooth muscle spasm, inflammation and edema of the bronchial mucosa, and production and retention of thick, tenacious, pulmonary secretions leading to airway obstruction. - Changes in weather, pollution, and smoke may trigger an attack along with exercise, anxiety, strong emotions, infections. - Response comes in 10-20 minutes.

asthma

______ CP causes difficulty with balance and depth perception. - Walk with unsteady gait, poor coordination, fine motor control problems.

ataxic

______ CP characterized by uncontrolled involuntary writhing movement of extremities. - Facial muscles may be affected - drooling, speech difficulties, grimacing.

athetoid/ dyskinetic

Characteristics of a ______ seizure include... - "Drop attack" - Sudden drop due to loss of tone. - No LOC but loses awareness. - Occurs in children 2-4 years old. - Nonconvulsive.

atonic

Diagnosis of ______ dermatitis is based on complete family history and visual assessment, blood tests for IgE antibodies.

atopic

Education for ______ dermatitis includes... - Gentle cleansing. - Do not scratch. - Monitor for infection.

atopic

Signs & symptoms of ______ dermatitis includes... - Red, raised rash that is pruritic and painful with red papules with serous exudate during acute phase. - Rash is dry and cracks in the subacute phase. - Rash thickens and the papule becomes fibrotic during the chronic phase.

atopic

Treatment of ______ dermatitis includes... - Monitoring and assessment of the rash. - Warm bathing water. - Avoid scrubbing. - Moisturizing.

atopic

______ dermatitis is a chronic skin condition with three phases - acute, subacute, chronic. - Presents on the head, face, and lateral arms and legs, fold of the arms and legs, eyelids and neck.

atopic

______ dermatitis is found in children with allergies and with a family history of allergies, asthma, and rhinitis. - Present in the first year of life. - May be immunological in nature.

atopic

______ is when muscle disuse leads to breakdown and loss of muscle mass. - May take weeks or months to restore.

atrophy

______ are bitten more often and occurs mostly between ages 5-9 years. - Improper behavior causes the animal to bite.

boys

______ for scoliosis stops the progression of scoliosis, worn 23 hours per day, only remove when showering, body image.

bracing

______ is most common in children under 2 years. - Highly contagious, spreads by direct contact with respiratory secretions or from particles on contaminated objects.

bronchiolotitis

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Neurovascular assessment, vital signs. - Dry cast by leaving it open to air - no hair dryer. - Elevation of the extremity. - Hygiene and bathing - cover the cast. - Prevent constipation.

casts

______ are a solid mold applied for immobilization. - Monitor for compartment syndrome.

casts

______ bites are on the upper extremities and face.

cat

Diagnosis of ______ is based on history and physical, lab tests, radiological testing, CBC, blood cultures for sepsis.

cellulitis

Education for ______ includes... - Medication regimen. - Warm, moist packs. - Analgesics. - Monitor for complications.

cellulitis

Prevention of ______ includes wash wound daily, OTC antibiotic cream or ointment, watch for infection.

cellulitis

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Skin that is red to purplish red. - Skin that is swollen or indurated, warm or hot to touch. - Skin that is tender or painful to touch. - Fever, malaises, chills, lymphadenitis.

cellulitis

______ is a bacterial skin infection and is a spreading bacterial infection that enters via existent openings in the skin caused by dermatological trauma that then spreads into the interstitial space. - Most common in the face and extremities. - Method of injury will impact the treatment.

cellulitis

______ ______ occurs when the production or secretion of ADH is insufficient because of damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus.

central/ neurogenic DI

______ ______ is the most common permanent physical disability of childhood, characterized by physical impairment and mild to severe physical and mental dysfunction.

cerebral palsy (CP)

______ ______ ______ is the difference between the mean arterial pressure within the cerebral vessels and ICP. - Decreased CPP causes ischemia. - CPP = MAP - ICP. - Increased MAP = increased CPP. - Increased ICP = decreased CPP.

cerebral perfusion pressure

With fractures, a ______ bone heals faster because of a higher metabolic rate, thick periosteum, generous blood supply, and because the epiphyseal plate is still open.

child's

______ are more likely to have injuries to their musculoskeletal system.

children

______ are predisposed to head injury because their heads are larger in relation to their body size, they have a more unsteady gait, and they have thinner, softer cerebral tissue.

children

______ seizures are caused by... - Idiopathic - Long term development secondary to an event - trauma, infection, congenital problem.

chronic

______ OM with effusion is persistent middle ear infection with discharge through a tympanic membrane perforation. - Condition in which fluid remains in the middle ear for a long time even though there is no infection.

chronic (COME)

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Foul breath, chronic sore throat. - Foreign body sensation. - History of expelling foul tasting, smelly, cheesy lumps.

chronic tonsillitis

Characteristics of a ______ seizure include... - Intermittent rhythmic jerks, 1-3 per second. - May start in one location then migrate to another location.

clonic

A ______ fracture occurs when there is no break to the skin. - Aligned by manually manipulating the extremity, or traction under conscious sedation or general anesthesia. - Goal is to reduce the fracture as soon as possible.

closed

A neurovascular assessment for ______ must be done every 1-2 hours for the first 24-48 hours after the cast application and every 4 hours until new cast is placed. - Assess for swelling

clubfoot

Diagnosis of ______ is based on visualization during newborn nursing assessment. - No prevention.

clubfoot

Education for ______ includes... - Cast care - cast outside diaper, double diapering. - Repositioning every 2 hours. - Elevated extremity. - Notify healthcare provider of fever, infection, or unrelieved pain. - Follow-up care. - Potential for reoccurrence. - Continue to play and read to the child.

clubfoot

It is possible in ______ that the position of the fetus in utero influences the formation - restriction.

clubfoot

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Passive range of motion. - Cast care. - Pain medication. - Neurovascular assessments. - Keep cast open to air to dry.

clubfoot

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Foot is plantar flexed. - Foot has an inverted heel. - Foot has an adducted forefoot. - Foot is rigid and cannot be manipulated into a neutral position.

clubfoot

Surgical treatment for ______ occurs at 9-12 months to lengthens the tendons or a tendon transfer.

clubfoot

______ is an inflammatory rash marked by itching and redness that occurs as a result of numerous conditions.

dermatitis

Treatment for ______ is initiated as soon as possible after birth and can be treated with serial casting on the affected extremity at specified intervals to permit progressively greater ranges of joint motion so that the maximum range needed for function may be restored

clubfoot

When treating ______ a cast is applied after the manipulation of the foot and then the cast is molded around the heel while the forefoot is abducted. - It takes up to 7 different manipulations and castings to achieve the maximum position.

clubfoot

When treating ______ while casted, the affected extremity is manipulated into a more normal position, and a cast is applied to hold this position. - In the beginning, the cast is changed frequently and eventually reduced to a less frequent basis until overcorrection of the position is achieved.

clubfoot

______ is a common foot deformity diagnosed in newborns. - Complex deformity that includes forefoot adduction, midfoot supination, hindfoot varus, and ankle equinus. - 95% of cases are talipes eqinovarus.

clubfoot

______ is a genetic disorder and there is higher incidence in identical twins than in fraternal twins.

clubfoot

______ occurs in 1:1000 births and is more common in males. - May occur in isolation or in association with other conditions - spina bifida.

clubfoot

______ hydrocephalus occurs when there is full communication between the subarachnoid space and ventricle. - Causes include defective absorption of CSF, over production of CSF, and venous drainage insufficiency.

communicating

The 5 P's of ______ ______ includes... - Pain - Pallor - Pulselessness - Paresthesia - Poikiolothermia

compartment syndrome

To prevent ______ ______, elevate the extremity to prevent excessive swelling and perform frequent neurovascular checks. - Notify HCP of signs/ symptoms.

compartment syndrome

______ ______ causes intercompartmental pressure to increase, and blood flow to the tissue distal to the affected compartment stops= ischemia, necrosis. - Unrelenting pain that is unrelieved by narcotics.

