Nur 306
A qualitative researcher might use which of the following statements to describe the rigor in a proposed study?
"I have carefully researched all literature on this topic and am planning consistent, thorough analysis of the data, collected from as many subjects as it takes to reach saturation."
Which of the following statements describing the research purpose is true?
"The reader can determine the research purpose in most titles of research articles."
A doctoral-trained nurse is prepared to do which of the following?
1) Coordinate research teams. 2) Expand the basic body of nursing knowledge. 3) Mentor other nurses in research. 4) Seek and obtain grants.
Which qualitative research method is an inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon? 1) Grounded 2) Ethnographic 3) Phenomenological 4) Explorative-descriptive
1) Grounded
Which of the following questions might be asked by a qualitative researcher?
1) How does the experience of being in a car accident affect a person's driving speed? 2) What is it like to live with a terminal illness?
Which of the following are true statements about quantitative research? (Choose all that apply.)
1) Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible. 2) Statistical tests are employed with quantitative research studies.
What is the correct order of the steps of the research process?
1) Search for knowledge 2) 3. Problem and purpose identification 3) Establishing the methodology 4) Implementation 5) Synthesis of findings
Which of the following best describes how to handle extraneous variables? (Choose all that apply.) The researcher:
1) can control for extraneous variables through study design. 2) must identify the main extraneous variables and control for them.
Which of the following are true statements about what research means? (Choose all that apply.) Research:
1) has specific protocols and steps to follow. 2) helps us know about new situations and concepts.
Why can research be considered a "world" of its own? Because it:
1) involves new rules and new experiences. 2) is a new way of experiencing reality. 3) requires learning a unique language.
Which of the following are true statements about basic research? (Choose all that apply.) Basic research:
1) is often conducted with animals. 2) is the pursuit of "knowledge for knowledge's sake."
What knowledge is required to fully define nursing research?
A determination of what nurses need to know to provide the best patient care
Which situation is the most likely to lead to a breach of confidentiality?
A qualitative researcher conducting interviews
A researcher describes a study as correlational. Which of the following would not be typically found in a research report of the study?
A report of strength of association
The researcher uses which portion of the research report to capture the reader's attention?
Abstract
A researcher wants to investigate the possibility that diabetic patients who are allowed to cook their own meals will adhere to dietary restrictions better than patients who do not. What is the dependent variable?
Adherence to dietary restrictions
The statement, "This study explores the experience of caregiving by adult daughters of parents with Alzheimer's disease," is an example of which of the following components of a research study?
Aim or objective
Explanative research
Aims to clarify the relationship among phenomena and identify possible reason why certain events occur
Which of the following is the strongest argument in favor of historical research in nursing?
All professions are characterized by knowledge of the history.
What statement is untrue regarding the atrocious medical activities of the Third Reich in Europe during the late 1930s and early 1940s?
Although terrible, at least some valuable medical information made up for the misconduct
Which organization is responsible for ensuring the humane treatment of animals in research?
American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
Which of the following definitions best describes rigor in quantitative research?
Amount of control and precision exerted by the methodology
A nurse reads a research report published in a professional journal. The nurse notes that a convenience sample was used, and data were gathered from several clinical sites. Overall the nurse was impressed with the quality and credibility of the study. The nurse demonstrated which critical thinking skill related to reading research reports?
Analyzing a research report
A researcher found significant evidence that women who had undergone chemotherapy treatment develop a very strong sensitivity in recognizing the smell of the chemotherapeutic agent. The researcher now wants to apply for a grant to further investigate this result. Given that reviewers will consider the significance of this study, what feedback are they likely to include? "The present study:
Appears to provide no immediate implication for nursing practice."
What category or type of research is suggested by the following research question? "Does telephone follow-up by nurses improve patients' compliance with their medication regimens?"
Applied
Which journal is most likely to publish a report on the findings of a recent study on patient compliance with low-sodium diets?
Applied Nursing Research
A researcher investigates the effect of frequency of position change on the healing of decubitus ulcers. The study would be described as:
Applied Research
External criticism of documents used in historical research asks which of the following questions?
Are the documents real or fraudulent?
An experienced, published researcher's funded study is to recruit a sample of mothers with children under the age of 30 entering a shopping complex with $100 spending money. The purpose of the study is to test the hypothesis that younger mothers will spend the money on themselves rather than on their children. What are the possible issues with the feasibility of this study?
Availability of subjects
The feasibility of conducting a study is determined by examining which of the following?
Availability of subjects
Which of the following is a characteristic of phenomenological research methodology?
Bracketing
Which type of practice-related research involving an in-depth analysis and systematic description of one patient or a group of patients has been conducted un nursing over the past century?
