nur1024 final review
How can you empower yourself?
1. Using available resources 2. Using learning strategies 3. Taking steps to achieve success
, identified as T1-T12;
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
Each breast has approximately ___ lobes
20
The skeleton of a human adult consists of how many bones
206 individual bones
A nurse is assessing a patient who reports being incontinent. What question should the nurse ask to elicit information related to urge incontinence?
" Do you begin urinating immediately after feeling the need to urinate?
A patient who is undergoing cancer chemotherapy says to the nurse, " This is no way to live." Which response uses reflective technique?
" You sound discouraged today."
Some tests have a generous time frame in which the majority of test takers have ample time to answer every question on the examination. These are known as
" power tests."
Some tests have severe time restrictions in which most test takers do not complete all the questions on the examination. These are known as
" speed tests."
surgical puncture
-centesis
state of; condition
-ema
resembling
-oid
increase
-osis when used in a word related to blood means
smell
-osmia
oxygen
-oxia
decrease or deficiency
-penia
swallowing, eating
-phagia
carrying, transmission
-phoresis
treatment
-therapy
fast, rapid
-trachy
the abbreviation of the anterior pituitary hormone that initiates sperm production in men
...Follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]
What is the posterior pituitary hormone that causes contraction of the uterus during childbirth and promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands?
...Oxytocin
The two hormones released by the neurohypophysis are
...Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone ADH
the important function of ADH posterior pituitary hormone in the kidneys
...increases water reabsorption, water returns to the blood
two functions of GH [anterior pituitary hormone] are
...stimulates somatic growth; increases use of fats for energy
identified as Co1
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
The nursing process contains five steps:
1. Assessment 2. Analysis/Nursing diagnosis 3. Planning 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation
The vertebral column also is called the spinal column and is composed of how many bones
26 bones called vertebrae.
aspiration biopsy, needle biopsy, punch biopsy, shave biopsy, and frozen section
5 Types of biopsy include
identified as L1-L5;
5 pairs of lumbar nerves,
identified as S1-S5;
5 pairs of sacral nerves,
a normal functioning heart beats how many times in a minute
60-100
What is the expected range of a radial pulse in an adult?
70 to 85 beats per minute
identified as C1-C8;
8 pairs of cervical nerves
.is a break of the lower end of the radius, which occurs just above the wrist. It causes displacement of the hand and usually occurs as a result of flexing a hand to cushion a fall
A Colles fracture
deprives tissues of oxygen and nutrients and fails to remove waste, resulting in irreversible changes to cells that could be life-threatening.
A cardiovascular system that does not provide adequate circulation
scleroderma
A chronic progressive disease of the skin with hardening & shrinking of connective tissue
means the bone is broken with no open wound, and surrounding tissue damage is minimal.
A closed fracture
occurs when the bone is broken into pieces.
A comminuted fracture
involves extensive soft tissue injury, such as when a broken rib pierces a lung
A complicated fracture
Hemangioma
A congenital growth composed of dilated blood vessels
is any step that must be performed accurately to receive a passing score.
A critical element
sebaceous cyst
A cyst filled with sebum-fatty material from a sebaceous gland
presents a situation followed by a list of statements. You are asked to place them in order of priority.
A drag and drop item
is a break or crack in the bone; are defined according to the type and extent of the break
A fracture
is used to calculate blood glucose from one drop of blood
A glucometer
means there is an incomplete break of a soft bone, which means the bone is partially bent and partially broken. These fractures usually occur in children because their growing bones are soft and tend to splinter, rather than break completely.
A greenstick fracture
is a statement of a specific health problem that a nurse is legally permitted to treat. it should include the problem and the factors that contributed to the development of the problem.
A nursing diagnosis
includes the assessment techniques of inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. Also, it includes obtaining the vital signs and recognizing acceptable and unacceptable parameters of obtained values.
A physical examination
petechia or petechiae
A small pinpoint hemorrhage
a word or statement that conveys a thought or concept that has no exceptions.
A specific determiner
a strategy that uses skill and forethought to analyze a test item before selecting an answer.
A specific test taking technique
provides information from outside the specific patient's frame of reference.
A tertiary source
a clot that adheres to the wall of a blood vessel or organ and may obstruct the vessel or organ in which it resides, preventing the flow of blood.
A thrombus
arterial blood gases, Measurement of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) content of arterial blood by various methods. analysis of this is used to assess adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation and the acid-base status of the body.
ABGs
short terms or letters denoting words or phrases
Abbreviations
pleural effusion
Abnormal presence of fluid in the pleural cavity, The fluid may contain blood-hemothorax, serum-hydrothorax, or pus-pyothorax. Treatment includes a surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow-bore needle-thoracentesis, thoracocentesis, to remove excess fluid
furuncle
Abscess that originates in a hair follicle; also called boil
alopecia
Absence or loss of hair, especially of the head; also known as baldness
the sebaceous-oil glands, hair, and nails sudoriferous-sweat glands,
Accessory organs of the skin include
"Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe and do."
According to Robert Ennis, the author of the Cornell Critical Thinking Tests:
"making sense of our world by carefully examining the thinking process in order to clarify and improve our understanding."
According to Rosalinda Alfaro-Lefevre, Critical Thinking is:
answerable
Accountability
tendon that is attached to a muscle in the lower leg
Achilles tendon
pertussis
Acute infectious disease characterized by a "whoop"-sounding cough; also called whooping cough. Immunization of infants as part of the diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT) vaccine prevents it's spread.
coryza
Acute inflammation of nasal passages accompanied by profuse nasal discharge; also called a cold
croup
Acute respiratory syndrome that occurs primarily in children and infants and is characterized by laryngeal obstruction and spasm, barking cough, and stridor
influenza
Acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain
Relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones that results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied
Addison disease
a dead body
Adipocere is formed in
Hypersecretion causes Cushing disease
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
adrenal cortex--promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, especially cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
urticaria
Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale-red elevated patches that are intensely itchy; also called wheals or hives
Chronic, organic mental disorder that is a progressive form of presenile dementia caused by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain
Alzheimer disease
a clot present in blood or lymphatic vessels and brought there by blood or lymph.
An embolus
is when the line of fracture does not include the whole bone.
An incomplete fracture
performs other invasive procedures, such as angioplasty, pacemaker insertion, and implantable cardioverter defirillator insertion.
An interventional cardiologist
also called a compound fracture, means the broken end of a bone pierces the skin, creating an open wound. In such a fracture, there may be extensive damage to surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and muscles.
An open fracture,
Ulcer
An open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring. Examples: pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma.
a lesion of the skin or mucous membrane marked by inflammation, necrosis, and sloughing of damaged tissue.
An ulcer
the second step of the nursing process, is the most difficult component, requires that data be validated and clustered and that their significance be determined.
Analysis,
are other ways to learn to write.
Analyzing, editing, and revising previously written material
connection between two vessels, bowel segments, or ducts; is performed to provide a connecton from one structure to another
Anastomosis
Hypersecretion causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SIADH
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus.
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
skin lesions
Areas of pathologically altered tissue caused by disease, injury, or a wound due to external factors or internal disease
pustules whiteheads
As bacteria feed on the sebum, they release irritating substances that produce inflammation. Large numbers of bacteria produce infection, forming
matrix, cuticle, nail bed
As the nail grows from a _______ of active cells beneath the___________ it stays attached and slides forward over the epithelial layer called the ________.
right to make one's own decisions
Autonomy
impetigo
Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
Mucus secretions from here help keep the vagina moist and lubricated, facilitating intercourse
Bartholin glands
Facial paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of a facial nerve [cranial nerve VII], most likely caused by a viral infection
Bell palsy
obligation to do good
Beneficence;
passes from the gallbladder through the common bile duct into the small intestine. emulsifies breaks down fats and prepares them for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Bile
is a yellow-green bitter secretion produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It receives its color from the presence of bile pigments such as bilirubin.
Bile, also called gall,
oxygen, O2,
Blood flowing through the capillaries accepts this from the alveolus
carbon dioxide, CO2,
Blood flowing through the capillaries deposits this into the alveolus
The nurse administers a cathartic to a patient. What therapeutic outcome should the nurse expect when assessing the patient's response to this medication?
Bowel movement
The capsule that surrounds and encloses the glomerulus is
Bowman capsule.
is a method of exploring a topic by spontaneously listing thoughts or ideas.
Brainstorming
alveoli, singular, alveolus
Bronchioles eventually distribute air to the
cancer, chronological age, cardiac arrest
CA
At best, this hormone is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults.
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high in order to maintain homeostasis
Calcitonin
The most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape.
Calcitonin
is passed from the blood into the alveoli and expelled out of the lungs. .
Carbon dioxide
is more elastic than bone, composes parts of the skeleton. It is found chiefly in the joints, thorax, trachea, and nose.
Cartilage,
is a system of therapy based on the theory that disease is caused by pressure on nerves.
Chiropractic medicine
psoriasis
Chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered with silvery scales
ethical decision making using the nursing process
Clarify the problem • Gather additional data • Identify the options • Make a decision • Act on it • Evaluate the impact
cyst
Closed sac or pouch in or under the skin with a definite wall that contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material
carbuncle
Cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue
groups related information together; enables the nurse to organize data; eliminate that which is insignificant, irrelevant, or redundant; and reduce the data into manageable categories.
Clustering data
is the first part of assessment..
Collecting data
achromatopsia
Color blindness
is the hard, outer layer of a bone,is covered by periosteum that serves as a place of attachment for muscles, provides protection, and gives durable strength to the bone.
Compact [dense] bone tissue
are the opinions, decisions, or inferences that result from the interpretation of data.
Conclusions
talipes equinovarus
Congenital deformity of the foot; also called clubfoot
scabies
Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite
wheezes
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds, usually during expiration, that are caused by narrowing of an airway. Occur in such conditions as asthma, croup, hay fever, and emphysema
a chronic inflammation of the ileum, may affect any part of the intestinal tract. It is distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern; it is also called regional ileitis.
Crohn disease,
provide the mechanics of squeezing blood out of the heart chambers to maintain the flow of blood in one direction.
Cross-striations of cardiac muscle
Cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood
Cushing syndrome
method to mastering medical terms
DAD - divide, analyze, define
hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen in body tissues, usually a sign of respiratory impairment. Body tissues have a decreased amount of oxygen, which results in cyanosis
hypoxemia
Deficiency of oxygen in the blood, usually a sign of respiratory impairment
are interventions that require an order/prescription by a health- care provider; they all require a legal order.
Dependent interventions
dermatology
Derm is the abbreviation for
commonly results in hyperglycemia; occurs if the pancreas does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or if the cells of the body become resistant to insulin and do not utilize insulin properly
Diabetes
is a general term that, when used alone, refers to diabetes mellitus [DM], a disease that occurs in two primary forms: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes
tests that determine diagnosis and treatment
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
comedo
Discolored, dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin; also called blackhead
are agents or drugs prescribed to control edema and also to stimulate the flow of urine.