compartment syndrome

______ ______ develops when pressure within a closed fascial compartment is raised when inflammation occurs in the tissue that is surrounded by the fascia and causes a decrease in blood flow and perfusion to the muscle surrounded by the fascia.

compartment syndrome

A ______ ______ seizure lasts longer than 15 minutes and recurs within 24 hours.

complex febrile

A ______ causes and alteration in neurologic and/ or cognitive function after a head injury. - Most common form of head injury. - Longer recovery times in children.

concussion

Management of a ______ includes... - Physical and cognitive rest. - Return to learn and play.

concussion

______ hydrocephalus is most structural/ genetic and some prenatal events - acquired, but prenatal.

congenital

Diagnosis of ______ dermatitis is based on in and out of clinic, biopsy.

contact

Education for ______ dermatitis includes... - Preventative methods. - Medication management. - Sedative for sleeping. - Complete the dosing of the medication as prescribed.

contact

Prevention of ______ dermatitis includes wear long sleeves and pants in wooded areas, avoid allergens, frequent diaper changes.

contact

Signs & symptoms of ______ dermatitis includes... - Irritated, inflamed, and pruritic rash within 48 hours of contact with the offending agent. - Vesicles and bullae. - Urticaria when there is contact with the allergen. - Vesicles that may weep serous fluid.

contact

Treatment of ______ dermatitis includes... - Drying agent. - Cool baths. - OTC hydrocortisone. - Oral steroids. - Topical anesthetic.

contact

______ dermatitis occurs if an allergen or skin irritant is encountered.

contact

Diagnosis of ______ is based on signs and symptoms and history, soft tissue imaging of the neck and chest, subglottic narrowing - steeple sign

croup

Education for ______ includes... - Cool-mist humidification, steamy bathroom. - Medication compliance and administration. - Symptoms of side effects and worsening conditions.

croup

Nursing care of ______ depends on the causative organism and includes... - Maintain airway. - Provide adequate respiratory exchange. - Observe for worsening symptoms, stay with the child. - Provide rest and humidification. - Monitor fluid balance. - Administer medications. - Monitor for changes in LOC.

croup

Prevention of ______ includes hand washing, proper hygiene, prevention of spreading.

croup

______ affects children between 3 months- 5 years. - Incidence is high in body, common during winter.

croup

______ encompasses a group of illnesses affecting the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. - The lateral walls of the trachea below the level of the vocal cords are marked by swelling and erythema. - Described according to the main anatomical area affected - epiglottitis, supraglottitis, laryngitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and bacterial tracheitis.

croup

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Usually caused by staphylococcus aureus. - Peak age is 3-36 months. - Acute onset. - Hoarseness, barky cough. - Inspiratory stridor. - Toxic appearance marked distress. - Purulent sputum. - High fever 102.2F.

croup LTB

Diagnosis of ______ ______ is based on history, and visualization; recent antibiotic, diabetes, or immune deficiency disorder are risk; fungal culture.

cutaneous candidasis

Education of ______ ______ includes... - Drop of blood after feeding. - Prevention.

cutaneous candidasis

Prevention of ______ ______ includes clean bottle nipples and allowing to dry, keep diaper area dry.

cutaneous candidasis

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Oral - whitish-gray plaques that cannot be removed. - Skin - fine, red or pink raised papules on the skin with a scalloped border - satellite lesion - stray papules present near the border of the moist rash area. - Pruritic, tender.

cutaneous candidasis

Treatment of ______ ______ includes... - Swab to apply medication to insides of both cheeks. - Antifungal treatment. - Topical treatment.

cutaneous candidasis

______ ______ is a fungal infection that is a form of candia fungi that lives naturally in the gut and oral mucosa but is not a threat to intact skin. - Overgrowth can occur in newborns through birth. - Children who have an immune disorder are at risk of developing oral (thrush) or diaper area. - Corticosteroid inhalers pose a risk - rinse mouth.

cutaneous candidasis

______ ______ is an inherited autosomal-recessive disorder that causes the production of thick mucus that blocks exocrine glands and affects several body systems - respiratory, GI, reproductive. - Most common cause of chronic respiratory disease in children, accompanied by multiple, severe respiratory infections.

cystic fibrosis (CF)

______ ______ is a combination of hyperglycemia ketosis, and acidosis resulting from severely deficient insulin. - Ketones are made when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of using sugar. - Leading cause of death in children with T1DM.

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Nursing care for ______ dermatitis includes... - Allow area to heal with minimal moisture. - Frequent diaper changes. - Air dry, barrier ointments.

diaper

______ dermatitis is a from of contact dermatitis where the diaper area is prone and could be the result of diaper perfumes, cloth diaper detergents or wipes. - One form of irritant contact dermatitis and can be caused by prolonged exposure to urine and feces.

diaper

______ dermatitis is characterized by an erythematous, confluent maculopapular rash that is prominent on convex surfaces and in the folds.

diaper

______ brain injury occurs when the skull vault is penetrated.

direct

In ______ ______ there is slower GI motility and potential for increased reflux, risk for atelectasis and pneumonia, and decreased circulation.

disuse syndrome

______ ______ is general immobilization in which changes occur as a result of alterations in the effect of gravity and stress on the bones and muscles. - Decreased muscle strength and mass. - Contractures and decreased joint mobility. - Bone demineralization leading to osteoporosis.

disuse syndrome

______ bites are the most common form of animal bite. - Head and neck.

dog

______ is reoccurring seizure activity.

epilepsy

With fractures, damage to the ______ ______ can result in a limb length discrepancy, joint incongruity, and progressive angular deformity of the limb.

epiphysial plate

The ______ supplies blood to the growth plate.

epiphysis

______ stridor can be caused by FB.

expiratory

______ stridor occurs below the cords, intrathoracic.

expiratory

Treatment of ______ seizures include antipyretic and anticonvulsant therapy - controversial for prophylactic treatment.

febrile

______ seizures are most common form of first-time seizure in childhood and are usually seen in children younger than 3. - Exact etiology is unknown. - Velocity of the temperature increase that precipitates a febrile seizure, rather than the actual temperature.

febrile

______ warts occur on the face or legs and are flesh colored with no pain.

flat

Diagnosis of ______ ______ ______ is based on physical signs, x-ray, bronchoscopic examination, and CUPS assessment.

foreign body aspiration

Education for ______ ______ ______ includes... - Safety precautions. - Heimlich maneuver.

foreign body aspiration

Nursing care for ______ ______ ______ includes... - Monitor vital signs. - Explain procedures to parents. - Monitor respiratory status.

foreign body aspiration

Prevention of ______ ______ ______ includes educating caregivers on safe food and toys, keep toxic substances out of children's reach, and do not force feed.

foreign body aspiration

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ ______ includes... - Initial- runny nose, choking, gagging, wheezing, coughing. - Secondary- related to anatomical area. · Larynx - voice. · Bronchi - cough, airway entry, wheezing, dyspnea.

foreign body aspiration

Treatment of ______ ______ ______ includes... - NPO status. - Cool-mist vaporizer. - Antibiotic therapy. - Instrumental assistance to remove obstruction.

foreign body aspiration

When considering ______ ______ ______, the aspirated object may stay in the same place of obstruction or move with air. - If the child coughs, it may be spit out.

foreign body aspiration

With ______ ______ ______, the bronchioles and bronchi may become larger during inspiration and smaller during expiration. - Small objects may cause little damage, and large objects may occlude the whole airway passage, causing more severe symptoms. - A sharp object may lead to severe trauma and child child may have complications.

foreign body aspiration

______ ______ ______ refers to any solid or liquid substance that becomes caught in the respiratory tract and blocks air passage. - Young children are at high risk - curiosity, habit of putting items in the mouth. - The most frequently aspirated objects are organic food items - peanuts, popcorn, hotdogs, or vegetable matter and fruit gel snacks. - Non-food objects include balloons, coins, pen tops, and pins.

