NUFS Ch 6

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

- To insulate and protect the body - To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins - To provide energy

What are the different names of fatty acids based on?

- number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton - position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton

How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?

170

What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?

2-4 tbsp.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups.

20-35%

Short-chain fatty acids are usually less than ______ carbons in length.

6

A medium-chain fatty acid is ________ carbons in length.

6 to 10

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Margarine Salad oils Butter Mayonnaise

Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?

Obesity Type 2 diabetes

Which type of oil is a staple in most Mediterranean diets?

Olive oil

A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?

Phospholipids Proteins Cholesterol

Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true.

Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.

Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?

Polyunsaturated fats

Which foods are good sources of phospholipids?

Wheat germ Peanuts Egg yolks

Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?

Whole milk

A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.

diglyceride

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.

essential

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?

omega system

Diets rich in ______ fatty acids can reduce blood triglyceride levels in those whose levels are high, but can also lead to a decreased ability for the immune system to function if consumed in excess.

omega-3

The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.

Added

_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol.

Trans

_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.

Triglycerides

_________, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy.

Triglycerides

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

an alcohol containing three carbons

A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome.

antioxidants

Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______.

are unattached

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen.

at least two

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?

because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we must eat them from food

Which of the following is a risk factor for CVD that can be prevented?

blood cholesterol levels

Match the food with the type of fat.

butter = visible french fries = hidden

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.

calories

Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed?

chylomicron

In __ fatty acids, hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons are on the same side of the carbon chain.

cis

The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens are attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain.

cis

Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients.

emulsifier

A triglyceride that loses a ____ ____ is called a diglyceride.

fatty acid

Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure.

fatty acids

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

The process of _____ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.

hydrogenation

Which kind of fatty acid has at least 12 carbon atoms?

long-chain

Long chains of carbon atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the ______ system.

lymphatic

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks?

make bile form cell membranes make sex hormones

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?

micelle

A ___ is a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that helps fat stay suspended in water.

micelles

Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet?

moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains olive oil as the main fat

Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________.

more saturated more solid

Which of the following act as emulsifiers?

mustard egg yolk

Diets high in total fat increase the risk of ____.

obesity certain cancers cardiovascular disease

One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.

oils fats

An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.

omega-3 omega-6

What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?

oxidized LDL

A ______ fatty acid has two or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.

polyunsaturated

Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ system.

portal

HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.

protein

Products like Z-trim, gums, and Salatrim are used by companies to do what with their food products?

reduce the fat content

Which types of fat are less likely to become rancid because they have no or few double bonds in their carbon chains?

saturated fats trans fats

What are some examples of added fats?

shortening butter

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.

subcutaneous

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____.

their multi-ringed structure

A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s).

three

Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.

triglycerides

The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________.

very-low-density lipoproteins

Foods that contain hidden fat include _______.

whole milk cheese pastries

What does the abbreviation HDL stand for?

High-density lipoprotein

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Ice cream Eggs Chicken

Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?

Impaired immune function Uncontrolled bleeding

Which gender has a greater chance of having a heart attack?

Men

Which compound's role is to help transport lipids through the water-based blood and lymphatic systems?

lipoprotein

A monounsaturated fatty acid has _____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.

1

Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order.

1. Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal. 2. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles. 3. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides 4. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides 5. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream. 6. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons.

Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.

10

A long-chain fatty acid typically has ______ or more carbon atoms.

12

Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits.

3

____ is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones, as well as the active form of vitamin D.

Cholesterol

______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

Cholesterol

Which statements are true about sterols?

Cholesterol is a common example. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What are some examples of medium-chain fatty acids?

Coconut oil Palm kernel oil

Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?

Colon cancer Prostate cancer Breast cancer

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.

Eicosanoids

______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone.

Free fatty acids

Which of the following are risk factors for CVD that cannot be changed?

Gender Race Age

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

Glycerol backbone Phosphorus-containing molecule

What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?

Gums Salatrim

What is the term for a compound containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol?

Lipoproteins

Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?

Liver

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

Maintaining normal kidney function Regulating ovulation Regulating cell division rates

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?

Obesity Physical inactivity Smoking

What are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids?

Pork Lamb Beef

______ fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas ______ fats contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

Saturated, unsaturated

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Small intestine

What are the three types of lipids?

Sterols Phospholipids Triglycerides

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

They are calorie dense They are stable They are the body's main storage form of energy

What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?

increased risk of cardiovascular disease impaired immune system

Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

Subcutaneous fat is located ______.

just beneath the skin