Diuretics
information on drugs and conditions
Drug Classifications
bronchodilators
Drugs used to increase airflow by dilating constricted airways through relaxation of the smooth muscles that surround the bronchioles and bronchi. Treats asthma, emphysema, COPD, and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Most provide metered dosages and may use a spacer as a reservoir for the med.
open into the urethra and secrete thick mucus that acts as a lubricant during sexual stimulation
Ducts of Cowper glands
contract
During inspiration, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
Blood test used to screen for an antibody to the AIDS virus
ELISA
extraocular movement
EOM
nail root
Each nail is formed in the _______ composed of keratin, a hard fibrous protein, which is also the main component of hair.
is designed to filter urea and other waste products effectively from the blood.
Each nephron
Vesicle
Elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled lesion less than 0.5 cm in diameter. Examples: poison ivy, shingles, chickenpox.
hematoma
Elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin that usually results from trauma
Hypersecretion causes prolonged fight-or-flight reaction and hypertension
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathetic nervous system target organs--hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation [sympathomimetic], increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstrictionism.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
redness of the skin due to congestion of the capillaries
Erythematous
the lungs for exhalation.
Erythrocytes in the blood carry CO2 to
all parts of the body
Erythrocytes in the blood carry oxygen to
is responsible for the development of adipose tissue, which enlarges the size of the breasts; Breast size is primarily determined by the amount of fat around the glandular tissue,
Estrogen
the diagnosis of skin disorders.
Evaluation of skin lesions, injuries, or changes to tissue helps establish
Malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis
Ewing sarcoma
Port-wine stains and moles
Examples of a nevi
acidosis
Excessive acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate. Respiratory this is caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body.
each time we inhale, breathe in air
External respiration occurs
to be faithful
Fidelity;
Flat lesions
Flat, discolored, circumscribed lesions of any size
Macule
Flat, pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter. Examples: freckle, flat mole, or rash that occurs in rubella.
Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation.
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
in females, stimulates egg production; increases secretion of estrogen; in males, stimulates sperm production
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
tinea
Fungal infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm
Liver and blood--increases blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in liver [(glycogenolysis] and conversion of other nutrients into glucose in the liver [gluconeogenesis] and releasing glucose into blood; converts glycogen to glucose
Glucagon
Persistently low blood sugar levels [hypoglycemia] may be caused by deficiency in
Glucagon
Body cells--promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune responses
Glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol
Hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome
Glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol
Hyposecretion causes Addison disease
Glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol
the chief source of energy for living organisms.
Glucose
are general statements that direct nursing interventions. They provide broad parameters regarding the desired results of nursing care and stimulate motivation. can be long term or short term.
Goals
produce gametes, sperm and secrete sex hormones..
Gonads
Multisystem autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid [hyperthyroidism] associated with hypersecretion of thyroxine; also called exophthalmic goiter, thyrotoxicosis, or toxic goiter
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism also is called
Graves disease, exophthalmic goiter, thyrotoxicosis, and toxic goiter.
another variation of the true- false question, attempts to arrange affiliated information together this is called
Grouping short true- false items under a common question,
epistaxis
Hemorrhage from the nose; also called nosebleed
contusion
Hemorrhage of any size under the skin in which the skin is not broken; also known as a bruise
an inflammatory condition of the liver, may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, parasitic infestation, alcohol, drugs, toxins, or transfusion of incompatible blood. It may be mild and brief or severe and life-threatening.
Hepatitis,
Malignant disease characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue usually first evident in cervical lymph nodes, splenomegaly, and the presence of unique Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes
Hodgkin disease
Monitoring device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph readings usually 24 hours on a portable tape recorder while the patient conducts normal daily activities
Holter monitor
corticosteroids
Hormonal agents that reduce tissue edema and inflammation associated with chronic lung disease
occurs at one site, but their effects take place at various other sites in the body.
Hormone production
Hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells, leading to bizarre, involuntary, dancelike movements
Huntington chorea
intraocular pressure
IOP
there is less surface area for gas exchange, and breathlessness results.
If a lung disorder destroys or damages enough alveolar sacs,
the medical specialty that encompasses the study of the various elements of the immune system and their functions.
Immunology
presbycusis
Impairment of hearing resulting from old age
epiglottitis
In acute form, a severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and surrounding area that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12, involves a sudden onset of fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress
dermabrasion, chemical peels, cutaneous lasers, and other techniques
In cosmetic surgery, skin resurfacing may involve
lying down
In the phrase decubitus ulcer, decubitus means
comedos, blackheads
Increased activity of sebaceous glands at puberty may block the hair follicle and form
[nurse- prescribed] are those actions that a nurse is legally permitted to implement with no direction or supervision from others; do not require a healthcare provider's order/prescription.
Independent interventions
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice is known as
acne
Inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicles of the skin, marked by comedos, blackheads, papules, and pustules
focuses on the " process" of test taking.
Information- Processing Analysis,
primary lesions
Initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue that may be flat or elevated
an essential hormone for conversion of sugar, starches, and other food into energy, is required for normal daily living.
Insulin,
[collaborative] are actions implemented in partnership with other appropriate professionals.
Interdependent interventions
It is associated with the nurse's ability to determine the significance of clustered data.
Interpretation
collects data using a formal approach e.g., obtaining a health history or an informal approach e.g., exploring feelings while providing other nursing care.
Interviewing
have varied shapes and sizes and are commonly clustered, such as the bones of the vertebrae and certain bones of the ears and face
Irregular bones
The lymphatic system is closely linked to the CV system, it that
It depends on the pumping action of the heart to circulate its substances throughout the body.
are the places where two bones articulate, or connect
Joints
fairness
Justice
To determine urinary tract abnormalities, such as tumors, swollen kidneys, and calculi, the physician may order a radiographic examination called ____. it identifies location, size, shape, and malformation of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Stones and calcified areas may also be detected.
KUB kidney, ureter, bladder.
Malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue
Kaposi sarcoma
focuses on the " content" aspect of a test.
Knowledge Analysis,
Carbuncle
Large abscesses with connecting channels under the skin
bullae
Larger blisters that occur after a burn are
ulcer
Lesion of the skin or mucous membranes marked by inflammation, necrosis, and sloughing of damaged tissues
appearance, color, location, and size as measured in centimeters.
Lesions are also described by their
Excoriations
Linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis. Examples: scratches, abrasions, chemical or thermal burns.
remove or reduce localized areas of fat around the abdomen, breasts, legs, face, and upper arms, where skin is contractile enough to re-drape in a normal manner, and is performed for cosmetic reasons.
Liposuction is used primarily to
abscess
Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection characteristically a staphylococcal infection
vitiligo
Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches; also called leukoderma
hemorrhage
Loss of a large amount of blood in a short period, externally or internally, may be arterial, venous, or capillary
A patient has dependent edema of the ankles and feet and is obese. Which diet should the nurse expect the health- care provider to order?
Low in sodium and low in calories
Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
Luteinizing hormone LH
in females, promotes ovulation; stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone. in males, promotes secretion of testosterone
Luteinizing hormone LH
spirometry
Measurement of FVC and FEV1, producing a tracing on a graph, it measures the breathing capacity of the lungs and produces a tracing on a graph.
skin test
Method for determining induced sensitivity, allergy, by applying or inoculating a suspected allergen or sensitizer into the skin and determining sensitivity, allergy, to the specific antigen by aninflammatory skin reaction to it
Hypersecretion causes aldosteronism.
Mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone
Hyposecretion causes Addison disease.
Mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone
Kidneys--increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium in the kidneys
Mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone
petechia
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhagic spot of the skin
nail body
Most of the ________ appears pink because of the underlying blood vessels.
Rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to a progressive loss of hearing
Ménière disease
specialize in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease, kidney transplantation, and dialysis therapies.
Nephrologists
are microscopic filtering units of the kidneys; They are designed to filter urea and other waste products from blood; are also responsible for maintaining homeostasis keeping body fluids in balance.
Nephrons
do not carry impulses, but perform the functions of support and protection.
Neuroglia
data collected via transmission of a message without words.
Non-verbal data
left eye-Oculus sinister
OS
are measurable assessments collected when the nurse uses sight, touch, smell, or hearing to acquire information. what the nurse observes
Objective data
cataract
Opacity of the lens as a result of protein deposits on its surface
is the branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders.
Ophthalmology
is the branch of medicine concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.
Orthopedics
are surgeons who specialize in orthopedics. They employ medical, physical, and surgical methods to restore function that is lost as a result of injury or disease to the musculoskeletal system.
Orthopedists
is the oldest medical specialty in the United States; is greatly expanded to include medical and surgical management of patients with disorders of the ear, nose, and throat [ENT] and related structures of the head and neck.
Otolaryngology
is inhaled by the lungs is passed from the alveoli into the blood
Oxygen
wave that represents atrial depolarization, conduction of an electrical impulse through the atria; these electrical changes causes atrial contraction
P wave
the waves on the ECG strip are known as
P wave, QRS waves, and T wave
Skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones and bowing of long bones; also called osteitis deformans
Paget disease
Bones--increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica
Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
Hyposecretion causes tetany
Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
Kidneys--increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion
Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
Small intestine--increases absorption of calcium and phosphates
Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
Progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement
Parkinson disease
a word denoting any bowl-shaped structure
Pelvis
are open sores or lesions on the mucous membrane that lines the stomach or duodenum. They usually develop in the highly acidic regions of the stomach or duodenum.
Peptic ulcers
is an inflammation infection of the pericardial sac with an accumulation of pericardial fluid.
Pericarditis
guarding or protecting
Phylact/o-
is the specialty for restoration, repair, or reconstruction of body structures
Plastic surgery
three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus.
Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia
A nurse is going to assist a heavy patient higher in bed. What should the nurse do to prevent self-injury?
Position the feet apart with one foot placed forward.
what does PURR stand for
Prepare, Understand, Rehearse, Review
skin overlying a bony projection, such as the hip, ankle, heel, shoulder, and elbow.
Pressure ulcers are most commonly found in
respiration
Process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells is called
information processing analysis has two parts:
Processing Errors and Personal Performance Trends.
exposure to strong ultraviolet light
Production of melanin increases with
Hypersecretion in nursing mothers causes galactorrhea.
Prolactin
Hyposecretion in nursing mothers causes poor lactation.
Prolactin
in conjunction with other hormones, promotes lactation
Prolactin
A nurse administers an intramuscular injection and then massages the insertion site after the needle is withdrawn. What is the purpose of massaging the insertion site at the completion of the procedure?