foreign body aspiration

Complications of ______ includes... - Shock - Fat Emboli - DVT - Pulmonary Embolism - Infection - Malunion - Nonunion - Compartment syndrome

fractures

Education for ______ includes... - Review management. - Neurovascular assessment. - Adaptions to the home environment. - Proper nutrition.

fractures

In children, bone remodeling differs with ______, because bone irregularities are smoothed out over time.

fractures

Prevention of ______ in children includes... - Teaching parents to buckle-up children. - Protective gear for sports. - Preventing falls, - Safety while biking and walking.

fractures

Surgical intervention for ______ includes open reduction and internal fixation which stabilizes the bones ends until healed. - Percutaneous pins, screws, or rods. - Immediately immobilize to relieve pain and prevent further damage- splints, braces, casts, external fixators, or traction. - Concern for infection - antibiotics for 3 days, wound cleansing. - Assess wound and provide pin care every 8 hours. - Manage pain and muscle spasms. - Prevent constipation.

fractures

The goals of treating ______ include... - Regain alignment of bony fragment - Retain alignment and length. - Restore function. - Prevent further injury or deformity.

fractures

Treatment of ______ includes... - History about how the injury occurred. - Prevent complications. - Immobilization. - Neurovascular assessments. - Notify HCP of changes. - Elevate extremity. - Applying cold packs in 15-minute intervals for the first 24-hours after injury. - Assess for swelling and discoloration in the extremity. - Follow activity restrictions. - Do not allow the limb to hang down. - Do not put anything inside the cast. - Ensure correct ambulation with a clear path. - Encourage rest, nutrition, and quiet activities. - Ensure the child moves the joints above and below the cast.

fractures

______ occur when a bone undergoes more stress than it can absorb. - Skeletal fractures account for 10-15% of all childhood injuries. - Most common causes include MVC and bicycle crashes.

fractures

A ______ seizure occurs when more than one area of the brain is affected. - Tonic-Clonic - Atonic - Absence - Tonic - Myoclonic - Clonic - Akinetic

generalized

______ is used for extremely low blood glucose levels. - Patient cannot/ will not eat fast acting carbohydrate. - Always call 911. - Intranasal for children 4 years and older.

glucagon

Education for ______ bites includes... - Cleaning and dressing the wound. - Prevention. - Monitor for infection. - Antibiotic use.

human

Prevention of ______ bites includes monitoring children, parenting techniques.

human

Signs & symptoms of ______ bites includes... - Teeth marks without penetration. - Cutting or piercing of the skin. - Bruising, swelling, or tenderness. - Erythema, pain, or fever.

human

Treatment and nursing care of ______ bites includes... - Accurate history of the incident. - The biter and bitten are at risk for blood borne disease. - Testing exposure. - Irrigate wound with LR. - Topical antibiotic applied. - Dress wound and elevate extremity. - Monitor for infection. - Evaluate child's immunizations.

human

______ bites are common in toddlers and young children. - Risk for osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.

human

______ bites carry a high risk for infection and may carry blood-borne disease.

human

______ ______ is a viral skin infection that causes warts by invading the epithelial cells in the skin. - Transmitted by direct skin-to-skin or mucous membrane contact and from hard surface areas from gymnasium floors. - Incubation period is 2-6 months, can have a latency period. - Types include common warts, plantar warts, and flat warts.

human papillomavirus (HPV)

Diagnosis of ______ is based on ultrasound during prenatal exam, observed signs & symptoms, increased head circumference, CT, MRI, cisternogram, and lumbar puncture.

hydrocephalus

______ is a bacterial infection of the skin found on and around the mouth and nose. - The lesions begin as a vesicle or pustule surrounded by edema and erythema which erupt and become crust and sticky. - May be pruritus, not painful. - Over time it clears leaving so scarring.

impetigo

Education for ______ includes... - Continuous monitoring and assessment - lifelong disorder. - Complications - increased ICP, shunt malfunctions. - Signs & symptoms of infection to report. - Explain that the child will not be able to participate in contact sports because of the possibility of shunt damage. - Safe transport and positioning - reclining car seat.

hydrocephalus

Prevention of ______ includes early prenatal care and follow-up.

hydrocephalus

Signs & symptoms of ______ in infants includes... - May have no signs or symptoms. - Irritability, vomiting. - Large head/ accelerated head growth - crossing percentiles. - Full fontanelle, poor head control. - Increased LE spasticity. - Enlargement of scalp veins. - Eye crossing, jiggling eyes. - Split sutures. - Bradycardia, apnea. - Delayed milestones.

hydrocephalus

Signs & symptoms of ______ in older children includes... - Headache, nausea, vomiting, irritability, lethargy. - Papilledema, vision changes. - Neck pain. - Gait changes. - Cognitive problems.

hydrocephalus

Signs & symptoms of ______ is based on age and the cause and rate of development. - Signs & symptoms of increased ICP. - MacEwen's sign - tapping on the skull near the junction of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones yield an unusually resonant sound. - Difficulty holding the head upright. - Prominent forehead. - Head enlargement. - Prominent veins over the head. - Bulging of the eyes with downward gaze - sunset eyes.

hydrocephalus

Treatment of ______ includes... - Examine child for signs & symptoms. - Measure head circumference. - Medication treatment is not effective in long-term treatment of chronic hydrocephalus.

hydrocephalus

______ is a build-up of an increase of CSF production, impedance to CSF absorption, or an obstruction of flow. - As fluid volume increases in the ventricles, pressure increases within the intracranial vault.

hydrocephalus

______ is abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain. - Most cases are obstructive. - CSF is continuously made in the choroid plexus of the ventricles. - Production is independent of pressure. - Regulated by enzymes - certain medications can turn down production, but not off.

hydrocephalus

______ reduces immunity and causes susceptibility to infections.

hyperglycemia

Diagnosis of ______ is based on newborn screening, serum sample, low T4 and high TSH, radiography.

hypothyroidism

Education for ______ includes... - About the disorder. - Treatment plan. - Administration of medication. - Adverse effects of medication. - Monitor child's growth, weight gain, and developmental milestone progression to validate medication dosing. - Laboratory tests. - Signs and symptoms, complications. - The return of normal thyroid function may take a long time. - Changes in behavior.

hypothyroidism

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Educate family on the importance of compliance with medication, periodic monitoring of thyroid function. And normal pattern of growth without complications. - Blood tests. - Frequent visits.

hypothyroidism

Signs & symptoms of ______ in infancy includes... - Prolonged newborn jaundice. - Poor feeding, constipation. - Cool, mottled skin. - Hypotonia, increased sleepiness. - Decreased crying. - Larger fontanelles, umbilical hernia. - Large, thick tongue.

hypothyroidism

Signs & symptoms of ______ in older childhood includes... - Bradycardia, fatigue. - Hypothermia, hoarse voice. - Dry, flaky skin. - Puffiness in the face. - Impaired memory and difficulty thinking. - Drowsiness. - Heavy or irregular menstrual periods. - Constipation.

hypothyroidism

Signs & symptoms of ______ in toddlerhood includes... - Short stature. - Delayed dentition. - Delays in major developmental milestones. - Weight gain, puffy facial features. - Severe mental retardation, protruding abdomen. - Umbilical hernia. - Thick, dry, scaly, pale or mottled skin. - Sparse, coarse, dry or brittle hair.

hypothyroidism

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes bradycardia, chronic tiredness, inability to tolerate cold, learning impairment.

hypothyroidism

Treatment for ______ includes... - Thyroid hormone replacement therapy - for life; simple, easy, inexpensive. - Levothyroxine sodium - doses determined on age and weight. - Iodine supplementation.

hypothyroidism

______ is not preventable but intellectual disabilities and delayed growth and development may be reduced or prevented through prompt recognition and treatment.

hypothyroidism

______ is thyroid insufficiency where the thyroid gland is underactive and secretes too little thyroid hormone for the body to function normally. - If left untreated, can lead to a goiter.

hypothyroidism

______ clubfoot is true congenital clubfoot with varied severity.

idiopathic

Diagnosis of ______ is based on assessment and culture.