Case study
A major focus of nursing science during the 1970s was:
Communication of research findings
What type of hypothesis is the following? "Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy."
Complex, directional
What type of hypothesis is the following? "Low-fat diet is related to lower total cholesterol and higher HDL (high-density lipoprotein)."
Complex, directional, associative
Read the following statement and answer the question: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." This statement represents what type of hypothesis?
Complex, directional, research
Which entity is a nursing research topic considered?
Concept
Explorative-descriptive
Conducted to address an issue or problem in need of a solution and/or understanding
In a study in which nurses rated weekend versus weekday work schedule preference, the researcher permitted nursing administrators to examine the raw data. Which human right was violated?
Confidentiality
A nurse who reads research articles and incorporates research findings into nursing practice would demonstrate which of the following research roles?
Consumer
A researcher uses the following hypothesis in a study: "Excessive listening to alternative music will lead to increased depression in young teenagers." Which kind of variable is "listening"?
Continuous
A research study validates the positive effect that a nursing intervention, patient journaling, has on decreasing spiritual distress during cancer recovery. This would be an example of which type of research evidence?
Control
A researcher designs a study that uses a random sampling method to decrease the likelihood of bias in the study sample. This strategy was used to implement:
Control
The question "Is there a relationship between caffeine intake and intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma?" is an example of which type of research?
Correlational
What is it like to live with a terminal illness?
Correlational
Which of the following is true about qualitative data analysis?
Data analysis occurs in three stages: description, analysis, and interpretation.
Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research?
Data collection and analysis
Which answer has terms that come from all three of the following: the problem-solving process, nursing process, and the research process, rather than just one?
Data collection, methodology, evaluation
The provision that research be differentiated to potential subjects as therapeutic or nontherapeutic is a part of the:
Declaration of Helsinki.
Read the following statement and answer the question: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." What type of variable is "Perception of pain"?
Dependent
Read the following statement and answer the question: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." What type of variable is "Request for analgesics"?
Dependent
A researcher uses the following hypothesis in a study: "Excessive listening to alternative music will lead to increased depression in young teenagers." Which of the following dependent variables would need to be defined operationally in the research study?
Depression
A research study investigating the benefits of ambulation after cesarean section would be an example of which type of research evidence?
Description
Which of the following is an example of a study typically exempt from IRB review?
Description of levels of spiritual distress in cancer patients
The plan in the problem-solving process is equivalent to which step in the research process?
Design
Which objective is the purpose of conducting a quasi-experimental study research approach?
Determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables
What is the goal of quasi-experimental and experimental research designs in professional nursing practice?
Determine effectiveness of nursing interventions in predicting and controlling desired outcomes
Pilot studies are done for which reason?
Develop and refining a planned study
ethnographic research
Developed by discipline of anthropology for investigating cultures through an in-depth study of the members of the culture
Which of the following studies would not be considered nursing research?
Developing innovative pin insertion techniques for fracture treatment
What are the chief merits of historical research?
Development of new interventions to continued concerns
According to a study of nurses and medication errors using the ethnographic approach, what are nurses doing when "error" is redefined?
Eliminating guilt regarding the incident
Which of the following are true statements regarding ethical research?
Ethical research follows the three principles set forth by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
The following research steps could be found in which type of qualitative research? Identification of the culture to be studied • Gaining entrance • Cultural immersion • Acquiring informants • Theory development
Ethnographic
Which of the following would literally result in a written portrait of the study population?
Ethnographic research
According to Healthy People (HP) 2010 and the mission of the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), focus for future nursing research includes which of the following?
Evaluating therapeutic life style changes for effectiveness in reducing hypertension
In which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and controlled setting?
Experimental
A nursing instructor asks a student nurse to identify the weakest form of research understanding?
Expert opinions from respected authorities are the weakest form of research evidence
Which of the following is not among the rights of research subjects that are protected in ethical research?
Fair pay for participation
A research subject reported to a nurse that he was not receiving as much physical therapy as his friend who was not in the study. Which human right needs to be investigated?
Fair treatment
In a research proposal, the investigator notes that written permission has been obtained from three local hospitals to access patients for the proposed study. This is an example of what aspect of a study?
Feasibility
A researcher describes a study as a descriptive study. Which of the following would typically be part of the research methodology for the study?
Finding a representative sample
Which of the following is true about qualitative research?
Focus is on studying the "whole."
Which of the following historical events had a major impact on the funding for nursing research?
Formation of the National Center for Nursing Research
Which research activity does NANDA-I support?