Promote absorption
empyema
Pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity pyothorax. Is usually the result of a primary infection in the lungs.
commonly referred to as the QRS complex
QRS waves
represent ventricular depolarization, conduction of electrical impulses through the ventricle by way of the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers. these electrical changes cause ventricular contraction
QRS waves
chest x-ray
Radiograph of the chest taken from the anteroposterior (AP), posteroanterior (PA), or lateral projections. Is used to diagnose atelectasis, tumors, pneumonia, emphysema, and many other lung diseases
CT computed tomography
Radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays that rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images. Is used to detect lesions in the lungs and thorax, blood clots, and pulmonary embolism (PE).
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
Radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body In the respiratory system, is used to produce a scan of the chest and lungs. Does not require a contrast medium, but it may be used to enhance visualization of internal structures
Numbness in fingers or toes due to intermittent constriction of arterioles in the skin
Raynaud phenomenon
RACE stands for
Recognize info in the stem, Ask, what is the question asking? Critically analyze distracters, Eliminate options, obvious wrong answers
eczema
Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
biopsy
Removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of a disease
dermabrasion
Removal of acne scars, nevi, tattoos, or fine wrinkles on the skin through the use of sandpaper, wire brushes, or other abrasive materials on the epidermal layer
oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, waste product from the cells of the body
Respiratory structures, along with the structures of the cardiovascular system,transports
secondary lesions
Result from the changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease
includes consideration of reports such as the results of laboratory tests, diagnostic procedures, and assessments or consultations by other members of the health- care team.
Review of records
techniques of reinforcement.
Reviewing, reorganizing, and rewriting class notes
Hearing acuity test performed with a vibrating tuning fork that is first placed on the mastoid process and then in front of the external auditory canal to test bone and air conduction
Rinne test
perceive the presence of light only,
Rods
a mixture of secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, also known as Cowper glands
Semen
vertigo
Sensation of moving around in space, spinning, dizziness
is an analytical skill that requires you to compare and contrast information and identify that which is most important or significant.
Setting priorities
Hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism development of male characteristics
Sex hormones, any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices
Hypersecretion of adrenal estrogen and progestin secretion in males leads to feminization, development of feminine characteristics.
Sex hormones, any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices
In females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause Otherwise, effects in adults are insignificant
Sex hormones, any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices
are composed of striations that move bones of the skeleton and work mainly in a voluntary manner
Skeletal muscle fibers
ecchymosis
Skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise
Fissure
Small slit or cracklike sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be caused by continuous inflammation and drying.
Pustule
Small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus; usually less than 1 cm in diameter. Examples: acne, furuncle, pustular psoriasis, scabies.
bruit
Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow
Nodule
Solid, elevated lesion Palpable, circumscribed lesion; larger and deeper than a papule 0.6 to 2 cm in diameter; extends into the dermal area. Examples: intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor.
formerly called cerebrovascular accident [CVA], is a disruption of normal blood supply [ischemia] to the brain. It is characterized by occlusion from an embolus, thrombus, or hemorrhage. The resulting neurological symptoms vary according to the site and degree of occlusion.
Stroke,
can be collected only when the patient shares feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and sensations about a health problem or concern. what the patient says
Subjective data
skin graft
Surgical procedure to transplant healthy tissue by applying it to an injured site Human, animal, or artificial skin is used to provide a temporary covering or permanent layer of skin over a wound or burn
they originate in the bone marrow but migrate and mature in the thymus
T cells
type of cells that are important in the immune process
T cells
upon maturation, these enter the blood and circulate throughout the body, providing a mechanism of defense against disease because the cells attack and destroy foreign or abnormal cells
T cells
represents the electrical recovery and relaxation of the ventricles during diastole
T wave
Hospice care lies in which level of prevention?
Tertiary prevention
extending from the oral cavity, mouth to the anus where solid wastes are eliminated from the body by means of defecation.
The GI tract,
connects the CNS to remote body parts to relay and receive messages, and its autonomic nerves regulate involuntary functions of the internal organs.
The PNS
consists of the peripheral nerves, which include the cranial nerves emerging from the base of the skull, and the spinal nerves, emerging from the spinal cord.
The PNS
lunula
The _______ is the crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail. It has a whitish appearance because the vascular tissue underneath does not show through.
this part of the colon is located superior to the cecum. It curves horizontally at the hepatic flexure and descends at the splenic flexure.
The ascending colon
protects internal organs and provides central support of the body around which other parts move. It consists of the bones of the head, chest, and spine.
The axial skeleton
called mammary glands,
The breasts
is a thin, highly vascular layer of the eye between the retina and sclera.
The choroid
lies below the sclera and contains blood vessels. It also contains a dark, pigmented tissue that prevents glare within the eyeball because of its ability to absorb light.
The choroid layer
is commonly divided into the cardiovascular system, and the lymphatic system,
The circulatory system
conveys newly formed urine to the renal pelvis where it is excreted by the kidneys.
The collecting tubule
is a thin mucous-secreting membrane that lines the interior surface of the eyelids and the exposed anterior surface of the eyeballs.
The conjunctiva
merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct.
The cystic duct
is made of sensory neurons that carry impulses into the spinal cord.
The dorsal root of the spinal nerve
are receptor organs that enable us to hear and maintain balance.
The ears and their accessory structures
the inner membranous layer, lines the interior of the heart and the heart valves.
The endocardium
1 month
The entire process by which a cell forms in the basal layers, rises to the surface, becomes keratinized, and sloughs off takes about
includes identifying patient responses to care, comparing a patient's actual outcomes to the expected outcomes, analyzing the factors that affected the outcomes to draw conclusions about the interventions success or failure and modifying the nursing plan when necessary.
The evaluation process
serves as a storage site for bile, which is produced by the liver. When bile is needed for digestion, it is released through ducts into the duodenum through the common bile duct
The gallbladder
articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.
The humerus
the skin and its accessory organs: the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
The integumentary system consists of
is located above the outer corner of each eye. These glands produce tears, which keep the eyeballs moist.
The lacrimal gland
extends from the ileum of the small intestine to the anus.
The large intestine, also called the colon
are the strongest bones of the arms and legs
The long bones of the extremities
into five lobes
The lungs are divided into how many lobes
to perform pulmonary ventilation of the body
The main function of the respiratory system is
includes muscles, bones, joints, and related structures, such as tendons and connective tissue,that function in the movement of body parts and organs
The musculoskeletal system
the middle muscular layer, is composed of a special type of muscle arranged in such a way that the contraction of muscle bundles results in squeezing or wringing of the heart chambers to eject blood from the chambers
The myocardium
a fiberoptic instrument used for visualization of the kidney and to disintegrate and remove renal calculi
The nephroscope,
an extensive, intricate network of structures that activates, coordinates, and controls the functions of all other body systems.
The nervous system
also specializes in filling prescriptions for corrective lenses.
The optician
DO
The osteopathic physician
these glands are responsible for controlling calcium levels in the blood.
The parathyroid glands
is another example of a secondary source. It is a legal document containing information that concerns the patient's physical, psychosocial, religious, and economic history and documents the patient's physical and emotional responses.
The patient's medical record , chart
the male sex organ that transports the sperm into the female vagina.
The penis
a fibrous sac, surrounds and encloses the entire heart.
The pericardium
covers the entire surface of the bone. Its blood vessels supply nutrients, and its nerves signal pain.
The periosteum
one of the most important endocrine glands. Its hormone secretions influence the functions of many organs in the body, Located below the brain, it is no larger than a pea.
The pituitary gland
this gland secretes a thick fluid that, as part of the semen, helps the sperm to move spontaneously
The prostate gland
the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood.
The pulmonary trunk
terminates in the lower opening of the gastrointestinal tract, the anus
The rectum
a funnel-shaped dilation that drains urine from the kidney into the ureter.
The renal pelvis
lines the posterior two-thirds of the eyeball. It contains rods and cones, the only place in the body where blood vessels can be seen directly.
The retina
primary function is to secrete saliva into the oral cavity, and is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves.
The salivary glands
is S-shaped and extends from the descending colon into the rectum.
The sigmoid colon
a long, narrow cable of nerve tissue within the spinal canal and is part of the CNS. It descends from the brain stem to the lumbar part of the back and contains about 100 million neurons.
The spinal cord
are mixed nerves that provide a two-way communication between the spinal cord and parts of the upper and lower limbs, neck, and trunk
The spinal nerves
the statement that asks the question.
The stem
are paired oval glands surrounded by the scrotal sac
The testes
an exchange of gases between the alveolus and the surrounding capillaries.
The thin walls of the alveoli permit
a muscular sac, stores urine until it is voided.
The urinary bladder,
a muscular, hollow, pear-shaped structure located in the pelvic area between the bladder and rectum.
The uterus
the organ that contains and nourishes the embryo and fetus from the time the fertilized egg is implanted to the time of birth
The uterus, also called the womb,
a muscular tube that extends from the cervix, neck of the uterus to the exterior of the body;serves as the organ of sexual intercourse and the receptor of semen;discharges menstrual flow and acts as a passageway for the delivery of the fetus
The vagina
a duct that transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.
The vas deferens, also called ductus deferens
is the motor root of the spinal cord. It is made of motor neurons carrying impulses from the spinal cord to muscles or glands.
The ventral root of the spinal nerve
number of pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord. Each pair of nerves serves a specific region on the right or left side of the body.
Thirty-one
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
Three major disorders included in COPD are
Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
T4
Thyroxine
Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos.
Thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]
Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema.
Thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]
Increases energy production from all food types
Thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]
Increases rate of protein synthesis
Thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]
anoxia
Total absence of oxygen in body tissues. Is caused by a lack of O2 in inhaled air or by obstruction that prevents O2 from reaching the lungs.
allograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft. The skin donor is usually a cadaver. This type of skin graft is temporary and is used to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss.
autograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
xenograft
Transplantation, dermis only, from a foreign donor, usually a pig, and transferred to a human; also called heterograft. Is used as a temporary graft to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss
photophobia
Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
includes visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Upper GI endoscopy
diagnose and treat disorders of the male reproductive system, such as sexual dysfunction and infertility; includes various surgeries, such as transurethral resection of the prostate and cystoscopy; they treat genitourinary tract diseases that affect the urinary system of men and women
Urologists
postural drainage
Use of body positioning to assist in removal of secretions from specific lobes of the lung, bronchi, or lung cavities
to tell the truth
Veracity
data collected via the spoken or written word.
Verbal data
A nurse uses the interviewing technique of clarification when interviewing a patient. What is the nurse doing when this communication technique is used?
Verifying what is implied by the patient
bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the interior bronchi using a bronchoscope, a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a light, which can be inserted through the nose or mouth. may be performed to remove obstructions, obtain a biopsy specimen, or observe directly for pathological changes
learning styles
Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, doers or tactile
A nurse must make an unoccupied bed. What is the first step of the procedure for making the bed?