impetigo

Education for ______ includes... - Hygiene and prevention. - Do not scratch. - Change pillow cases.

impetigo

Infants and children less than 5 years are at greatest risk for ______.

impetigo

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Vesicles, pustules - upon rupture, lesion with honey-colored exudates; exudate dries into a crusty, sticky residue. - Mild edema. - Erythema. - Pruritic.

impetigo

Treatment of ______ includes... - May allow for spontaneous resolution by strict hygiene measures if at home. - Topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics for widespread infections.

impetigo

Medications for ______ ______ includes... - Antiseizure medication - phenytoin - monitor for gingival hyperplasia - swollen and bleeding gums, proper hygiene. - Decrease cerebral edema - mannitol. - Reduce ICP - barbiturates. - Sedation, analgesia - narcotics, benzodiazepines - overstimulation, fear, and pain can increase ICP.

increased ICP

Prevention of ______ ______ includes safety and injury prevention, educational strategies, anticipatory guidance, helmets, car seats, and seat belts.

increased ICP

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ is related to cerebral edema and ischemia.

increased ICP

Surgical treatment for ______ ______ is done when other measures are unsuccessful. It includes a craniotomy. - Complication = herniation = increased ICP. - Monitor for infection and increased ICP.

increased ICP

Treatment for ______ ______ includes - Monitor for changes in neurological status - occur quickly. - Assess LOC, Glasgow Coma Scale. - Monitor vital signs, reflexes, and pupil reactions. - Monitor temperature - cerebral infections cause fever - antipyretics, cooling the environment, hypothermic blanket, tepid bath. - Elevated HOB to 15-30 degrees, maintain head midline. - Passive ROM every 2 hours - prevent contractures. - Maintain a patent airway. - Repositioning every 2 hours. - Inadequate circulation = fluid administration. - Monitor fluid balance - I&O. - Monitor for seizures - seizure precautions. - Intensive care unit. - Intracranial pressure monitoring.

increased ICP

When considering ______ ______ a delicate balance exists between the volume of the intracranial vault and the contents including the brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid which is the fluid of the brain and spinal cord that supplies nutrients and removes waste and serves a cushion that absorbs shock to the CNS.

increased ICP

______ ______ can lead to secondary brain injury. - Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment is essential.

increased ICP

______ ______ occurs when the pressure of the CSF in the subarachnoid space between the skill and brain.

increased ICP

______ brain injury results when structural deformation occurs.

indirect

The biggest concern for open fractures is ______.

infection

Education for ______ bites includes... - Prevention measures. - Removing ticks - save ticks in the freezer to be tested for disease if needed. - Remove stingers. - Cleanse area of bites.

insect

Nursing care of ______ bites includes... - Cleanse the site. - Cold compress. - Antihistamines. - Remove stinger if present. - Elevate extremity. - Remove tick if present - monitor for rash. - Monitor for infection. - Emergency assistance for systemic reactions - brown recluse spider, black widow spider.

insect

Prevention of ______ bites includes wear light-colored clothing with minimal patterns, wear minimal perfumes, cover the skin when possible, bug repellant, stay away from bug environments.

insect

The most common form of ______ bite is a mosquito. - Spider, tick, bees, wasps, hornets, scorpions, flies, fleas, and fire ants are also common.

insect

______ stridor can be caused by croup and epiglottitis.

inspiratory

______ stridor occurs above the cords, extrathoracic.

inspiratory

Surgical treatment for ______ is delayed unless ICP and cerebral edema are compromising outcomes.

meningitis

______ needs are affected by child's nutritional intake and physical energy expended, emotional and stress level, growth spurts, puberty, illness. - Type is based on the child's blood glucose levels and the lifestyle. - Must be given subQ - 1-4/ day. - Insulin pump - steady dose of insulin throughout the day.

insulin

A ______ ______ can lead to shortening of tendons, ligaments, and reduction in joint movement. - Simple fractures in otherwise healthy children rarely lead to this.

joint contracture

A ______ ______ occurs when the arrangement of collagen is altered in the tissues, results in denser tissue that does not glide as easily.

joint contracture

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Abdominal pain. - Nausea and vomiting. - Fruity-smelling breath. - Weakness. - Mental confusion. - Coma. - Slow, labored breathing. - Flushed cheeks and face.

ketosis

Bacterial ______ is the result of bacterial dissemination from a nasopharyngeal or a hematological inoculation. - Pathogen migrates into the CSF and imbeds in the subarachnoid space. - Body reacts with a severe inflammatory response and WBC proliferation.

meningitis

Diagnosis of ______ is based off of lumbar puncture with CSF analysis, review of illness, CBC, SIC panel, blood cultures, gram stain.

meningitis

Education for ______ includes... - Disease process. - Preventing injury. - Detection of complications. - Long-term parental access, IV antibiotics. - ICP monitoring.

meningitis

ICP should be monitored with ______. - Photophobia, irritability, high-pitched cry, anorexia, emesis. - Radiological evaluation - CT, MRI. - Keep room quiet, dim, and without loud or noxious visual, auditory, or olfactory stimuli.

meningitis

Prevention of ______ is done with vaccinations when possible.

meningitis

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Fever - Headache - Lethargy, irritability - Nausea, vomiting - Kernig's and Brudzinski's sign

meningitis

Treatment for ______ includes... - Neurologic assessments. - LOC assessment - Glasgow, pupil response, activity. - ICP monitoring - fontanelles. - Anticonvulsants. - Seizure precautions. - NPO until nausea and vomiting is resolve. - Comfort care - proper room, antipyretics, nutrition, emotional support, massage, NSAIDs, baths, rest. - Bacterial= IV antibiotics. - Viral= supportive care. - Household members are advised to take antibiotics.

meningitis

______ is an inflammation of the structures in the central nervous system caused by an infectious process. - The meninges are composed of 3 membranes that cover the brain and protect it from injury and infection.

meningitis

_______ can develop any time during childhood. - Neonatal - caused by pathogen transmitted during the labor and delivery process or while in utero.

meningitis

______ CP is a combination of two or more types of CP. - Difficulty or inability to walk, speech difficulty, swallowing problems, breathing difficulties, bowel or bladder incontinence, seizures, vision problems, leaning disabilities, hearing deficits, attention or behavioral problems, impaired senses.

mixed

Diagnosis of ______ ______ is based on assessing the skin, family history, sexual contact.

molluscum contagiosum

Education for ______ ______ includes... - Hand hygiene. - No picking at the lesion.

molluscum contagiosum

Prevention of ______ ______ includes no sharing tubs or towels.

molluscum contagiosum

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Small flesh or pink colored papule that are 2-6mm in diameter. - Found on the truck and face, thighs, genitals, and pubic area. - Never on the palms or soles.

molluscum contagiosum

______ ______ commonly resolves on their own, but treatment can include... - Topical tretinoin to irritate the skin and stimulate the immune system. - Curettage, cryotherapy. - Topical or oral antibiotics.

molluscum contagiosum

______ ______ is a viral skin infection caused by a poxvirus. - Self-limiting.

molluscum contagiosum

______ ______ is transmitted through direct contact with contaminated objects or by sexual contact, easier when the skin is wet.

molluscum contagiosum

Diagnosis of ______ ______ is based off of family history, CK levels, muscle biopsy, electromyelogram. - No prevention available.

muscular dystrophies

Education for ______ ______ includes... - Skin care. - Stool softeners and laxatives. - Emotional support - must watch their child pass away gradually. - Support groups, spiritual care. - Genetic counseling.

muscular dystrophies

Surgical treatment for ______ ______ is usually not indicated, but scoliosis and dislocated hips are common.

muscular dystrophies

Treatment for ______ ______ includes... - Maintain independent living for the child as long as possible. - Prevent contractures. - Foster independence and self-care. - Encourage child to be involved in activities to maintain independence. - Prevent respiratory infections. - Hoyer lift, special bed, wheelchair. - Nutrition.