Generating an effective diagnostic process
A qualitative researcher is discussing data gathering with one participant in a study about women who have experienced significant loss in their lives. They set up a series of interviews and plan to meet in the participant's home. The researcher expects to develop a mutual understanding on the topic with the participant. Before leaving the participant, the researcher supplies a list of questions that will be asked so the participant can be prepared to answer them fully. Which of the behaviors in this scenario is atypical of qualitative research?
Giving the participant a list of questions before the interview
If a researcher is looking for answers to the question "How can I make something happen in a new way?" what kind of research is being conducted?
Grounded theory research
The research process differs from the nursing process on which of the following?
Has a broader focus
A study analyzing the effect of exercise on diet control in Hispanic women with type II diabetes would most credibly be generalizable to which population?
Hispanic women with type II diabetes
The following research steps could be found in which type of qualitative research? Formulating an idea Developing research questions Developing an inventory of sources Clarifying validity and reliability of sources
Historical
Which type of qualitative researcher is likely to use film, videotapes, or photographs to collect data?
Historical
Which type of research uses a unique method of reporting data?
Historical
Which of the following would be an appropriate research question for a qualitative study?
How do parents decide when to take their child to a physician?
One major focus of nursing research during the 1980s was:
Increased funding for nursing research
Read the following statement and answer the question: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." What type of variable is "Type of support"?
Independent
Which approach to generating knowledge is most represented by qualitative research?
Inductive logic
Grounded Research
Inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon
The sentence, "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health beliefs and breast self-examination," would most likely be found in which section of a research report?
Introduction
descriptive research
Involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing practice phenomena and sometimes the relationships among them
A study investigating how nurses in the health care system looked on medication errors was conducted using the ethnographic approach. Why was this approach particularly appropriate for this study?
It improved understanding of how nurses within the hospital define or redefine medication errors.
A hospital wishes to develop a new protocol for immediate postoperative recovery of trauma patients in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). A team of nurses must be selected to comprise the group to develop the new protocol. Ideally the minimum educational preparation of the leader of their group should have earned a/an:
Master of Science in Nursing.
Which of the following items is not typically included in the purpose statement of a research study?
Methodology
What is true about funding priorities in nursing research?
Most major nursing organizations develop research priorities for research. It is wise to go to the web site of an agency to view these priorities before asking for research dollars.
Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: "Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy."
Music therapy
Sources for credible, rigorous evidence-based guidelines for healthcare practice include the:
NGC
Which of the following identified the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice as relevant to the conduct of research using human subjects in the United States?
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects ordinance
Applied research seeks to solve a clinical problem in which setting?
Natural
A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in caregivers of elderly stroke victims. The researcher designs a study in which data collection takes place in the caregiver's home. This would be an example of which type of research setting?
Natural, field
A researcher looking over a patient's record for purposes of obtaining research data would be exposing that subject to what degree of harm?
No anticipated effects
The first internationally recognized effort to establish ethical standards was the:
Nuremberg Code
What international document was developed in 1949 to direct investigators in conducting ethical research?
Nuremberg Code
Problem identification in the research process would be equivalent to which step in the nursing process?
Nursing diagnosis
Which of the following is not a common data collection method in qualitative research?
Obtaining written surveys
Why would a researcher use written documents from participants when interviews are possible?
Often the text comes from the transcription of taped (verbal) interviews.
What type of definition is the following? "CDD lymphocyte counts are the measure of immune function."
Operational
The statement below is an example of which of the following? "In this study, pain is reflected as a score between 0 and 10 on the postoperative pain rating scale."
Operational definition
Benner (1984) emphasizes the importance of acquiring clinical knowledge and expertise through:
Personal experience
Which of the following should the qualitative researcher pay attention to as part of observation?
Personal reactions to the situation.
Which of the following methods would be most reasonable to use if a researcher is interested in finding out what it is like to live with a person who has a terminal illness?
Phenomenological approach
Which type of qualitative research is the most controversial?
Phenomenological research
Conducting a study using children as subjects requires all except which of the following?
Pilot study
The research purpose should identify the study variable(s) and what other key aspect of the study?
Population
A researcher uses the following hypothesis in a study: excessive listening to alternative music will lead to increased depression in young teenagers. Which of the following descriptors can be applied to this hypothesis?
Positive, causal
An appropriate source for identification of a clinical-based research problem would be a/an:
Practicing registered nurse.
In a study of patients experiencing arthritis, the researcher used real names in the field notes. Which human right was violated?
Privacy
Mixed-methods systematic review
Provides a synthesis of methodologies used in several studies
What would be the strongest evidence in support of a researcher's qualifications for conducting a study? The researcher has
Published five previous studies on the same topic.