Washing hands
Three factors are involved in making measurement and evaluation decisions.
What knowledge or ability is to be measured? How can the identified knowledge or ability be measured? How can the results of the devised operations be measured or expressed in quantitative terms?
metastasize or metastasis
When CA spreads to other parts of the body, the medical term used to describe that condition is
A nurse is caring for several patients on bladder- retraining programs and a variety of toileting time frames are employed. Which time frame for toileting is always included in a toileting schedule?
When going to bed at night
pain
Which is an example of a secondary stressor?
1st degree burn
Which type of burn does not cause blisters
Malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before age 5
Wilms tumor
Laceration
Wound or irregular tear of the flesh
slightly movable joints
[amphiarthroses]
freely movable joints
[diarthroses]
totally immovable joints
[synarthroses]
The trachea, windpipe
a cylindrical tube composed of smooth muscle embedded with a series of 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage. It extends downward into the thoracic cavity, where it divides.
nouns
a ending in cyanoderma, erythroderma, leukoderma, and melanoderma designates that these words are
rout
a fixed routine, a mechanical way of doing something
gangrene
a form of necrosis associated with loss of blood supply. Before healing can take place, the dead matter must be removed.
keratin
a hard protein material that eventually fills skin cells
The diaphragm
a muscular partition that separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity and aids in the process of breathing.
The lymphatic system consists of
a network of vessels and nodes, and a few specialized organs including the tonsils, thymus, and spleen.
shows five waves on the ECG strip, which represents electrical changes as they spread through the heart
a normal heart rhythm also called sinus rhythm
A hot spot item asks a question in relation to
a presented illustration.
echo-:
a repeated sound
Asthma
a respiratory condition characterized by recurrent attacks of labored or difficult breathing accompanied by wheezing.
A petechia
a smaller version of an ecchymosis.
reframing
a technique used to change the way we look at things in order to feel better about them
Apnea
a temporary loss of breathing that results in brief or prolonged absence of spontaneous respiration
aneurysm/o
a widening or a widened blood vessel.
The word para refers to
a woman who has given birth to an infant
-iasis
abnormal condition produced by something specified
Congenital deficiency in color perception; also called color blindness
achromatopsia
Benign tumor that develops from the eighth cranial [vestibulocochlear] nerve and grows within the auditory canal
acoustic neuroma
gland
aden-
adren/o
adrenal glands
also known as the suprarenal glands, these glands are paired structures located superior to the kidneys
adrenal glands
it progresses from awareness to an increasing internalization or commitment to the attitude.
affective learning
ana-
against; up; back
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity causing the complete or partial collapse of a lung. Can occur with pulmonary disease, emphysema, lung cancer, or tuberculosis. It may also be the result of an open chest wound or a perforation of the chest wall that permits entrance of air
The islets produce two distinct hormones: Both hormones play an important role in the proper metabolism of sugars and starches in the body.
alpha cells, which produce glucagons, and beta cells, which produce insulin
Obstetric procedure that involves surgical puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluids
amniocentesis
amni/o
amnion, amniotic sac
pneumomelanosis or pneumoconiosis
an abnormal condition of black lung caused by inhalation of black dust, a disease common among coal miners.
-iasis
an abnormal or diseased condition; is attached to a word root to identify an abnormal condition produced by something that is specified.*
A true- false question also is known as
an alternate- response item.
The pituitary gland consists of two distinct portions:
an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe.
the broken ends of a bone are forced into one another; many bone fragments may be created by such a fracture
an impacted fracture,
Tuberculosis, TB
an infectious disease, produces small lesions, or tubercles, in the lungs. If left untreated, it infects the bones and organs of the entire body. An increase is attributed to the increasing prevalence of AIDS.
Chronic bronchitis
an inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the bronchial airways, is characterized by increased mucus production resulting in a chronic productive cough. Cigarette smoking, environmental irritants, allergic response, and infectious agents cause this condition
Total deafness [complete hearing loss]
anacusis
spasmodic, choking, or suffocating pain.
angina pectoris
Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow, usually using balloon dilation
angioplasty
a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome is edema especially around the.
ankles, feet, and eyes
The cube-shaped short bones include the bones of the
ankles, wrists, and toes
Chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that first affects the spine and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae; also called rheumatoid spondylitis
ankylosing spondylitis
Congenital absence of one or both testes; also called anorchia
anorchism
proct/o
anus and rectum.
proct/o
anus, rectum
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
-orexia
appetite
the second layer which surrounds the spinal cord; runs across the space known as the subdural space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
arachnoid membrane
Smooth muscles in the walls of bronchioles
are designed to constrict or dilate the airways to maintain unobstructed air passages
Comedos and pustules
are the result of hypersecretion of sebum by the sebacceous glands
Microscopic structures
are visible only through the use of a microscope.
large vessels that convey blood away form the heart
arteries
Inside the kidney, the renal artery branches into smaller arteries called
arterioles
delivers blood to capillaries
arterioles
Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls; also called hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
the most common type of coronary artery disease CAD
artherosclerosis
Puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove fluid
arthrocentesis
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful, degenerated joint to restore mobility in rheumatoid or osteoarthritis or to correct a congenital deformity
arthroplasty
The colon consists of four segments:
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
to draw by suction
aspirate
data must be accurately collected, verified, and document during this step of the nursing process.
assessment
Defective curvature of the cornea and lens, which causes light rays to focus unevenly over the retina rather than being focused on a single point, resulting in a distorted image
astigmatism
incomplete; imperfect
atel:
Most common form of arteriosclerosis, caused by accumulation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and, eventually, total occlusion
atherosclerosis
Two types of mycoses are .
athlete's foot and thrush
the wave of electricity moves to another region of the myocardium called the
atrioventricular node (AV)
cognitive domain
attain new information
Test that measures hearing acuity at various sound frequencies
audiometry
which directs sound waves to the ear canal.
auricle,
The external ear includes the
auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane
self, own.
auto-
Surgically implanted defibrillator that automatically detects and corrects potentially fatal arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillations
automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD)
This built-in rhythm of the heart is called
autorhythmicity.
The second cervical vertebra is called the____ and enables the skull to rotate on the neck
axis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria
bacterial endocarditis
Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis
balanitis
fasci/o
band, fascia fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles
In order to become test-wise, you need to
be an active participant in your learning
-arche
beginning
plantar flexion
bending the foot or toes downward
dorsiflexion
bending the foot or toes upward
choledoch/o
bile duct.
cholangi/o
bile vessel
chol/e*
bile, gall
-desis
binding, fixation [of a bone or joint]
Endoscopy is used for
biopsy, aspirating fluids, and coaggulating bleeding areas.
melanin
black pigment
vesic/o
bladder
Because the optic disk has no rods or cones, it is known as the
blind spot.
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
-emia
blood condition
hemangi/o
blood vessel
oste/o
bone
Removal of living bone marrow tissue, usually taken from the sternum or iliac crest, for microscopic examination
bone marrow aspiration biopsy
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord.
Because blood vessels and osteoblasts are located here, the periosteum provides a means for
bone repair and general bone nutrition.
musculoskeletal disorders include injury to or disease of the body's
bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons
Gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines
borborygmus
Transmission of sound waves ultimately generates impulses that are transmitted to and interpreted by this as sound
brain
encephal/o
brain
the pulmonary trunk runs diagonally upward, then divides abruptly to form the
branches of the right and left pulmonary arteries.
The primary function of the digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) system, is to
break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste substances.
the atrioventricular (AV) node instantaneously transmits impulses to the
bundle of His
rrhagia:
bursting forth of
calc/o
calcium
Urine is collected in funnel-shaped extensions called _____ and empties into the ____ and through the _____.
calyces, singular calyx; renal pelvis; ureters
If kidneys fail, waste substances
cannot be eliminated from the body.
carries blood from arterioles to venules
capillaries
minute vessels adjoining the arterioles
capillaries
Battery of blood tests performed to determine the presence of cardiac damage
cardiac enzyme studies
When the fluid presses on the heart and prevents it from beating, the condition is known as
cardiac tamponade.
consists of the heart and blood vessels,
cardiovascular system
Delivery of brief discharges of electricity that pass across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia and restore normal sinus rhythm; also called defibrillation
cardioversion
Surgical removal of plaque and thromboses from an occluded carotid artery
carotid endarterectomy
Pain or numbness resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel [wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and median nerve pass]
carpal tunnel syndrome [CTS]
carp/o
carpus [wrist bones]
carp/o refers to the and how many are there
carpus [wrist bones]. There are eight wrist bones.
chondr/o
cartilage
Degenerative disease in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively cloudy, causing decreased vision
cataract
Excision of a lens affected by a cataract
cataract surgery
Depressed lesion
caused by loss of skin surface
-cyte
cell
Obstetric procedure in which a nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneous abortion in a woman who has an incompetent cervix
cerclage
Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary
cerebral palsy
Additional protection of the brain and spinal cord is provided by
cerebrospinal fluid circulating in the subarachnoid space.
cerebr/o
cerebrum
3 methods or techniques used to decrease tension & anxiety
change your thinking change your behavior change your lifestyle
Hormones have four key characteristics. They are:
chemical substances produced by specialized cells of the body released slowly in minute amounts directly into the bloodstream produced primarily by the endocrine glands almost all inactivated or excreted by the liver and kidneys.
-tocia
childbirth, labor
STD caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
chlamydia
choroid/o
choroid
xeroderma
chronic skin condition characterized by excessive roughness and dryness. a mild form of ichthyosis.
The anterior portion of the choroid is modified and forms the
ciliary body [or muscle] and the iris, the colored portion of the eye.
Surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis, usually performed on the male as an infant
circumcision
Chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
cirrhosis
a word or phrase in the stem is identical to a word or phrase in the correct answer and is called a
clang association
Type of glaucoma caused by an anatomically narrow angle between the iris and the cornea, which prevents outflow of aqueous humor from the eye into the lymphatic system, causing a sudden increase in IOP
closed-angle
Pneumocystis pneumonia PCP
closely associated with a compromised immune system, particularly in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Is caused by a fungus that resides in or on the normal flora, potentially pathogenic organisms that reside in, but are harmless to, healthy individuals.
aggluntin/o
clumping, gluing
Electronic transmitter surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person to restore hearing
cochlear implant
It advances from the simple to the complex and progresses from knowing and comprehending information to applying and analyzing information.
cognitive learning
Test level questions are based on comprehension, analysis, and application so they require a higher:
cognitive level
what a person thinks
cognitive skills
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
Condition in which polyps project from the mucous membrane of the colon
colonic polyposis
chromat:
color
Examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument colposcope
colposcopy
nas/o
combining form of nose that is generally not used to build surgical terms
blackheads
comedos
the two kinds of bone tissue are called
compact [dense] bone tissue and spongy [cancellous] bone tissue
the thick layer of the diaphysis is made of hard
compact bone
an analysis question requires the highest level of thinking which is
comparing and contrasting information.
stratum corneum
composed of dead, flat cells, which convert to keratin that continually flakes away. Its thickness is correlated with normal wear of the area it covers
basal
composed of living cells. It is where new cells are continuously being reproduced
-ia
condition
Hearing loss due to an impairment in the transmission of sound because of an obstruction of the ear canal or damage to the eardrum or ossicles
conductive
perceive different wavelengths of light as colors.
cones
heart problems present from birth
congenital heart disease
conjunctiv/o
conjuctiva
Inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be caused by bacteria, allergy, irritation, or a foreign body; also called pinkeye
conjunctivitis
The larynx
contains the organ of sound called vocal cords
Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
contracture
corne/o
cornea
is avascular [without blood vessels or capillaries], but is well supplied with nerve endings, most of which are pain fibers. For this reason, some people can never adjust to wearing contact lenses.
cornea
On the most anterior portion of the eye, the sclera forms a transparent, domed structure called the; it also protects the front part of the eye from injury and is the first structure of the eye that refracts light rays.
cornea.
Surgical transplantation of a donor cornea [from a cadaver] into the eye of a recipient; also called keratoplasty
corneal transplant
Procedure in which a surgeon removes one or more of a patient's peripheral veins and then sutures each end of the vein onto the coronary artery to route blood flow around a blockage in a coronary artery, thus increasing blood flow to the heart
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Abnormal condition that affects the heart's arteries and produces various pathological effects, especially reduced flow of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Impulses generated by rods and cones are transmitted by retinal nerve fibers to the
cortex of the brain.
exposure to strong ultraviolet light
creates a suntan that provides a protective barrier from damaging effects of the sun
Grating sound made by movement of bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
crepitation
scoli/o
crooked, bent
Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
cryptorchidism
instrument used to scrape the endometrium
curet
lord/o
curve, swayback
opens and permits blood to flow through the heart and seal shut to prevent backflow
cusps of the heart valves
bladder
cyst/o
defend against viral and fungal infections, are also responsible for transplant rejection reactions and for immunological surveillance against cancer
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
-penia
decrease, deficiency
Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly in the iliac and femoral veins
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Device designed to administer a defibrillating electric shock to restore normal sinus rhythm
defibrillator
The main purpose of the cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system, is to
deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to body cells and remove waste products of cellular metabolism.
A performance appraisal presents a structured situation and requires you to
demonstrate part or all of a skill.
To dry thoroughly; render free from moisture.
desiccated
-trophy
development, nourishment
Chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body's inability to utilize insulin properly
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Retinal damage marked by aneurysmal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels, causing visual changes
diabetic retinopathy
Mechanical filtering process used to cleanse blood of high concentrations of metabolic waste products, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail to function properly
dialysis
condition of profuse sweating
diaphoresis, sudoresis, and hyperhidrosis
Analysis questions often require you to use ________ to determine the significance of information.
differentiation
pepsia
digestion
ectasis
dilation
characteristics of emphysema
distended bronchioles and enlarged alveoli
Increased formation and secretion of urine
diuresis
Condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle
diverticular disease
The last component of assessment includes the nurse's ability to
document information obtained from assessment activities.
dipl/o
double
to Change the plural form mycoses to its singular form.
drop es and add is; mycosis
ambly:
dull, dim
Peptic ulcers that occur in the small intestine are called
duodenal ulcers;
duoden/o
duodenum first part of small intestine
the outermost membrane of the meninges is a tough, fibrous membrane that covers the entire length of the spinal cord and contains channels for blood to enter brain tissue.
dura mater
The spinal cord, like the brain, is protected and nourished by the meninges, which consist of three layers
dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater
Air forced out of lungs, Lungs contract, Diaphragm relaxes and moves up, acsends Intercostal muscles relax, Pectoralis minor muscles relax
during expiration, exhalation
air is drawn into the lungs, lungs expand, diaphragm contracts and flattens and descends, intercostal muscles contract, Pectoralis minor muscles contract, and Sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates sternum
during inspiration, inhalation
Underproduction of GH in children is likely to produce an exceptionally small person, a condition called
dwarfism.
Inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites
dysentery
Painful or difficult urination, symptomatic of cystitis and other urinary tract conditions
dysuria
ot/o
ear
Use of ultrasound to evaluate the heart and great vessels and diagnose cardiovascular lesions
echocardiography
ECG or EKG
electrocardiogram
Creation and study of graphic records electrocardiograms produced by electric activity generated by the heart muscle; also called cardiography
electrocardiography (ECG)
Bulla
elevated, fluid-filled lesion. A vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter. Examples: second degree burns, severe poison oak, poison ivy.
Mass of undissolved matter — commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble — that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel
embolus
to inflate
emphys/o
Surgical removal of the lining of an artery
endarterectomy
smooth membrane that covers the heart valves
endocardium
The walls of the heart are composed of these three layers
endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.
Presence of endometrial tissue outside, ectopic the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen
endometriosis
Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established; also called bed-wetting at night or nocturnal enuresis
enuresis
Disorder affecting the central nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizurestivity
epilepsy
Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip
epispadias
red
erythemat/o
Strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one eye toward that of the other eye, resulting in diplopia; also called cross-eye and convergent strabismus
esotropia
Study skills, critical- thinking skills, and problem- solving skills
essential skills needed to achieve success as a learner.
Another important function of the ovaries is to produce these hormones
estrogen and progesterone
The female reproductive system also produces these female sex hormones which are responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle.
estrogen and progesterone
good, normal
eu-
These tubes leads from the middle ear to the nasopharynx and permits air to enter or leave the middle ear cavity.
eustachian [auditory] tube
fluid retention
excess fluid in tissues
Internal, cellular, respiration
exchange of gases, O2 unloading and CO2 loading, between the blood and body tissue cells.
respiration,
exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environmental air and the blood circulating through the lungs, the act of breathing
Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s), possibly due to thyrotoxicosis, tumor of the orbit, orbital cellulitis, leukemia, or neurysm
exophthalmos
Strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one eye away from that of the other eye, resulting in diplopia; also called wall-eye and divergent strabismus
exotropia
Excision of the the anterior segment of the lens capsule along with the lens, allowing for the insertion of an intraocular lens implant
extracapsular cataract extraction [ECCE]
acr/o
extremities
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
eye, vision
miotics
eyedrops
blephar/o
eyelid
the two small tubes leading to each ovary can be called these three names
fallopian tubes, uterine tubes, and oviducts
hyperopia, the lens focuses the visual image beyond the retina causing difficulty in seeing objects that are close
farsightedness
In adults, the medullary cavity contains
fat yellow marrow, so named because of the large amounts of fat it contains.
Widespread infection of reproductive structures may also lead to
fatal septicemia
bodily waste discharged through the anus
feces
femor/o
femur [thigh bone]
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
Benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called leiomyoma
fibroid
fibul/o
fibula [smaller, outer bone of lower leg]
during relaxation, diastole, blood
fills the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) block in which the atrial electrical impulses are delayed by a fraction of a second before being conducted to the ventricles
first-degree heart block
Abnormal passage from one organ to another, or from a hollow organ to the surface
fistula
an abnormal passage from one epithelial surface to another epithelial surface
fistula
-pexy
fixation of an organ
-pexy:
fixation of an organ
sarc:
flesh connective tissue
The tip of the penis is covered by a fold of skin called the
foreskin or prepuce
The main function of bones is to
form a skeleton to support and protect the body and serve as storage areas for mineral salts, especially calcium and phosphorus
plasia
formation,
-poiesis
formation, production
epidermis
forms the protective covering of the body and does not have a blood or nerve supply
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via
four pulmonary veins
Cones are concentrated in the depression near the center of the retina called the
fovea, which is the area of sharpest vision
Restricted- response questions are also known as
free- response questions.
If the painful episode of menstruation is mild and brief, it is considered
functional and normal and requires no treatment.
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach are called
gastric ulcers
The physician who specializes in treating disorders of the digestive system is called a
gastroenerologist.
study that encompasses treatment of diseases affecting the digestive system.
gastroenterology
Backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
three Specialists who treat digestive disorders are the
gastrologist, enterologist, and gastroenterologist.
An extended essay question requires you to
generate the answer, via a free- response format, in reply to a question or problem that is presented.
Overproduction of GH in children produces an exceptionally large person, a condition known as .
gigantism
aden/o
gland
sebacceous, oil, glands
glands that are found in all areas of the body that have hair.
sweat, sudoriferous glands
glands that are not associated with hair follicles open to the surface of the skin through pores
A slightly enlarged region at the tip of the penis is the
glans penis
balan/o
glans penis
Condition in which aqueous humor fails to drain properly and accumulates in the anterior chamber of the eye, causing elevated intraocular pressure [IOP]
glaucoma
contained within the nephron is a tiny ball of coiled, intertwined capillaries called _____, and a _____ .
glomerulus, plural, glomeruli; collecting tubule
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
Hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count in infertility cases
gonadotropin
The primary sex organs of the male are called
gonads specifically the testes, singular, testis)
Contagious bacterial infection that most commonly affects the genitourinary tract and, occasionally, the pharynx or rectum
gonorrhea
The two most common causes of PID are ______both of which are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
gonorrhea and chlamydia
Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
gout
The cell bodies of these motor neurons are in the
gray matter of the spinal cord.
-physis
growth
trophy
growth; nourishment
scler/o
hardening; sclera [white of eye]
-acusis
hearing
acous/o
hearing
Decreased ability to perceive sounds compared to what the individual or examiner would regards as normal
hearing loss
Interference with normal conduction of electrical impulses that control activity of the heart muscle
heart block
-cardia
heart condition
Condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the metabolic requirement of body tissues; formerly called congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart failure (HF)
are composed of thin, fibrous cusps, covered by a smooth membrane, and reinforced by dense connective tissue
heart valves
benefits of a PMA
help you control test anxiety will limit your anxious responses will allow you to be a more successful test taker
Passage of stools containing bright red blood
hematochezia
Mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside, internal or just outside, external the rectum; also known as piles
hemorrhoid
the right and left hepatic ducts eventually form the
hepatic duct.
Protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
hernia
-cele:
hernia, swelling
Herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus [center gelatinous material within an intervetebral disk] between two vertebrae; also called prolapsed disk
herniated disk
Infection in females and males of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa with herpes simplex virus type 2
herpes genital
crypt:
hidden
sweat
hidr/o
two main kinds of lymphomas are
hodgkin disease and non hodgkin lymphoma
Small, purulent inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid; also called sty
hordeolum
can also influence the heart rate
hormones, drugs, and nervous system stimulation
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
kyph/o
humpback
Cranial enlargement caused by accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain
hydrocephalus
excessive, above normal
hyper-
When insulin is lacking, glucose does not enter cells but returns to the bloodstream with a subsequent rise in its concentration in the blood, a condition known as
hyperglycemia
Consistently elevated blood pressure that is higher than 119/79 mm Hg, causing damage to the blood vessels and, ultimately, the heart
hypertension
Low blood glucose levels cause .
hypoglycemia
The pituitary gland is also called the
hypophysis
Radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium.
hysterosalpingography
using the helix
identify the problem, explore alternative solutions, implement selected interventions, arrive at solutions
Most absorption of food takes place in the third part of the small intestine, which is the
ileum
ile/o
ileum third part of small intestine
lymph nodes on the pelvis are called
illiac lymph nodes
Inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; commonly called erectile dysfunctionn
impotence
tomy
incision
characteristics of chronic bronchitis
inflamed airways and excessive mucus production
Application questions test your ability to use
information.
dermis
inner layer of the skin
Hypersecretion of ____ causes hyperinsulinisms
insulin
Hyposecretion of this hormone causes diabetes mellitus
insulin
Tissue cells--lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells; converts glucose to glycogen
insulin
Tumor of the islets of Langerhans; also called a pancreatic tumor
insulinoma
The female reproductive system is composed of
internal organs of reproduction and external genitalia
Analysis questions require you to
interpret a variety of data and recognize the commonalities, differences, and interrelationships among presented ideas.
as certain constituents of blood plasma filtrate through tiny capillaries into the spaces between cell, it becomes
interstitial fluid
Condition associated with pathological changes in the renal interstitial tissue that may be primary or due to a toxic agent, such as a drug or chemical, which results in destruction of nephrons and severe impairment in renal function
interstitial nephritis
enter/o
intestine usually small intestine
eso-
inward
Excision of a portion of the iris used to relieve intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma
iridectomy
irid/o
iris
primary bronchus
is similar to that of the trachea, but as they subdivide into finer branches, the amount of cartilage in the walls decreases and finally disappears as it forms bronchioles. As cartilage diminishes, a layer of smooth muscle surrounding the tube becomes more prominent.
Inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part due to an interruption of blood flow
ischemia
Hormone producing cells of the pancreas are called.
islets of Langerhans
the two lobes of the thyroid gland are separated by a strip of tissue called the
isthmus.
The entire multiple- choice question is called an
item.
Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood hyperbilirubinemia
jaundice
maxill/o .
jaw
jejun/o
jejunum second part of small intestine
arthr/o
joint
ren/o
kidney
an artificial kidney known as
kidney dialysis
Waste substances are filtered from the blood by the ______ and excreted in the ________.
kidneys; urine
are also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes because they ar capable of destroy specific cells
killer T lymphocytes
because they secrete immunologically essential chemical compounds that destroy foreign cells, some T cells are called
killer cells
plays a significant role in the body's resistance to proliferation of cancer cells
killer cells
-cide:
killing
cognitive domains and levels
knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis
There are four types of thinking processes that may be required to answer questions concerning the delivery of nursing care:
knowledge, comprehension, application, and analysis--analysis includes synthesis and evaluation.
Increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture; also called hunchback
kyphosis
The inner ear, also called the _____ consists of complicated, mazelike structures, all of which contain the functional organs for hearing and equilibrium
labyrinth,
Each lobe is drained by a
lactiferous duct
lamin/o
lamina [part of vertebral arch]
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
laparoscopy
eventually lymph reaches
large lymph vessels in the upper chest and reenter the bloodstream
The four pulmonary veins empty into the
left atrium LA.
four pulmonary veins deposit the oxygen-rich blood into the
left atrium.
White discharge from the vagina
leukorrhea
reflecting, analyzing, clarifying, and reasoning
list of thinking skills
The three accessory organs of digestion are the
liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
lobe
lob/o
study of
log/o
lumb/o
loins [lower back]
Forward curvature of lumbar region of the vertebral column, leading to a swayback posture
lordosis
the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ.
lumen
Excision of a small primary breast tumor, lump, and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
lumpectomy
Each branch of the pulmonay arteries conveys deoxygenated blood to the
lungs
most interstitial fluid is absorbed from the interstitial or intercellular spaces by thin walled vessels called
lymph capillaries
thin walled tubes that carry lymph from the tissue spaces to larger lymph vessels
lymph capillaries
lymphaden/o
lymph gland
at the point of absorption, interstitial fluid becomes lymph and is passed through lymphatic tissue called
lymph nodes
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
Inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection
lymphadenitis
Removal of a lymph vessel
lymphangiectomy
Radiographic examination of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels after an injection of a contrast medium
lymphangiography
consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs: spleen, thymus, and tonsils
lymphatic system
Breakdown of the tissues in the macula, resulting in loss of central vision
macular degeneration
The enhancements in the Medical Terminology text are meant to assist students in which of the following?
make learning easier and improve retention
A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify.
malaise
andr/o
male
Radiography of breast; used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors
mammography
You will become a more successful test-taker when you:
manage your time study more effectively become test-wise
poly-:
many, much
Complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonly performed to remove a malignant tumor
mastectomy
-prandial
meal
middle of the chest is called
mediastinum
the area of the chest between the lungs
mediastinum
the inner layer of the diaphysis
medullary cavity.
To allow for body movements, bones must have points where they _____. these points form joints that have various degrees of mobility. All three types are necessary for smooth, coordinated body movements.
meet [articulate]
membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
meninges
mening/o
meninges membranes covering brain and spinal cord
meningi/o
meninges membranes covering brain and spinal cord
Two important hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are secreted by the ovaries. These hormones play an important role in the processes of
menstruation and pregnancy as well as the development of secondary sex characteristics.
During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone prepare the mammary glands for
milk production
The LA contracts to force blood through the
mitral valve into the LV.
Condition in which the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
When the two nerve roots merge, the spinal nerve thus formed is a
mixed nerve.
Included in the vulva are the
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and Bartholin glands.
Body mass index [BMI] of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight
morbid obesity
More severe obesity in which a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight
morbid obesity
or/o
mouth
stomat/o
mouth
The ability to walk, run, or catch a ball is possible due to the
movable joints of the limbs.
inversion
moving the sole of the foot inward
eversion
moving the sole of the foot outward
mucus
muc/o
Progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms
multiple sclerosis
Abnormal sound heard on auscultation, caused by defects in the valves or chambers of the heart
murmur
muscul/o
muscle
Group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue
muscular dystrophy
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue
myasthenia gravis [MG]
fungus
myc/o
Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; also called heart attack
myocardial infarction (MI)
the pumping action of the heart consists of contraction and relaxation of this layer of the heart
myocardial layer of the heart
Surgical repair of a perforated eardrum with a tissue graft; also called tympanoplasty
myringoplasty
Incision of the eardrum to relieve pressure and release pus or serous fluid from the middle ear or to insert PE tubes [tympanostomy tubes] in the eardrum via surgery
myringotomy
Advanced hypothyroidism in adults that results from hypofunction of the thyroid gland and affects body fluids, causing edema and increasing blood volume and increasing blood pressure
myxedema
dermis and epidermis
name of the two layers of the skin
characteristics of asthma
narrowed bronchial tubes and swollen mucous membranes. extra mucus, inflamed airway, constricted smooth muscle
The lacrimal sac collects and drains tears into the
nasolacrimal duct.
myopia, the eyeball is too long, the visual image falls in front of the retina
nearsightedness
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri [neck of uterus]
occurs when there is insufficient blood supply to the heart
necrosis of the myocardium
An insufficient blood supply may result in
necrosis of the ulcerated tissue.
new
neo-
The branch of medicine that concentrates on the care of the neonate, newborn, and in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the neonate is known as
neonatology
This medical specialty is a subspecialty of internal medicine
nephrology
the arterioles lead into microscopic filtering units called .
nephrons
The downward displacement may occur because the kidney supports are weakened due to the sudden strain or blow. This condition is called ______ or __________.
nephroptosis, or floating kidney.
neur/o
nerve
Malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts
neuroblastoma
the posterior lobe is called the
neurohypophysis.
perform such functions as the perception of sensory stimuli, learning, memory, and control of muscles and glands.
neurons
the nervous system, it consists of only two principal types of cells,
neurons and neuroglia.
nest
nid:
emmetropia, the lens focuses the visual image on the retina.
normal eye vision
internal locus of control
not only saying that you are in charge of you, but you must begin to believe it and live it.
ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
nuclear
any chemical substance that interferes with or destroys the cellular reproductive process in the nucleus
nucleotoxic substance example: those administered to cancer patients during chemotherapy
the control center of the cell and is responsible for reproduction
nucleus
this unit contains genetic code for maintaining life systems of the organism and for issuing commands for growth and reproduction
nucleus
two lobes
number of lobes in the left lung
three lobes
number of lobes in the right lung
Condition in which a person accumulates an amount of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
obesity
Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight trunk
obesity
The types of data collected when assessing a patient can be
objective or subjective and verbal or nonverbal.
Internal, cellular respiration
occurs in body tissues when O2, carried in blood from the lungs to nourish the body's cells, is exchanged for CO2. The CO2 travels in the bloodstream to the lungs and is exhaled through the mouth or nose
duty to do no harm
onmaleficence
Most common form of glaucoma that results from degenerative changes that cause congestion and reduce flow of aqueous humor through the canal of Schlemm
open-angle
patency
opening up
meat/o
opening, meatus
The medical specialist in ophthalmology is called an .
ophthalmologist
Retinal nerve fibers unite at the ____ and cut across through the wall of the eyeball as the ____.
optic disc, optic nerve.