muscular dystrophies

______ ______ is a group of muscle disorders that cause the gradual wasting of symmetrical groups of skeletal muscle. - Leads to progressive weakness and wasting of symmetric groups of skeletal muscles. - Most common group of muscle disorders in childhood.

muscular dystrophies

______ ______ result from genetic defect that causes the degeneration of muscle fibers. - No prevention. - Identified in early childhood.

muscular dystrophies

A ruptured ______ creates a risk for meningitis.

myelomeningocele

The membrane of the ______ may be intact or may leak. - If it leaks, the risk for infection and neuronal damage is increased. - Until closed, CSF may accumulate which results in further dilation and enlargement of the sac, and further neuronal damage may occur.

myelomeningocele

______ is the most severe form of spina bifida and is evident on delivery. - The meninges protrude through the defect, and the meninges contain spinal cord elements. - Appears as a very pronounced skin defect covered by a transparent membrane and may have neural tissue attached to the inner surface.

myelomeningocele

Characteristics of a ______ seizure include... - Occurs from metabolic etiology. - Single or multiple jerks or flexion of limbs.

myoclonic

______ clubfoot occurs with spina bifida.

neurologic

______ assessments are priority for fractures. - Assess for pain, numbness, and tingling.

neurovasular

Postoperative care of ______ includes... - Monitor vitals and pain. - Pain management. - Surgical wound, pin care. - Return of bowel sounds, postop voiding. - Diet. - Distraction techniques.

osteomyelitis

______ hydrocephalus is "obstructive", and occurs when CSF flow within the ventricular system of the ventricular outlets to the arachnoid space is prevented. - Occurs when there is obstruction of the flow of CSF and includes tumors, anatomical malformation, or cerebral edema.

non-communicating

______ JIA occurs when 4 or less joint affected; affects large joints, knees, ankle, elbow, and one-sided; females are more affected; low-grade fever. - Eye inflammation, painless joint swelling and redness, ANA titer, HLA antigen in males.

oligoarthritis

An ______ fracture occurs when the bone has penetrated through the skin. - Requires surgery when it cannot be reduced by closed methods or when torn muscles or ligaments need to be repaired. - Types I, II, & III. - High risk for infection.

open

______ are bone building cells.

osteoblasts

______ are bone resorption cells - destroys bone.

osteoclasts

A PICC line can be place for ______ for antibiotic infusion therapy at home.

osteomyelitis

Causes of ______ includes... - Open fracture. - Penetration of the skin by a contaminated object. - A septic joint. - An infected wound. - Bacterial infection from somewhere else in the body, like dental caries. - Blunt trauma.

osteomyelitis

Education for ______ includes the importance of antibiotic compliance and 8-12 hour schedules - returns to school with 12 hour schedule.

osteomyelitis

Evaluate the child's response to the antibiotic therapy 2-3 days after the initial dose for ______. - If the child demonstrates a good response to the IV antibiotic therapy, more blood cultures are drawn, IV antibiotics are stopped, and the child continues therapy on oral antibiotics for 4-8 weeks at home. - If the child demonstrates poor response, the IV antibiotic therapy is continued.

osteomyelitis

In ______, the body attempts to lay down new bone over the necrotic bone. - The prognosis is good if the treated promptly with IV antibiotics. - Infection weakens the bones - pathological fractures can develop. - Includes acute hematogenus, exogenous, subacute, and chronic.

osteomyelitis

Prevention of ______ includes ensuring wounds that are deep enough to allow bacteria to come in contact with a bone or joint is treated with sufficient antibiotics so that it does not spread to the bone or joint.

osteomyelitis

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Pain in the affected bone. - Fever. - Irritability. - Guarding the affected limb. - Localized tenderness, redness, warmth, and pain on palpation. - Occasionally, soft tissue swelling around the area.

osteomyelitis

Surgical treatment for ______ is required for debridement and temporary stabilization of the bone with a Kirschner wire for traction with an antibiotic implanted in the bone cement. - Performed to reconstruct the bone using a distractor and external fixator.

osteomyelitis

The most common cause of ______ is staphylococcus aureus which lodges and multiplies in the middle of bone where circulation is sluggish. - Spreads to the ends of the bones and can destroy the epiphyseal plate in children.

osteomyelitis

The presentation of ______ includes a 2-7 day history of pain, warmth of the affected area, decreased ROM, systemic symptoms.

osteomyelitis

Treatment of ______ includes administering broad-spectrum antibiotics after blood cultures are drawn - via IV/ PICC. - Monitor lab values - ESR, CRP, CBC with differential. - Rest, pain medications, nutrition, diversional activities. - Weight bearing status.

osteomyelitis

______ involves the long bones in the lower extremities in children, but it can involve any bone in the body.

osteomyelitis

______ is an infection of the bone and the tissues around the bone and needs immediate treatment that can occur in healthy children and cause massive destruction on bone, sepsis, and possibly death.

osteomyelitis

______ is suspected when the child presents with the signs and symptoms, history of recent infection. - Diagnostics include radiographic exam (MRI, CT), bone scan, blood cultures, elevated ESR and CRP.

osteomyelitis

With SCFE an ______ is performed if severe and includes breaking and resetting the bone to prevent further slippage and restore hip motion to normal. - More extensive, longer hospital stay, prolonged immobilization.

osteotomy

Diagnosis of ______ ______ is based on signs & symptoms, history, culture, and examination with otoscopy - ear canal appears swollen and debris may be present.

otitis externa

Education for ______ ______ includes prevention of reinfection and proper medication administration.

otitis externa

Prevention of ______ ______ includes keeping the external ear canal dry, earplugs when swimming, shower caps with petroleum jelly, drying ear canal, avoid scratching, solutions - half rubbing alcohol, half vinegar, Burow's solution, diluted isopropyl alcohol.

otitis externa

Risk factors for ______ ______ includes... - Older children and teens whose ears are exposed to persistent excessive moisture. - Warm climates during the summer. - Excessive wetness as in swimming or bathing, dryness of the air canal, lack of cerumen, presence of other skin pathology, digital trauma, and a foreign body make the skin of the ear canal vulnerable to infection. - Develops in 20% of children with tympanostomy tubes.

otitis externa

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Itching. - Pain, accentuated when the pinna or targus are moved and with chewing. - Feeling of pressure or fullness. - Occasionally hearing loss. - Rare otorrhea - inflammation with purulent discharge. - Erythema and edema of the ear canal. - Cerumen may become whitish. - Absence of fever.

otitis externa

Treatment of ______ ______ includes... - Pain management - analgesics, warm compress. - Treat infection - antibiotics or antifungal drops for 7-10 days, corticosteroids with cotton wick. - Educate to prevent reinfection and on proper medication administration.

otitis externa

______ ______ is inflammation or irritation of the outer ear and ear canal, aka "swimmer's ear". - An inflammatory reaction of the external auditory canal, which may also include the pinna or tympanic membrane.

otitis externa

_______ ______ is an infection of the middle ear. - One of the most prevalent conditions of early childhood.

otitis media (OM)

OM with ______ occurs when there is fluid in the middle ear space without symptoms of acute infection - also referred to as chronic otitis media. - May occur independently of AOM or as a result of a persistent, unresolved AOM lasting for more than 3 months.

otitis media with effusion (OME)

______ is the goal of serial casting for clubfoot. - Ligaments and muscles are shortened - when casts are removed, there is a tendency for these muscles and ligaments to pull the foot back into the clubfoot position. - Enables pull to level off at a normal position. - Explain to family that casts may be prescribed on a long-term basis.

overcorrection

A ______ seizure occurs when one area of the brain is affected. - Partial Simple - Partial Complex

partial

Characteristics of a ______ ______ seizure include... - Occurs in the temporal lobe. - LOC and loss of awareness of surrounding. - Changes in behavior following - lip smacking, picking, inappropriateness, confusion.

partial complex

Characteristics of a ______ ______ seizure include... - Lasts 5 minutes or less. - No loss of consciousness may not lose awareness. - Only remembers the aura. - Motor signs are isolated to one area of the body and then spread to the rest of the body. - May have sensory symptoms such as buzzing, tingling, flashing lights.

