NUIP energy balance and with control

How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism?

15-25%

How many calories are in one pound of fat tissue?

3500

Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds

40 inches

Which of the following can be used to estimate body volume?

Air displacement Underwater weighing

The terms such as chain-breaking, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring and self-monitoring are components of --------modification.

BEHAVIOR

Rank the categories of energy use from highest to lowest.

BMS Psysical activity thermogenesis

______ uses x-ray technology to determine body composition.

DEXA

Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.

Digestion Metabolism Physical activity

What are the disadvantages of the DXA method for measuring body fat?

Equipment not widely available Expensive equipment

Which of the following promote lower-body obesity?

Estrogen Progesterone

Which of the following are ways that nurture, rather than nature, may promote obesity?

High-fat diets Physical inactivity

Which of the following are strategies that could help a person control hunger between meals and snacks?

Include lean protein in meals and snacks. Consume foods high in fiber and water. Eat meals and snacks more slowly.

Identify the health risks that are caused by fat storage in abdominal adipose cells.

Increases blood vessel restriction Increases insulin resistance Increases inflammation

Which of the following is true about brown adipose tissue?

Infants have some brown adipose tissue to help maintain body temperature

Which is true regarding healthy body weight?

It can lead to a long and healthy life.

Which of the following are limitations of direct calorimetry for the estimation of calorie needs?

It is a complex measurement technique. It is expensive.

The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following?

It is easy and convenient to use. It is a quick screening test for overweight or obesity. Values apply to both men and women.

Which of the following statements are true about dual energy x-ray absorptiometry?

It measures body fat by passing a small dose of radiation through the body. It can be used to assess bone mineral density. It is considered the most accurate determination of body fat.

Which of the following are examples of adaptive thermogenesis?

Maintenance of posture Shivering Fidgeting

What factors increase a person's risk for upper-body obesity?

Male hormone testosterone Smoking

Which of the following would NOT be a valid way to measure or estimate the amount of energy used by the body each day?

Measurement of food intake from the various food groups

Select the true statements concerning body weight among North American adults.

Over 70% of adults are overweight or obese. Prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaining a healthy body weight. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight lowers risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism.

Physical activity Absorption of nutrients Digestion of nutrients

The incidence of obesity in the United States, now considered an epidemic, has prompted the FDA to bring together which of the following sectors to tackle the obesity issue?

Public health community Academia Industry Government

Which of the following individuals is in energy balance (equilibrium)?

Ray consumes 2400 kcal per day and expends 2400 kcal per day.

Which of the following are true statements about novelty diets?

They promote weight cycling. Leaving out entire food groups can lead to nutrient deficiencies.

Calorie burning is enhanced

after/during exercise

_______ is the over-the-counter version of orlistat, a weight-loss medication that blocks the digestion of fat in the small intestine.

alli

The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as

bioelectrical impedance.

Direct calorimetry measures the amount of

body heat released by a person

Direct calorimetry measures ______ while indirect calorimetry measures ______.

body heat; oxygen consumptiono

The specialized form of tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body is known as:

brown adipose tissue

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure requires:

bypassing a short segment of the small intestine. stomach size reduction to about 30 milliliters.

______ calorimetry predicts energy needs by measuring the amount of heat released by a person.

direct

Using a bomb calorimeter to measure the calories cost of an activity would be considered:

direct caloremetry

Which of the following components of total energy expenditure is most easily altered to achieve weight management goals?

energy for psychical activity

Skinfold calipers are used to

estimate body fat content. measure fat layer at multiple sites on the body. measure fat layer directly under the skin.

The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain

estrogen production. reproductive functions.

A positive energy balance, physical inactivity, and a low BMR all contribute to ______.

excess calorie intake

Factors leading to female adulthood obesity include

excess weight gain during pregnancy. periods of stress and boredom. childhood obesity.