The bony cavity that houses the eyeball and associated structures, such as the eye muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
orbit
straight
orth/o
In growing bones, the inner layer of the periosteum contains bone-forming cells known as .
osteoblasts
Decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity, causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures
osteoporosis
Inflammation of the middle ear, which is commonly the result of an upper respiratory infection [URI]
otitis media [OM]
Progressive deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
otosclerosis
Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope
otoscopy
epidermis
outer layer of the skin that is visible to the naked eye
best way to reduce test anxiety
overprepare for the test
how to become an empowered student
overprepare for the test exercise regularly establish control before and during the test maintain a positive mental attitude
algia
pain
Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis
palsy
pancreat/o
pancreas
produces insulin and digestive enzymes
pancreas
this organ is located posterior to the stomach.
pancreas
These ducts carry their digestive juices into the duodenum
pancreatic, common bile, and hepatic duct
Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
panhypopituitarism
-plegia
paralysis
Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both
paralysis
Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs
paraplegia
The hormone produced by the parathyroid glands is called
parathormone or parathyroid hormone PTH
these glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. are so called because they are located around the thyroid gland.
parathyroid glands
submandibular gland is located below this gland
parotid gland
-paresis
partial paralysis
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
patent ductus arteriosus
The first step to increasing your feelings of positive self worth
perform a self-assessment of your strengths and weaknesses
ways in which a nurse collects data
performing a physical examination, interviewing, and reviewing records..
perine/o
perineum
-ine
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
-ose
pertaining to; sugar
lymphatic tissue that are present in the lining of the ileum, small intestines
peyer patches
Excision of the lens by ultrasonic vibrations that break the lens into tiny particles, which are suctioned out of the eye; also called small incision cataract surgery [SICS]
phacoemulsification
Small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla
pheochromocytoma
Stenosis or narrowness of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis
phimosis
Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
photophobia
Sensory receptors of vision, rods and cones, contain light-sensitive molecules called _____ that convert light energy into electrical impulses.
photopigments
diaphragm
phren/o
the third layer closest to the brain and spinal cord; is a thin membrane containing many blood vessels that nourish the spinal cord
pia mater
are classified as endocrine glands, but little is known about their endocrine function:
pineal gland and thymus gland
Any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
pituitarism
It involves identifying goals, projecting expected outcomes, setting priorities, identifying interventions, ensuring that the patient's healthcare needs will be appropriately met, modifying the plan of care as needed, and collaborating with other healthcare team members.
planning
paralysis
plegia
inflammation of the pleura
pleurisy
Otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure
pneumatic
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
poliomyelitis
Small, tumorlike, benign growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface
polyp
-porosis
porous
-cyesis
pregnancy
Potentially life-threatening disorder that usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinuria
pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
gravida
pregnant woman
Impairment of hearing that results from the aging process
presbycusis
Sources of data available to the nurse include those that are
primary, secondary, and tertiary
-ation:
process [of]
inhalation, inspiration
process of breathing air into the lungs
exhalation, expiration
process of breathing air out of the lungs
melanocytes
produce a black pigment called melanin
The combined organs of the female reproductive system are designed to do these three things
produce and transport ova, female sex cells, discharge ova from the body if fertilization does not occur, and nourish and provide a place for the developing fetus throughout pregnancy if fertilization occurs.
Although structures of the female and male reproductive systems differ, both have a common purpose. They are specialized to
produce and unite gametes, reproductive cells, and transport them to sites of fertilization
The main purpose of the ovaries is to ____. This process is called ovulation.
produce ovum, the female reproductive cell.
Muscles have four key functions:
producing body movements, stabilizing body positions, storing and moving substances within the body, and generating heat.
ptosis
prolapse; downward displacement
-phylaxis
protection
chronic loss of protein in the urine
proteinuria
itching
pruritis
The theories and principles of nursing practice are complex. They draw from a variety of disciplines
psychology, sociology, anatomy and physiology, microbiology
learning that involves perceptual abilities as well as physical abilities related to endurance, strength, and dexterity.
psychomotor learning
what a person does
psychomotor skills
As deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle, it enter the
pulmonary trunk
these two valves are located at the exits of the ventricles
pulmonary valve and the aortic valve
cor/o
pupil
core/o
pupil
pupill/o
pupil
The opening in the center of the iris is called the ___. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by its contractions and dilations
pupil.
whiteheads
pustules
pus
py/o:
Pus in the fallopian tube
pyosalpinx
Paralysis of all four extremities and, usually, the trunk
quadriplegia
essential substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream by the process called
reabsorption.
The process of evaluation begins with a
reassessment that collects new information.
rect/o
rectum
Integrated body movements progress from
reflexive movements, to basic fundamental movements, to skilled movements.
Suction lipectomy, also called liposuction
removal of subcutaneous fat tissue using a blunt-tipped cannula tube, introduced into the fatty area through a small incision.
This term for kidney is commonly used as an adjective used to modify a noun.
ren/al
Blood enters the kidneys
renal artery
Each kidney is composed of an outer layer, called the
renal cortex,
Each kidney is composed of an inner region, called the
renal medulla
pyel/o
renal pelvis
blood leave the kidneys through the
renal vein.
External respiration
results in a gas exchange, O2 loading and CO2 unloading, between air-filled chambers of the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Separation of the retina from the choroid, which disrupts vision and results in blindness if not repaired
retinal detachment
Turning, or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ being tipped from its normal position, such as the uterus
retroversion
Streptococcal infection that causes damage to the heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults
rheumatic heart disease
Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints, eventually resulting in crippling deformities
rheumatoid arthritis [RA]
Blood test to detect the presence of rheumatoid factor, a substance present in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid factor
cost/o
ribs
cost/o refers to the
ribs, which are attached to the sternum.
A form of osteomalacia that is seen in infants and children in many underdeveloped countries. It is a result of vitamin D deficiency. Symptoms include soft, pliable bones that cause such deformities as bowlegs and knock-knees.
rickets
Bile is released from the gallbladder and also drained directly from the liver through these .
right hepatic duct and the left hepatic duct
Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart via the
right pulmonary veins and left pulmonary veins.
the sensory receptors for vision and image formation.
rods and cones
circular movement around an axis
rotation
Injuries to the capsule of the shoulder joint, which is reinforced by muscles and tendons; also called musculotendinous rotator cuff injuries
rotator cuff injuries
-rrhexis
rupture
ptyal/o
saliva
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
During the chewing process,these begin the chemical breakdown of food
salivary secretions
Bones that lose periosteum through injury or disease usually
scale or die.
Olig/o
scanty
olig/o
scanty
Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot
sciatica
white of the eye
sclera
the white outer layer of the eyeball, is composed of fibrous connective tissue.
sclera,
The wall of the eyeball contains three layers: the
sclera, cornea, and choroid
Chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein
sclerotherapy
Abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right
scoliosis
sebum, sebaceous
seb/o
AV block in which occasional electrical impulses from the SA node fail to be conducted to the ventricles
second-degree heart block
produces information from someplace other than the patient.
secondary source
Convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by a sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain that may be classified as partial or generalized
seizure
Alternate- format items/questions require the test taker to
select multiple answers to a multiple-choice question, perform a calculation and fill in the blank, place options in priority order, or respond to a question in relation to an exhibit.
A structured- response question requires you to
select the correct answer from among available alternatives. Multiple- choice, multiple- response, true- false, and matching items are examples of structured- response questions.
The sperm is excreted in the
semen, or seminal fluid
vesicul/o
seminal vesicles
allergy
sensitivity to a product is called
allergen
sensitizer, the product causes the sensitivity is called
sequestr/o
separation
-lysis
separation, destruction, loosening
-lysis:
separation; destruction; loosening
Excision of a sequestrum [segment of necrosed bone]
sequestrectomy
Fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
sequestrum
Noninfectious inflammation of the middle ear with accumulation of serum [clear fluid]
serous
Constriction of the pupil permits a ____. It is also a reflex that protects the retina from intense light.
sharper near vision
Eruption of acute, inflammatory, herpetic vesicles caused by herpes zoster virus on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerves
shingles
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
a small region of specialized cardiac muscle tissue located on the posterior wall of the right atrium (RA)
sinoatrial (SA) node
is also known as the pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial (SA) node
primary responsibility for initiating the heartbeat rests with the
sinoatrial (SA) node
Otolaryngologists, also known as ENT physicians, commonly treat disorders related to the
sinuses, including allergies and disorders of the sense of smell; detect the causes of such symptoms as hoarseness, hearing and breathing difficulty, and swelling around the head or neck; treatment of sleep disorders, most commonly sleep apnea; hearing loss
production of melanin
skin color differences are attributed to
Flat bones are the broad bones found in the
skull, shoulder, and ribs.
-listhesis:
slipping
-spadias:
slit, fissure
alveoli, singular, alveolus
small clusters of grapelike air sacs of the lungs surrounded by a network of microscopic, pulmonary capillaries.
tubercles
small lesions on the lungs
leiomy/o
smooth muscle [visceral]
-malacia
softening
The largest group of carcinomas are
solid tumors derived from epithelial tissue that line many organs, including the digestive organs.
-phasia
speech
sperm/i
spermatozoa, sperm cells
sperm/o
spermatozoa, sperm cells
spermat/o
spermatozoa, sperm cells
the male sex cell produced by the testes
spermatozoa, sperm cells
Congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude
spina bifida
More severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges [meningocele], spinal cord [myelocele], or both [meningomyelocele].
spina bifida cystica
Most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges
spina bifida occulta
Severe injuries to the spinal cord, such as vertebral fractures and dislocations, resulting in impairment of spinal cord function below the level of the injury
spinal cord injuries
in emergencies, such as hemorrhage, this organ can release blood back into the general circulation
spleen
splen/o
spleen
Partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it, most commonly the fifth lumbar vertebra over the first sacral vertebra; also called spinal cord compression
spondylolisthesis
is the porous, highly vascular inner portion of a bone, makes the bone lighter and provides a space for bone marrow where blood cells are produced
spongy [cancellous] bone tissue
Trauma to a joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament, accompanied by pain and disability
sprain
scale
squam/o
covered with scales; scalelike
squamous
Drugs that reduce cholesterol levels by decreasing levels of low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, and slightly increasing levels of high-density lipoproteins
statins
fat
steat/o
Inability of a woman to become pregnant or for a man to impregnate a woman
sterility
because the fallopian tubes and ovaries become scarred, unless treated promptly, PID may result in
sterility
stern/o refers to the
sternum [breastbone].
ankyl/o
stiffness; bent, crooked
-tropin:
stimulate
sweat, sudoriferous glands
stimulated by temperature increases or emotional stress and produce perspiration that evaporates on the surface of the skin and provides a cooling effect
Muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they deviate in different directions
strabismus
orth/o
straight
Trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch
strain
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions typically using a treadmill while measuring the amount of oxygen consumption
stress test
Damage to part of the brain due to interruption of its blood supply caused by bleeding within brain tissue or, more commonly, blockage of an artery, also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke
Macroscopic
structures that are visible to the naked eye.
Most nursing students are mature people with outside responsibilities so they have to:
study more efficiently and effectively
under, below
sub-
Partial or complete dislocation
subluxation
sweat
sudor/o
gluc/o
sugar, sweetness
glyc/o
sugar, sweetness
Inflammation of the middle ear with pus formation
suppurative
centesis:
surgical puncture
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
suture
rrhaphy
suture
hidr/o
sweat
joints are lubricated by
synovial fluid that is secreted within the synovial membranes.