partial simple

Surgical treatment of OM includes ______ ______ ______ ______ which is used for persistent middle ear effusion - under consideration. - Tubes are inserted into the tympanic membrane and remain in place for several months before falling out. - Administration of eardrops postoperatively. - Prevention strategies.

patent pressure equalizing tubes

Education for ______ ______ includes... - Wash hair according to instructions - monitor for neurotoxicity. - Remove nits with fine tooth comb. - Implement house cleaning. - Wash clothing and bedding. - Wipe hats, helmets and toys. - If unwashable - place in a plastic bag for 14 days. - Wash bedding and pillows. - Anti-lice sprays. - Vacuuming. - Remove nits form eyelashes with petrolatum jelly twice a day for 8 days. - Keep children home from school until lice free. - Recheck for infestation.

pediculosis capitus

Prevention of ______ ______ includes avoid use of others combs, hats, and headbands; treat environment.

pediculosis capitus

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Itching - Live lice - live near the nape of the neck and behind the ears. - Louse effs (nits) - found anywhere along the shaft of the hair, pearlescent teardrop in shape laid at the base of the hair shaft, fluoresce blue under wood's lamp. - Nits on the eyelashes are sometimes a sign of sexual abuse - report.

pediculosis capitus

Treatment of ______ ______ includes... - Educate on OTC medications. - Explain exposure. - Pharmacologic shampoo.

pediculosis capitus

When considering ______ ______ the bites can cause severe itching and predispose the child to a secondary infection.

pediculosis capitus

______ ______ is also known as head lice and is a common childhood condition that is passed among individuals. - Types - scalp, body, and pubic. - The lice pierce the skin and suck blood.

pediculosis capitus

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Severe sore throat. - Fever, drooling, foul breath. - Difficulty opening the mouth. - Changes in voice quality. - Partial deafness from inflammatory process.

peritonsillar abscess

______ ______ ______ is complete unawareness of the environment accompanied by sleep-week cycles.

persistent vegetative state

Diagnosis of ______ is based on history of severe coughing, reddening of face during coughing, and absent vaccination history; WBC count, chest radiography; nasopharyngeal swab.

pertussis

Education for ______ includes... - Fed as tolerated. - Activity as tolerated. - Follow-up appointments. - Vaccination considerations. - Duration of illness.

pertussis

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Observe severity of cough. - Monitor vital signs and O2 saturation. - Records coughing, feeding, vomiting, and weight changes. - Droplet precautions.

pertussis

Prevention of ______ includes vaccinations and boosters.

pertussis

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Respiratory illness. - Whooping cough, dry cough. - Vomiting after coughing. - Mild fever, cyanosis.

pertussis

______ is the surgical intervention of choice for SCFE which consists of percutaneous insertion of a large screw of pin into the femoral head to hold it in place. - Small incision, 24-hour hospital stay. - Weight-bearing after 1 week. - Pin removed at a later date.

pinning

Assess for ______ ______ around 2 years for delayed growth of less than 2 inches in a year.

pituitary hypofunction

Diagnosis of ______ ______ is based on growth charts less than the 5th percentile or growth that has ceased/ plateaued.

pituitary hypofunction

Diagnostics for ______ ______ includes bone age determination with radiograph indicating a delayed skeletal maturation, MRI to determine tumor presence, lab tests for endocrine conditions, pituitary function test.

pituitary hypofunction

Education for ______ ______ includes... - Treat the child for their age rather than size. - Play sports and activities. - Dress age-appropriately. - Positive self-image. - Self-determination, confidence. - Assess for bullying - adolescence are at higher risk. - Frequent dentist visits due to teeth being softer and more susceptible to cavities. - Supportive resources. - GH replacement therapy - dosing, administration, side effects.

pituitary hypofunction

Males are referred more for ______ ______ because small females are more accepted in society. - Incidence between males and females is unknown.

pituitary hypofunction

Nursing care for ______ ______ includes... - Assess carefully and consistently at each visit. - If a child's height or weight plateaus, further evaluation is needed. - Assist in reaching goals of treatment - growth rate, adult height. - Providing support. - Teaching about the condition and its treatment. - Ideas to decrease stress regarding daily injections. - Plan for patient goals - acceptance of body image. - Monitor outcomes. - Accurate height measurements and daily weights to accurately determine medication doses.

pituitary hypofunction

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ includes... - Delayed closure of the anterior fontanelles, - Delayed dental eruption, - Greater weight-to-height ratio. - Increased abdominal fat. - Decreased muscle mass. - Poor development of bridge of nose giving a pixie-like appearance. - Protrusion of the frontal skull bones. - Delayed puberty including a high-pitched voice and a small penis or testes in boys. - Hypoglycemia.

pituitary hypofunction

The cause of ______ ______ is usually unknown and idiopathic. - Genetic mapping shows three genetic mutations as causative factors.

pituitary hypofunction

There are no signs or symptoms of ______ ______ in the neonatal period.

pituitary hypofunction

Treatment of ______ ______ includes... - Human Recombinant GH - replacement therapy with daily subcutaneous injections.

pituitary hypofunction

______ ______ can cause increased ICP (headache) gynecomastia, arthralgia, and edema. - Decreases the sensitivity to insulin, causing hyperglycemia. - May require temporary reduction or cessation of the GH dose.

pituitary hypofunction

______ ______ is also known as growth hormone deficiency and is an endocrine condition caused by a decreased production of growth hormone.

pituitary hypofunction

______ ______ is demonstrated by children that present with a short stature - below the 5th percentile, and have delayed skeletal growth.

pituitary hypofunction

______ ______ is usually not preventable, but some tactics include education to control stress, monitoring for signs, monitor for emotional stress, compliance with hormone replacement therapy and side effects of the treatment.

pituitary hypofunction

______ warts occur on the foot and can be surgically removed if painful and not responding to treatment.

plantar

Bacterial ______ has an abrupt onset and the child appears ill.

pneumonia

Diagnosis of ______ is based off chest x-ray, history, laboratory exams, radiography, sputum culture, WBC count, blood culture, and septic workup.

pneumonia

Education for ______ includes... - Importance of adhering to prescribe antibiotic regimen. - Continue frequent, small feedings. - Complete recovery in 2 weeks.

pneumonia

Nursing care of ______ includes... - Supportive care - adequate hydration, oxygen therapy. - Change clothes and linen for chills. - Positioning on the affected side. - Assess sputum for color, amount, and consistency. - Assess vital signs and breath sounds. - Emotional support and reassurance.

pneumonia

Prevention of ______ includes immunization.

pneumonia

Signs & symptoms of ______ is variable depending on the site affected, cause, and age of the child. They include... - URI symptoms - cough, coryza, rhinorrhea. - Fever, chills, malaise. - Rapid, shallow respirations. - Crackles, wheezing, retractions, stridor, hoarseness. - Decreased breath sounds. - Decreased appetite. - Respiratory distress. - Abdominal distention. - Meningeal symptoms such as headache - bacterial.

pneumonia

Treatment of ______ includes... - Chest physiotherapy, postural drainage. - IV fluids. - Analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia.

pneumonia

Viral ______ is the most common form and involves RSV infection in infants and parainfluenza and adenovirus in older children. - Viral infection can have secondary bacterial infection after initial onset - viral insult of protective mechanisms. - Viral is associated with URI and treatment is symptomatic.

pneumonia

______ is a lower respiratory tract infection of the pulmonary parenchyma. - More common in infancy and early childhood. - Primary infection or secondary infection.

pneumonia

______ JIA occurs when 5 or more joints affected; affects hand/ finger joints, weight-bearing joints, and the same joint on both sides; females are more affected; low-grade fever. - Stiffness, minimal swelling, rheumatoid nodules, RA factor, ANA titer, elevated WBC/ complement, ESR.

polyarticular

______ clubfoot is a benign form that usually resolves with stretches and casting.

postural

Complications of a ______ infection of a condition produced when a patient's defense mechanisms have been weakened.

