NTR 3

Denaturation

alternation or "unraveling" of a protein's three-dimensional structure

Food allergy

an adverse immune response to a specific food protein

Body's defense-mechanisms

antibodies

Voluntary (Indiscriminate fortification)

breakfast cereals

Vitamin A is needed for all of the following except

cell metabolism

In populations suffering from the thiamin deficiency disease, beriberi, addition of all of the following foods to the diet would be beneficial, except

cheddar cheese

Which of the following is not a common food allergen?

chicken

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

excludes all animal flesh but does include eggs and dairy products such as milk and cheese

Pescetarian

excludes all animal flesh except fish

Vegan

excludes all food of animal origin

Lacto vegetarian

excludes animal flesh and eggs but does include dairy products

Vitamin D is widespread and easy to obtain in the foods we eat.

false

Women of childbearing age should consume _____ daily from fortified foods or supplements.

folic acid

Maramus

form of protein-energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet casues severe body wasting - "to wast away"

Kwashiokor

form of protein-energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient - swollen belly

Complete dietary protein

high-quality protein from foods of animal origin

Where does chemical digestion begin during protein digestion?

in the acid environment of the stomach

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because

it can be made in the skin by exposure to UV light.

Peptide bonds

link amino acids together

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

long-term consumption of insufficient amounts of energy and/or protein to meet the body's needs

Incomplete dietary protein

low-quality protein from plant sources

Transport proteins

move the products of protein digestion into the mucosal cell (across the brush border to go into the blood stream)

Someone whose nitrogen output is greater than their nitrogen intake is said to be in

negative nitrogen balance

Coenzymes

organic nonprotein substances that bind to enzymes to promote their activity

Vitamin E protects membranes in red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, and lung cells. Why are these cells in particular in need of high amounts of vitamin E?

oxygen concentrations in these cells are high

what is the amino acid pool made of?

protein molecules consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body proteins

Hormones

regulate body processes

Pancreas

secretes protein digesting enzymes into the small intestine

What determines a protein's function?

shape and structure

In order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is

shortly before, and early in her pregnancy.

Structural proteins

skin, hair, ligaments and tendons, collagen (bones, teeth, gum tissue)

Where does the most digestion and absorption occur?

small intestines

Enzymes

speed up biochemical reactions

Antioxidants

substances that protect against oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals - Vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium are all antioxidants

Which of the following foods would be the best source for vitamin E?

sunflower seeds

Edema

swelling caused by too little protein in the blood (picture of foot)

Bioavailability

the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient - ex: Low fat diet will decrease absorption or bioavailability of fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

All of the following are roles of vitamin C except

the production of energy.

Pepsin

the protein digesting enzyme; begins to breaks some of the peptide bonds leaving shorter polypeptides

Deamination

the removal of the amino group

Which of the following is the most likely responsible for the health-promoting effects (reduced incidence of obesity, high blood pressure, and some types of cancer) of vegetarian diets?

the total dietary pattern

Vitamin C is needed to

- Collagen(bone, teeth, gums) synthesis of connective tissue - Antioxidant

Protein as a Source of Energy

- Extra amino acids can't be stored. - When diet provides more calories than needed, amino acids can be converted to fatty acids.

Recommendation Protein Intake

- For adults: 0.8 g/kilogram of body weight - Protein recommendations are higher (greater) for infants, children, adolescents, and pregnant or lactating women

2 types of Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

- Kwashiokhor - Marasmus

The amount present in food depends on:

- The amount that is naturally present. - What is added to it. - How the food is processed, cooked, or stored.

Essential amino acids

- amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet its needs - 9

Animal food sources

- contain the most concentrated sources of proteins in the diet - Also provide B vitamins and higher amounts and more easily absorbable minerals such as iron, zinc and calcium

Plant food sources:

- provide B vitamins, iron, zinc and calcium in less absorbable forms and lower amounts. - Excellent sources of fiber, phytochemicals and unsaturated fats

What vitamins are directly involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate, fat, and protein into ATP (ENERGY metabolism).

B vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins:

B vitamins and vitamin C

Government mandated fortification

B vitamins to flour, vitamin A and D

Which of the following people is most likely to need a vitamin B12 supplement?

Brittany, 18 years old, who is a vegan

Vegetarian diets

Diets that include plant-based foods and eliminate some or all foods of animal origin

A food intolerance is an adverse reaction to a food that involves production of antibodies.

False

An antioxidant is a substance that stabilizes a free radical by taking electrons from it.

False

High-protein diets do not increase water loss.

False

Kwashiorkor is an overall energy deficiency whereas marasmus is a protein deficiency.

False

There are no known risks to taking dietary supplements.

False

Protein requirements per unit of body weight are _______ for infants and children than for adults.

Greater

What denatures protein?

Hydrochloric acid

You would expect that a child who is growing to be in ________ nitrogen balance.

Positive

Vitamin primer

Promote and regulate body processes necessary for growth, reproduction, and maintenance of health.

Vitamin D deficiency disease in children is called

Rickets

Marasmus is a form of malnutrition that negatively impacts which of the following developing organs the worst?

The brain

Protein complementation

The process of combining proteins from different sources so that they collectively provide the proportions of amino acids required to meet the body's needs.

Gene expression

The types of proteins made and when they are made is regulated by turning on and off the genes that code each protein

The symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include gums that swell and bleed. Why does this occur?

There is reduced collagen synthesis.

A diet that provides 10% of calories from protein will meet the RDA for protein, but this is a relatively low-protein diet compared with typical eating patterns in the U.S.

True

Amino acids can be used by the body to make glucose and fatty acids.

True

Because our bodies do not store protein, functional body proteins, such as enzymes and muscle proteins, must be broken down to yield amino acids.

True

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that attacks the lining of the small intestine.

True

MyPlate and the Dietary Guidelines include recommendations regarding both animal and plant sources of protein to meet your need for protein and essential amino acids.

True

Proteins have both structural and regulatory functions.

True

Proteins help regulate fluid balance.

True

The food label must indicate whether the product contains any of the most common food allergens.

True

To ensure normal blood clotting, newborn babies are typically given a vitamin K injection.

True

Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body.

True

When vitamin D is deficient, calcium absorption is greatly affected.

True

transcription → mRNA takes genetic code to ribosomes → translation

True

Fat-soluble vitamins:

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A is false?

Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is rare.

Provitamin or vitamin precursor

a compound that can be converted into the active form of a vitamin in the body

As validated by evidence-based research, the major health concern with high-protein diets is

a high intake of saturated fat and cholesterol.

Gene

a length of DNA that contains the information needed to synthesize a polypeptide chain

Protein quality

a measure of how good the protein in a food is at providing the essential amino acids the body needs to synthesize proteins

The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is

abnormal blood coagulation

Amino acid pool

all the amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are available for use by the body.

All B Vitamins are coenzymes

true

When the diet does not provide enough energy to meet the body's needs (e.g. consuming a very-low-calorie-weight-loss diet) body protein is used to provide energy.

true

Most of the nitrogen we lose is lost in/through our

urine

Nutrients of concern

vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids

The vitamin D deficiency disease rickets causes short stature and bone deformities because

vitamin D is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels by increasing the absorption of calcium in the intestines, pulling calcium from bones, and diminishing calcium losses in the kidney.