Infectious, chronic STD characterized by lesions that change to a chancre and may involve any organ or tissue
syphilis
The tissues or organs that respond to the effects of a hormone are called.
target tissues or target organs
dacry/o
tear; lacrimal apparatus [duct, sac, or gland]
lacrim/o
tear; lacrimal apparatus [duct, sac, or gland]
dent/o
teeth
odont/o
teeth
Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; also called tendonitis
tendinitis
fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone.
tendon
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
ton/o:
tension
bronchial tree
term commonly used to describe air passages in the lungs
paired oval glands that descend into the scrotum. At the onset of puberty, they produce the hormone testosterone
testes
orch/o
testis, plural, testes
orchi/o
testis, plural, testes
test/o
testis, plural, testes
The male hormone that stimulates and promotes the growth of secondary sex characteristics in the male is called
testosterone
detects, evaluates, and treats hearing loss.
the audiologist [not an MD]
the fluid, lymph, circulation through the lymphatic system comes from
the blood
component of the inner ear for hearing,
the cochlea
components of the inner ear include
the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the vestibule,
Affective learning is concerned with
the development of attitudes, which includes interests, appreciations, feelings, and values;
Psychomotor learning is concerned with
the development of skills.
The main elongated portion of a long bone that is composed of several tissue layers is called
the diaphysis
forms a cylinder that surrounds the medullary cavity.
the diaphysis
The two ends of bones that have a bulbous shape to provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints are called
the distal epiphysis and proximal epiphysis
There are three parts of the small intestine:
the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
causes the atrial walls to contract and forces the flow of blood into the ventricles
the electrical current generated by the heart's pacemaker
comma-shaped organ that stores and propels sperm toward the urethra during ejaculation
the epididymis
sperm transporting ducts,
the epididymis, ductus deferens, also referred to as vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
The space between the pia mater and the bones of the spinal cord contains blood vessels and some fat and is called
the epidural space
Metacognition---Thinking about how you think!
the first step in critical thinking
the nursing process
the foundation for nursing education, practice, and research
the External organs of the female reproductive system, also called
the genitalia
these are the primary structural units responsible for urine formation.
the kidneys
The urinary system is composed of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Any unabsorbed material is passed on to
the large intestine to be excreted from the body.
stratum corneum and basal layer
the layers of skin that are of greatest importance
a knowledge question requires
the lowest level of thinking which is recalling information by committing facts to memory
the three auditory bones in the middle ear:
the malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
skin
the most common type of cancer
intercostal muscles
the muscles between adjacent ribs are known as the
specialize in providing corrective lenses for the eyes. They are not medical doctors, but they are licensed to examine and test the eyes and treat visual defects by prescribing corrective lenses.
the optometrist and optician
is where Chemical and mechanical processes of digestion begin in when food is chewed to make it easier to swallow
the oral cavity mouth
are a pair of small, almond-shaped glands positioned in the upper pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus:
the ovaries
The internal organs of the female reproductive system are
the ovaries, fallopian tubes, oviducts, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
In women, the reproductive system includes
the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva.
primary source—
the patient.
copulatory organ of the male reproductive system
the penis, which contains erectile tissue
the thin fibrous outer membrane of the diaphysis,
the periosteum
the three layers of the diaphysis are
the periosteum, the compact bone and the medullary cavity
The second part contains
the possible responses offered by the item, which are called options, one of which is the correct answer
specializes in treatment of arthritis and other diseases of joints, muscles, and bones.
the rheumatologist [also a medical doctor]
component of the inner ear for equilibrium,
the semicircular canals
male reproductive accessory glands include
the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
The lower GI tract consists of
the small and large intestine as well as the anus and rectum.
is a continuation of the GI tract. It is where digestion of food is completed as nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through tiny, fingerlike projections called villi.
the small intestine
contains venous sinuses that serve as a storage reservoir for blood
the spleen
removes and destroys old red blood cells from circulation
the spleen
The first part is known as .
the stem
phrenology
the study of the mind
There are three pairs of salivary glands:
the sublingual gland, the submandibular gland, and the parotid gland
This taxonomy provides for classifying nursing problems, standardizing language, facilitating communication, and focusing on an individualized approach to identifying and meeting a patient's nursing needs.
the taxonomy of nursing diagnoses developed by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association ( NANDA)
In men, the reproductive system includes
the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and penis.
during fetal life and childhood, this organ is quite large, but becomes smaller with age as it completes most of its essential work during childhood
the thymus
plays an important role in the body's ability to protect itself against disease, immunity, especially during the early years of growth
the thymus
secretes a hormone called thymosin, which stimulates the red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes or T cells
the thymus
is a chamber of the inner ear that joins the cochlea and semicircular canals.
the vestibule
Certain small glial cells are phagocytic. In other words,
they protect the CNS from disease by engulfing invading microbes and clearing away debris
AV block in which electrical impulses from the atria fail to reach the ventricles; also called complete heart block (CHB)
third-degree heart block
-dipsia
thirst
carries lymph into veins in the upper thoracic region
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
two categories of situations
those that we can do something about to change the outcome and those that we can't
The right lung has _________ lobes
three
Administration of drugs to dissolve a blood clot
thrombolytic therapy
Aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the lumen of the vessel; also called blood clot
thrombus
Dia-
through, across
is an endocrine gland as well as a lymphatic organ located near the middle of the chest just beneath the sternum
thymus
thym/o
thymus
this gland is located on the front and sides of the trachea just below the larynx.
thyroid gland
thyr/o
thyroid gland
tibi/o
tibia [larger bone of lower leg]
ringworm of the beard
tinea barbae
ringworm of the body
tinea corporis
jock itch
tinea cruris
athete's foot
tinea pedis
fungal infection of the skin
tinea versicolor
Ringing or tinkling noise heard constantly or intermittently in one or both ears, even in a quiet environment
tinnitus
lactiferous ducts opens on the
tip of the raised nipple
A graft
tissue transplanted or implanted in a part of the body to repair a defect
Technique used to determine the histocompatibility of tissues used in grafts and transplants with the recipient's tissues and cells; also known as histocompatibility testing
tissue typing
-para
to bear offspring
-clasia
to break
-clast
to break
isch:
to hold, back
key to reframing
to recognize that there are many ways to interpret the same situation, for example the situation such as the glass is half full or half empty
the purpose of the urinary system is
to regulate the volume and composition of fluids in the body and remove waste substances and excess fluid from the blood
-tension
to stretch
Procedure used to detect glaucoma that measures intraocular pressure by determining the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force
tonometry
a small mass of lymphoid tissue in the muccous membrances of the pharynx and base of the tongue
tonsil
consist of several masses and are the first line of defense from the external environment
tonsil
they are as a filter to protect against bacteria and other harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouth
tonsil
Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles, causing stiffness and twisting of the neck; also called wryneck
torticollis
Temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, lasting a few minutes to a few hours
transient ischemic attack
Temporary interference in the blood supply to the brain that causes no permanent brain damage
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
To answer a comprehension question, you must commit facts to memory as well as
translate, interpret, and determine the implications of that information.
Protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate
trichomoniasis
T3
triiodothyronine
Blood test that measures protein released into the blood by damaged heart muscle not skeletal muscle
troponin 1
salping/o
tube [usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes]
-salpinx
tube, usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes
adenoma
tumor composed of glandular tissue
-tropia
turning
-version
turning
the left lung has ________ lobes.
two
Each item consists of
two parts.
compromised and immunocompromised
two terms that mean an immune system incapable of resisting pathogenic organism
Eventually, the sound waves hit the _____ and make the eardrum vibrate.
tympanic membrane [eardrum]
myring/o
tympanic membrane [eardrum]
tympan/o
tympanic membrane [eardrum]
Form of diabetes mellitus that is abrupt in onset and is due to the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, making this type of disease difficult to regulate
type 1 diabetes
Form of diabetes mellitus that is gradual in onset and results from the body's deficiency in producing enough insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body's cells
type 2 diabetes
primary or secondary
types of lesions are described as
Imaging technique that records high-frequency sound waves bouncing off body tissues and uses a computer to process those waves to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
ultrasonography (US)
Comprehension questions require you to
understand information.
Cognitive learning is concerned with
understanding information acquired through exploring thoughts, ideas, and concepts.
aniso:
unequal, dissimilar
Nail
ungu/o
ointment
unq-
Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as occurs in renal failure; also called azotemia
uremia
ureter/o
ureter
When urine is formed, it is conveyed from each kidney through the _____ and stored in _____ until it is expelled from the body through _____ and ______.
ureters; urinary bladder; urethra; urinary meatus
urethr/o
urethra
An important diagnostic test that provides early detection of renal disease is
urinalysis
Physical, chemical, and microscopic evaluation of urine
urinalysis
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
urin/o
urine, urinary tract
Physicians who specialize in clinical treatment of disorders of the female and the male urinary systems are called _____. Because some urinary structures in the male perform a dual role, performing urinary functions and reproductive functions, they also treat male reproductive disorders.
urologists
The branch of medicine concerned with disorders and care of the urinary tract in men and women and of the male reproductive system is known as
urology
The urinary system is associated with the medical specialty of
urology.
necrosis
used to denote the death of areas of tissue or bone surrounded by healthy tissue
type of instrument is used to measure the uterus?
uterine sound
colp/o
vagina
Plastic or restorative surgery on a valve, especially a cardiac valve
valvuloplasty
The physician who further specializes in surgical treatment of blood vessels and vascular disorders is a
vascular surgeon
contraction, systole propels the blood out of the_____ and into _____
ventricles and into the circulation
form a collecting system to return oxygen-deficient blood to the heart through two large veins SVC and IVC
venules
information is confirmed by collecting additional data, questioning orders/ prescriptions, obtaining judgments and/ or conclusions from other team members when appropriate, and collecting data oneself rather than relying on technology.
verifying data,
spondyl/o*
vertebra [backbone]
Spondyl/o
vertebrae
vertebra bursa pleura change to plural
vertebrae bursae pleurae
Sensation of moving around in space or a feeling of spinning or dizziness
vertigo
vascul/o
vessel
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
visual field
vf
-opia
vision
-opsia
vision
Standard eye examination to determine the smallest letters a person can read on a Snellen chart, or E chart, at a distance of 20 feet
visual acuity test
laparoscopic
visual examination of the abdomen
-emesis
vomiting
the genitalia are known collectively as the
vulva
episi/o
vulvas
asthenia
weakness, debility
the dermis's network of capillaries
where does the epidermis receive nourishment
You should review your notes
within 48 hours after class.
A restricted- response question requires you to
write a short answer. The response is expected to be a word, phrase, sentence, or product of a mathematical calculation. Short- answer, completion, and fill- in- the- blank items are examples of restricted- response questions.
Techniques that can be used to promote writing to learn include
writing lists, writing journals, posing and answering questions, and note taking.
roentgen/o
x-ray
yellow
xanth/o:
dry
xer/o
condition, process and denotes a noun ending
y at the end of a term means
cirrh:
yellow
Surrounding the fovea is the _____ which also has an abundance of cones.
yellowish macula,
To answer an application question,
you must apply concepts you learned previously to a specific situation.