Has a broader focus
Purpose
The nurse is conducting research with the goal of gaining greater understanding of patients' and families' experiences with health and illness. Which type of research will best meet this goal?
Qualitative
A study was conducted to determine which palliative care measures patients prefer. Statistical analysis revealed that most of them ranked evening back rubs and calming music the highest in helpfulness. This research would most likely fall under which of the following categories?
Quantitative research
Which of the following types of research involve at least a minor degree of control by the researcher to implement the study treatment?
Quasi-experimental
Which of the following would be considered level 1 research evidence when evaluating evidence for the establishment of IV site care and maintenance for a medical-surgical unit?
Randomized clinical trial study conducted on types of dressings used in hospital settings
In which situation would the research and the null hypothesis be the same?
Researcher predicts that there will be no difference among the groups.
Demographic variables are often used to indicate which of the following?
Sample characteristics
Which of the following components of a research study is unique to qualitative research methodology?
Selection of participants
If a researcher unobtrusively observes interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital for the purposes of data collection, which human right may be violated?
Self-determination
What type of hypothesis is the following? "Normal saline flush with heparin is more effective than normal saline flush alone in maintaining patency of an intermittent intravenous site."
Simple, directional
Which of the following would be considered a demographic variable?
Socioeconomic status
Research subjects in a study of quality of life (QOL) in liver transplant recipients were asked to complete a questionnaire about their experiences after transplantation. Which of the following would be a likely assumption that the researcher made in relation to this study?
Subjects are able to identify a personal awareness of QOL.
Qualitative research is based on which of the following?
The belief that multiple "truths" and "realities" exist
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding operational and conceptual definitions in qualitative studies?
The conceptual and operational definitions should be consistent in a qualitative study.
A compromise from the rigorous standards created by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1973 regulations for the Protection of Human Research Subjects resulted in which of the following?
The eventual creation of levels of institutional review board reviews
Which of the following would be most accurate in describing the data analysis process in qualitative research?
The main emphasis in analysis is to extract themes and patterns in the data.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding use of animals in research?
The main goal of the Public Health Service policy is to ensure the humane treatment of animals used in research.
There are many different approaches to qualitative research. What is one common thread that is evident in all types?
The process in each kind is a little like working a puzzle and putting pieces together to make it whole.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
The proven medical treatment, when available, was withheld from the subjects
Which of the following is not necessary to be included in the information provided to potential participants in a study for them to give informed consent? The
The research hypothesis
What is a difference between correlational and quasi-experimental research?
The researcher wants to predict what will happen in quasi-experimental research.
If a researcher used an instrument to measure happiness and reports that in the past it has been used to determine degree of hardiness, what would a critique of the study focus on regarding this choice?
The validity of the research tool is in question.
What statement is true regarding objectives in qualitative studies?
The variables and concepts in qualitative studies are usually more complex, so the objective statement is broader in focus.
One researcher wanted to investigate whether nursing students should take psychiatric mental health nursing before they take medical surgical nursing. Which of the following is a correctly stated objective of this study?
This research study examines whether having psychiatric mental health content before medical surgical content better prepares nursing students to perform well on their NCLEX®.
Which of the following is true about grounded theory research?
This type of research has its roots in the data from which it was derived.
When assessing unusual levels of temporary discomfort, which of the following would be the top concern to a researcher?
Unrelieved pain caused by the use of a placebo medication in a study looking at chronic pain relief
systematic review
Uses specific systematic methods to address a particular problem in practice
A phenomenological research question might be which of the following?
What is it like to breast-feed twins?
Coding for qualitative studies:
allows the data to be retrieved by category.
Predictive research
an estimation or probability of a specific outcome in a given situation
The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called:
anonymity
Statements that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested, are called:
assumptions.
Data for qualitative studies are:
based on words rather than numbers.
In the literature report of a study on quality of life, the researcher describes two previous investigations suggesting that spirituality is related to quality of life. This information suggests that the current study is significant because it:
builds on previous research.
A questionnaire has an ID number in one corner that allows the research team to identify the subject. This is an example of:
confidentiality
In critiquing a research study, what would indicate that the researcher minimized the limitations of the study?
connection among the concepts was made clear in the report.
The purpose of phenomenological research is to:
describe experiences as they are lived.
The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) is to:
determine the extent to which human rights will be protected in a study
How does a qualitative historical researcher determine validity and reliability? The researcher:
determines that theoretical saturation is reached with as many primary sources as possible and secondary sources on a limited basis.
meta-analysis
determines the effect of an intervention or strength of relationships
The grounded theory method is concerned with:
developing theories and hypotheses.