preexisting

______ ______ with TBI is the injury that occurs directly from the trauma. - Skull fracture, intracranial hematoma, diffuse axonal injury.

primary injury

______ traction is used when more pulling force is needed - 5lbs. - Used for long periods of time until the bone is ready for casting or open reduction. - Weights cannot be removed.

skeletal

______ are false seizures, evaluated as neurological episodes until determined to be psychological or not pathological in nature and etiology.

pseudoseizures

______ tonsillitis occurs with multiple episodes of the illness in a year.

recurrent

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Unequal shoulder heights. - Scapula prominences. - Rib prominences. - Chest asymmetry. - Leg length discrepancy. - Skin has hairy patches, nevi, café au lait spots, lipomas, and dimples.

scoliosis

Differences in children's ______ system includes... - Obligatory nose breather for the first 6 months. - Smaller upper and lower airways. - Up to age 6, abdominal breathers who rely primarily on the muscles of the diaphragm. - The immature muscle associated with respiration, such as the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and sternocleidomastoid are more likely to fatigue. - Decreased number and less alveolar surface for gas exchange. - Force needed for ventilation is greater. - Increased friction and resistance.

respiratory

There is an increased risk for infection in a child's ______ system due to... - Airway is much shorter and narrower than an adult. - Tonsils and adenoids grow disproportionately fast in children. - Infants have proportionately large heads, short necks and larges tongues. - Long and floppy epiglottis, which means more chance of airway obstruction.

respiratory

______ ______ ______ is a common cause of bronchiolitis which is an inflammation of the bronchioles and small bronchi. - Incidence peaks in the winter and continues through the spring.

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

In infants, the eustachian tubes are shorter, wider, and more horizontal. Because of this, drainage is often impaired which results in ______ of secretions and air in the middle ear. - The horizontal position also facilitates the movement of pathogens up t the eustachian tube from the pharynx into the middle ear. - Edema resulting from URI, allergic rhinitis, or hypertrophic adenoids interferes with the functions of the eustachian tube.

retention

Diagnosis of ______ is based on check all areas, skin scraping, clear adhesive tape, microscopic examination.

scabies

Prevention of ______ includes do not share a bed, clothing, or intimate touch, if one person has it the entire family is treated.

scabies

Signs & symptoms of ______ includes... - Pruritic, linear rash under the skin that may appear as a burrow. - Intermittent red or pink papules of inflammation. - Most commonly found on the hands and webs of the fingers, along the waistbands, and in the armpits and groin.

scabies

Treatment of ______ includes... - Use medication after bath. - All family members need to be treated. - Dishwasher for cleaning toys. - Treating all clothing, bedding, towels, and cloths toys by washing them in hot water and placing them in the dryer. - Permethrin 5% cream for those over 2 months of age.

scabies

______ is transmitted by close personal contact with an infected person. - Mite infestation is highly transferable and is most common in children younger than 2 years.

scabies

______ results from mite infestations. - Children with weakened immune systems are at increased risk. - More common in persons who live in crowded conditions or share a bed.

scabies

Congenital ______ is related to vertebral anomalies - occurs with neuromuscular conditions.

scoliosis

Considerations for ______ include... - Exercises - back strength. - Neurologic assessment. - Tanner stages - females stop growing 2 years after menarche.

scoliosis

Diagnosis of ______ is done with radiography, screenings, and Cobb's angle. - No prevention available.

scoliosis

Education for ______ includes... - Child must not be left home alone after surgery. - Child will need durable equipment for the home environment, such as an elevated toilet seat and shower chair after surgery. - Hospital bed after surgery. - No twisting, bending, lifting, or contact sports for 2 years after surgery. - Returns to school after 4-6 weeks after surgery. - Be alert for pain, infection, difficulty breathing. - Brace care, skin care. - Do not raise bed over 30 degrees without brace after surgery. - Resources, counseling, active, follow-up appointments.

scoliosis

Idiopathic ______ common in female children and in families in which another member has be affected. - Predominant form, no recognizable cause. - Unequal leg lengths can cause this.

scoliosis

Paralytic ______ occurs in association with neuromuscular diseases.

scoliosis

Surgical treatment for ______ may be delayed as long as possible because the fusion of the vertebrae will stop spinal growth.

scoliosis

With ______, spinal fusion is necessary when pulmonary function becomes compromised, sitting or walking becomes difficult because of poor balance, pain, curves are noted as severe. - Screws, bolts, wires used with spinal fusion - holds the vertebrae in place until the fusion has healed. - Child remains in the ICU overnight - assess vital signs, neurological assessments. - Monitor fluid balance - kidneys are hypoperfused during surgery. - Blood transfusions, chest tube in place, radiography, circulation, pain, brace, early mobilization, nutritionist, log-rolling, physical therapy.

scoliosis

______ is a non-painful lateral curvature of the spine. - Most common spinal deformity in children. - Curves laterally in one direction (c-curve) or in two opposite directions (s-curve). - Lateral deviation and rotation of each vertebra - attenuates the deformity.

scoliosis

______ screening should be done for girls at 10-12 years and boys at 13-14 years.

scoliosis

______ worsens as the child grows - puberty.

scoliosis

______ ______ with TBI is the injury that occurs as a result of complications. - Increased ICP, hypoxic brain damage, cerebral edema, herniation.

secondary injury

_______ precautions include... - Maintain airway patency - nothing placed in the mouth, suctioning. - Monitor oxygen saturation - normal color, >95%, normal HR> - Administer IV medications - slowly. - Raise and pad the side rails. - Medical alert bracelet. - Emotional support.

seizure

Diagnosis of ______ is based on history and physical, MRI/ CT, EEG, neurological exam.

seizures

Education for ______ includes... - Seizure precautions and management. - Follow-up appointments. - Drug management.

seizures

Emergency care for ______ includes... - 911 in the community setting, designated emergency number. - Time the seizure. - Maintain a patent airway. - Loosen restrictive clothing. - Administer medications. - Monitor respiratory status and circulatory status. - Lateral position to prevent aspiration. - Inform the child of what happened, stay with the child. - Document details about the seizure.

seizures

Medication management for ______ includes... - AED therapy. - Anticonvulsant medications can become toxic when taken on a daily basis. - Rescue medications - benzodiazepines.

seizures

Nursing care of ______ includes... - Detailed history of seizure event. - Review prenatal and postnatal history. - Review of systems. - Causative events that may have precipitated the seizure - dehydration, video games, exercise, ingestion of substances. - Document the of activity during the seizure, LOC, loss of urine, noises made, cyanosis, and history of present illness. - Family history. - Neurological exam. - Seizure management - individualized, treat cause. - Airway management, client safety, monitoring of respiratory status, reorientation. - Continuous cardiac, respiratory and oxygen monitoring. - Instruct caregivers in CPR. - Ketogenic diet. - Initiate seizure precautions. - Emergency care.

seizures

Prevention of ______ includes preventing TBI's, brain infections, or strokes. - 2/3 of the cases have an unknown cause.

seizures

Surgical treatment for ______ includes... - Vagal nerve stimulation. - Epilepsy surgery is performed when a seizure focus is located in a single area of the brain.

seizures

______ are an electrical disturbance within the brain, resulting in changes of motor function, sensation, or cognitive ability. - Most common pediatric neurologic disorder. - 4% of children will have at least one seizure by age 15 - most febrile.

seizures

______ are classified according to the area of the brain experiencing the abnormal electrical activity and the neuromuscular sensory and psychogenic alteration from the electrical conduction disturbance.

seizures

______ meningitis is "pyogenic", caused by a bacterial pathogen.

septic

A ______ ______ seizure is a brief generalized episode that occurs only once during a 24-hour period in a febrile child without any evidence of metabolic imbalance, history of prior febrile seizure, or intracranial infection - do not need AEDs. - Provide parental education and emotional support.