True or false: Direct calorimetry measures oxygen consumption while indirect calorimetry measures the heat released by the body.

false

True or false: Direct calorimetry uses formulas to estimate energy expenditure from a measurement of oxygen consumption based on the fact that the human body processes one liter of oxygen for every 4.85 kilocalories of energy.

false

True or false: During the measurement of bioelectric impedance, greater adipose stores are associated with lower resistance to electrical flow.

false

True or false: Upper-body obesity is associated with decreased risk for hypertension and diabetes.

false

Upper-body obesity is characterized by _____.

fat stored primarily in the abdominal area waist circumference 40 inches and above in males waist circumference 35 inches and above in female

Other considerations for bariatric surgery in addition to patient selection criteria include

follow-up surgery may be needed to correct stretched skin. surgical expenses might not be covered by medical insurance. the need to plan small frequent meals after surgery.

In the discussion of causes of obesity, researchers consider both nature and nurture. Nature refers to ______ factors that influence obesity.

gentic

Positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ____ energy output.

greater than

Progesterone and estrogen promote _____.

gynoid obesity

The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the low-fat, ______ approach.

high fiber

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is ______ basal metabolic rate (BMR).

higher

A positive energy balance, physical inactivity, and a low BMR all contribute to ______.

increased fat storage and obesity

The benefits of physical activity on body composition and metabolic rate include

increased metabolic rate. increased bone density. increased lean muscle mass. decreased fat mass.

What type of calorimetry is being used when measuring energy expenditure by oxygen uptake?

indirect

The negative aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include that

it is not accurate for higher muscular individuals. very short adults (less than 5 ft tall) may have high BMI that does not reflect overweight or fatness. it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass.

When the body burns fat without carbohydrate, it causes the body to go into the metabolic state called

ketossi

Lean tissue provides _____ resistance to the electrical current used when measuring body composition with a bioelectrical impedance device because of the high water content in muscle.

less

Orlistat partially blocks fat digestion and subsequent absorption. Name the fat-digesting enzyme that is inhibited by orlistat.

lipase

Fat released directly from abdominal adipose tissue is transported directly to the:

liver

The characteristics of the very-low-calorie diet include

meal replacements in liquid form. 400-800 kcal consumption per day. carbohydrate and proteins making up the bulk of energy-yielding nutrients. 120-480 kcal of carbohydrates.

The bomb calorimeter works by:

measuring the heat given off by a food as it is burned

Who is more prone to upper-body obesity?

men

The factors that encourage excess body fat stores and obesity include ______.

menopause low basal metabolic rate positive energy balance composition of the diet

When energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ______ energy balance.

negative

Which of the following medications is currently approved by FDA for weight loss?

orlistat

The commonly used method of Indirect calorimetry measures ______ consumption.

oxygen

Direct methods of calorimetry measure heat production, whereas indirect calorimetry measures

oxygen comsumptiuon

Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during

pregnancy, childhood, infancy

The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ____ of nutrients.

processing, absorption, digestion

Which of the following nutrients increases the thermic effect of foods the most?

protein

Rank the macronutrients in order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of food, from highest TEF (at the top) to lowest TEF (at the bottom).

protein, carb, fat

Mindful eating involves _____.

recognizing physical hunger and satiety cues awareness of food preparation making wise eating decisions

Adaptive thermogenesis refers to

regulation of body temperature within narrow limits.

Yo-yo" dieting refers to

repeated cycles of weight loss followed by weight regain.

The ________metobolic rate is calculated instead of thebasal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted to rested for 12 hours prior to the test

resting

The energy used for the digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the

thermal effect of food

True or false: An individual with more body fat will demonstrate greater electrical resistance than a lean person when tested with a bioelectrical impedance device for measuring body composition.

true

True or false: Poverty in the United States is associated with obesity.

true

The advantages of using the DXA method include:

used to assess bone mineral density ease of separating body weight into fat, soft tissue and bone mineral less radiation dose compared to that of chest X-ray

A liquid diet that supplies about 400 to 800 kcal per day, mostly in the form of protein and carbohydrates, is known as a(n)

very-low-calorie diet

Air displacement and underwater weighing are methods used to estimate body _____.

volume

Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of

water loss. lean muscle mass depletion.

The Body Mass Index is defined as:

weight in pounds multiplied by 703, and divided by the square of the height in inches weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters

The main insight that was gained by the study of identical twins was

when raised apart, they have similar weight and body fat patterns.