Which would not be considered evidence for the establishment of an evidence-based protocol for reducing falls in frail elderly people? A report or paper on the:
ethical position paper on restraining elderly people in extended care facilities.
The main purpose of leveling or reviewing research evidence in the establishment of evidence-based guidelines is to:
evelop guidelines for providing care to clients.
Verifying handwriting or determining the age of paper a document was written on is part of establishing:
external criticism.
Which of the following best describe a researcher striving for rigor in a study? The researcher has:
found a highly reliable and valid instrument used in several previous studies with good results.
A research problem is defined as a/an:
general area of concern requiring study.
Informed consent requires that a study subject has free power of choice regarding participation and:
general knowledge and comprehension of the study
The primary purpose of nursing research is to
generate scientific knowledge to guide nursing practice
Which statements are true about a literature review? The literature review:
generates a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem.
An example of inductive reasoning is:
going from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients.
Analysis of data in qualitative studies attempts to:
identify common themes and patterns.
The initial and one of the most significant steps in conducting the research process is:
identifying the research problem
Subjects who volunteered to receive an experimental treatment for AIDS are educated about essential study information, assessed for understanding of this information, and asked to willingly participate in the research study. This process is referred to as:
informed consent
How does a study framework differ from a theory? A framework:
is a testable theory used by the researcher.
The goal of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) addresses which of the following? The principle or right of/to:
justice
When critiquing a research report, what would not be needed in the description of the sample to determine the validity of the sample? The
mean age of the sample
One example of a research population with diminished autonomy (vulnerability) would be:
mentally ill patients
In selecting a research design, what would indicate that the researcher's choice was not the correct one?
methods of measurement do not match the research purpose.
The purpose of ethnographic research is to:
observe and document interactions within a culture.
The components of rigor in qualitative research are:
openness and adherence to the philosophical orientation.
What type of research has a major focus on examining the long-term, short-term, negative, and positive results of care across a variety of settings?
outcomes
The current practice with regard to research on neonates is:
parents are allowed to give consent on behalf of the neonate.
Before implementing a large, multisite research investigation, a researcher conducts a smaller study to identify any problematic areas in the planned study. This smaller study is known as a/an:
pilot study.
The purpose of a research hypothesis is to:
predict the expected results or outcomes of the study.
Which of the following rights or principles did the Willowbrook Study not violate? The principle or right of/to:
privacy
The researcher's efforts to maximize benefits and minimize risks refer to the research subject's right to:
protection from discomfort and harm
Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing because they:
provide different views
Outcomes research in health care is oriented toward establishing:
quality and effectiveness.
Which of the following statements regarding subjects in qualitative research shows the difference in the sample compared with samples in quantitative research? In qualitative research the:
relationship between researcher and participant is much closer.
Scientific knowledge is generated through:
research
Competence of a potential research subject to give informed consent is typically determined by the:
researcher
A key factor in qualitative research is:
researcher-participant relationship.
The dependent variable is defined as a:
response or outcome that the researcher wants to understand.
A researcher who does not disclose that a portion of the data from the original study sample was not used in the final data analysis could be accused of:
scientific misconduct.
Why would the Hermeneutic approach be of interest to nursing researchers? The Hermeneutic approach:
seeks to increase the understanding of human nature.
The purpose of grounded theory research is to:
study phenomena that contribute to theory development.
The main reason for not including qualitative studies in reviews for evidence-based practice is:
that it is difficult to evaluate qualitative studies.
Control research
the ability to write a prescription to produce a desired effect
Phenomenological
the concept that people's perceptions or subjective realities are considered valid data for investigation
A researcher uses the following hypothesis in a study: "Excessive listening to alternative music will lead to increased depression in young teenagers." Which of the following statements is an acceptable operational definition of "excessive listening"? Excessive listening is defined as:
the number of hours a subject spends listening to alternative music.
Data collection in many types of qualitative studies is considered complete when:
the researcher reaches a point of where no new information is collected and theoretical ideas seem complete.
Which of the following is an acceptable operational definition according to the requirements of how to operationalize a variable? Depression will be operationalized as:
the subject's score on the State-Trait Anxiety scale.
How does a researcher know if data are from a primary source? The researcher:
thoroughly evaluates the data with all means available to determine its status as a primary source.
Ethnographic research focuses on:
trying to understand cultures from an emic perspective.
The main purpose of studying research for a BSN student is to:
understand the basic principles of research
meta-synthesis
uses a systematic compilation and integration of qualitative studies to expand the understanding of study findings in a selected area
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of deception in current research studies? The use of deception:
violates the right of self-determination
A research question focuses on:
what relationships might exist among variables.
What question helps determine the significance of a research study?
"Does this study build on previous work in the area?"