simple febrile

Environmental predisposing factors for ______ ______ include... - Exposure to prolonged hyperthermia - Poor nutrition - DM - Consumption of seizure medications during early pregnancy

spina bifida

Nursing care for ______ ______ includes... - Assess defect for type and contents, measure. - Prevent injury and infection. - Assess for infection - redness, drainage, bleeding, necrosis. - Evaluate orthopedic function - decreased sensation to paralysis. - Prevent joint contractures - passive ROM - not with the hips. - Assess voiding and defecation - dribble = neurogenic bladder, constipation. - High fiber and fluid diet. - Stool softeners, laxatives. - Monitor for hydrocephalus. - IV antibiotics. - Anticholinergics or antispasmodics. - Assess for skin breakdown, pad bony prominences, repositioning.

spina bifida

Postoperative care for ______ ______ includes... - Protect surgical incision - no pressure. - Assess vital signs and neurological function. - Perform dressing changes and assess surgical site for signs of infection or CSF leakage. - Measure head circumference and assess fontanelles and sutures. - Pain management - crying increases ICP.

spina bifida

Prenatal risk factors for ______ ______ includes... - Prolonged hyperthermia. - Poor nutrition, folic acid deficient. - Diabetes. - Seizure medications.

spina bifida

Preoperative care for ______ ______ includes ensuring no pressure is placed on the vulnerable defect.

spina bifida

Prevention of ______ ______ includes preventing prenatal risk factors, prenatal appointments, monitor pregnant women with DM, educate on seizure medications during pregnancy, ingestion 400mcg of folic acid per day, and good nutrition.

spina bifida

Signs & symptoms of ______ ______ vary depending on the level of the lesion and the type of defect. - Spina bifida occulta = visualization of meningocele or myomeningocele, weakness, paralysis, sensory loss. - Severe = visualization of the myomeningocele, neurological deficits, hip and joint deformities, impaired bowel and bladder function.

spina bifida

Surgical treatment for ______ ______ includes a laminectomy which is excision of a vertebral posterior arch, to remove a lesion or herniated disk; closure of the defect. - Preformed as soon as possible after birth.

spina bifida

The higher the ______ ______ defect on the spine, the greater the loss of spinal cord function because usually no neurological function is found below the defect.

spina bifida

When a newborn has ______ ______, place the infant in the prone position, do not place a diaper over the defect.

spina bifida

______ ______ is a congenital spinal deformity occurring early during gestation with multifaceted etiology including environmental and genetic risks. - Most frequently occurring and permanently disabling neural tube defect in the US.

spina bifida

______ ______ is a different disease for every person affected.

spina bifida

Diagnosis of ______ ______ is based off of prenatal visualization with ultrasound, maternal serum testing - elevated alpha-fetoprotein, visual upon delivery, MRI, CT.

spinal bifida

______ ______ persistent and intractable asthma in which the child does not respond to therapy and a medical emergency ensued.

status asthmaticus

______ ______ is continuous seizure that lasts longer than 30 minutes or a series of seizures where the child does not regain pre-seizure LOC.

status epilepticus

______ clubfoot is associated with other anomalies and leads to rigid feet.

syndromic

______ ______ JIA occurs when any joint and any number affected; affect males and females equally; long-lasting high spiking fever. - Rash, heart and lung inflammation, anemia, ANA titer enlarged lymph nodes/ liver/ spleen, elevated RBC.

systemic onset

Brain development and normal growth depends on the normal levels of ______ ______ - Can be congenital or acquired - Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, autoimmune. - Controls the speed of metabolism.

thyroid hormone

Education of ______ ______ includes... - Do not let others share personal items such as footwear, towels, clothes, or sports equipment.

tinea corporis

Treatment of ______ ______ includes topical clotrimazole.

tinea corporis

______ ______ is a fungal infection of the epidermal layer of the skin that has a circular lesion with a clear center and scaly inflammation. - Epidural layer of the skin.

tinea corporis

Characteristics of a ______ seizure include... - Stiffening of the body that is sustain, involving four extremities.

tonic

Characteristics of a ______ ______ seizure include... - Caused by a genetic predisposition or brain injury secondary to anoxia. - Partial simple and complex seizures evolve to this. - Aura followed by LOC and tone. - Patient falls, muscle contractions and jerking, usually all 4 limbs. - Post-ictal phase, confusion, loss of bowel/ bladder function common.

tonic-clonic

After a ______, offer cool water, crushed ice, sherbet, fruit, soup, mashed potatoes, and flavored ice-pops - Do not give red or brown fluids. - Do not give milk, ice cream, or pudding - coat the mouth and cause bleeding.

tonsillectomy

Signs of bleeding after a ______ includes frequent swallowing, restlessness, increased HR, and pallor. - Call doctor.

tonsillectomy

Diagnosis of ______ is based on symptoms and inspection of the throat.

tonsillitis

Education for ______ includes... - Stay away from highly seasoned food and sharp foods for a period of 2 weeks - scab will fall off between 8-12 days. - Avoid gargling and vigorous tooth brushing. - Do no cough or clear the throat. - Limit activities that cause bleeding.

tonsillitis

Postoperative care for ______ includes... - Stay on side to facilitate drainage. - Provide comfort, reduce activities that aggravate bleeding - coughing, clearing the throat, blowing the nose. - Check secretions and vomit for blood. - Apply ice packs to the neck.

tonsillitis

Prevention of ______ includes hand washing, avoid touching the face, avoid secondhand smoke and crowded places, and avoid people with the illness.

tonsillitis

Surgical treatment of ______ is used for recurrent or chronic and includes a tonsillectomy - 3 or more infections within a year. - Performed 6 weeks after an acute infection.

tonsillitis

Treatment of ______ includes... - Cool-mist humidifiers - hydration of mucous membrane. - Warm saline gargles, throat lozenges. - Antipyretics, antibiotics, analgesics. - Soft or liquid diet.

tonsillitis

______ is inflammation of the tonsils that often occurs with pharyngitis. - Very common, caused by viruses.

tonsillitis

______ are masses of lymphoid tissue located within the pharynx that protect the respiratory and alimentary tracts from infection by inducing secretory immunity and regulating the production of secretory immunoglobulin. - Normally enlarge between 2-10 and reduce in size in preadolescence.

tonsils

Nursing care for ______ includes... - Keep in alignment. - Keep weights off the floor. - Pin sites clean. - Monitor for infection. - Prevent skin breakdown. - CMS checks. - Manage pain. - Meet developmental needs while staying safe.

traction

Reasons for ______ includes... - Provides rest for an extremity. - Prevents or improves contracture deformity. - Corrects deformity. - Treats dislocation. - Allow position and alignment. - Provide immobilization. - Reduce muscle spasm.

traction

______ occurs when one body part is pulled in one direction (traction) against a counterpull (countertraction) in the opposite direction - actual weights and pulleys.

traction

A ______ ______ ______ occurs when a jolt or blow to the head disrupts the normal function of the brain. - Can be mild to severe and penetrating or blunt.

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

______ is a state in which a child's cerebral function is depressed.

unconsciousness

Postoperative care for a ______ ______ includes... - Neurological assessment. - Assess vital signs. - Measure head circumference. - Assess fontanelles and sutures. - Monitor for shunt malfunction. - Assess eyes for pressure on the optic nerve - ophthalmologist. - Safety precautions. - Elevate the HOB no higher than 30 degrees. - Assess the abdomen - paralytic ileus, peritonitis. - Measure abdominal circumference. - Fever = peritonitis, leukocytosis. - Monitor lab results. - Monitor for signs of hypovolemia and shock. - IV antibiotics, monitor for infection. - Observe for signs of infection - redness, warmth.

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Preoperative care for a ______ ______ includes... - Support the child's head. - Frequent position changes of the head - skin of the scalp is thin, impaired skin integrity. - No scalp IV's. - Preoperative IV antibiotic. - Medications to decrease the production of CSF - acetazolamide, furosemide.

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Surgical treatment for hydrocephalus includes a ______ ______ which occurs when a catheter is placed in the lateral ventricle where a one-way valve is set to drain the CSF then a distal catheter that terminates in the peritoneal cavity or alternate drainage site is placed.

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