NUR 165 Gastro Test PART 2

If a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct, the gallbladder becomes distended, inflamed, and eventually infected. This is referred to:

acute cholecystitis

What is the most common cause of small bowel obstructions?

adhesions (followed by tumors, Crohn's disease, and hernias) (other causes include intussusception, volvulus (i.e., twisting of the bowel), and paralytic ileus)

Term for when the appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a result of becoming kinked or occluded by a fecalith (i.e., hardened mass of stool), lymphoid hyperplasia (secondary to inflammation or infection), or rarely, foreign bodies (i.e., fruit seeds)?

appendicitis (it is the most frequent cause of acute abdomen in the United States)

Fluid in the peritoneal space is called:

ascites

Procedure in which the gallbladder is removed through an abdominal incision (usually right subcostal) after the cystic duct and artery are ligated:

cholecystectomy (this procedure is performed for acute and chronic cholecystitis)

What occurs when a diverticulum becomes inflamed, causing perforation and potential complications such as obstruction, abscess, fistula formation, peritonitis, and hemorrhage?

diverticulitis

What permits the visualization of structures that previously could be seen only during laparotomy? This procedure examines the hepatobiliary system via a side-viewing flexible fiberoptic endoscope inserted through the esophagus to the descending duodenum.

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

What are varicosities that develop in the esophagus from elevated pressure in the veins that drain into the portal system? They are dilated, tortuous veins that are usually found in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but may develop higher in the esophagus or extend into the stomach.

esophageal varices

What are dilated portions of veins in the anal canal?

hemorrhoids

What is the neuropsychiatric manifestation of hepatic failure a/w portal hypertension and the shunting of blood from the portal venous system into the systemic circulation?

hepatic encephalopathy (it is a life threatening complication of liver disease that occurs with profound liver failure)

What form of hepatitis is formerly called infectious hepatitis, and is caused by an RNA virus of the enterovirus family? It is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

hepatitis A

What form of hepatitis is transmitted primarily through blood, an be found in blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions, which makes it able to be transmitted through mucous membranes and breaks in the skin? It can also be transferred from carrier mothers to their infants.

hepatitis B

What form of hepatitis is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, principally through contaminated water in areas with poor sanitation, and generally resembles hepatitis A?

hepatitis E

What is commonly performed after a total colectomy and is either temporary or, less commonly, permanent? It allows drainage of fecal matter from the ileum to the outside of the body.

ileostomy

What is a chronic functional disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain a/w disordered bowel movements, which my include diarrhea, constipation, or both?

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Most obstruction in the large bowel occur in the:

sigmoid colon

In cirrhosis, varices are the most significant:

source of bleeding

What is a chronic ulcerative and inflammatory disease of the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon and rectum that is characterized by unpredictable periods of remission and exacerbation with bouts of abdominal cramps and bloody or purulent diarrhea?

ulcerative colitis

What are the 2 most common consequences of portal hypertension?

-ascites -varices

The most common causes of large bowel obstruction are:

-carcinoma -diverticulitis -inflammatory bowel disorders -fecal impaction

Hemorrhoids are classified into 2 types:

-internal hemorrhoids (found above the internal sphincter) -external hemorrhoids (appear outside the external sphincter)

What disease is characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation of subacute and chronic inflammation of the GI tract wall that extends through all layers?

Crohn's disease

What is the standard of therapy for symptomatic gallstones?

laproscopic cholecystectomy

A ______ bowel obstruction results in an accumulation of intestinal contents, fluid, and gas proximal to the obstruction.

large

What is found in the intergluteal cleft on the posterior surface of the lower sacrum, usually from a result of local trauma, causing penetration of hairs into the epithelium and subcutaneous tissue?

pilonidal cyst (aka pilonidal sinus) (may also be formed congenitally by an infolding of epithelial tissue beneath the skin, which my communicate with the skin surface through one or several small sinus openings)

What is the term for the increased pressure throughout the portal venous system that results from obstruction of blood flow into and through the damaged liver? (it is commonly a/w hepatic cirrhosis, and can also occur with noncirrhotic liver disease)

portal hypertension