NURS141 - ATI Community Health

"I PREPARE" is a mnemonic/method of determining PAST and PRESENT ______ exposures. Define each letter of the mnemonic.

"I PREPARE" = ENVIRONMENTAL exposures assessment Investigate: determine potential exposures PRESENT work: hazards brought home from work, SDS, PPE Residence: age of home, heating, remodeling, water, storage Environmental Concerns: neighborhood conditions PAST work: farm work, military, volunteer work Activities: gardening, fishing, hunting, alternative healing Referrals & Resources: access to agencies & health departments Educate: risk reduction, prevention, follow-up

Developing a HEALTH EDUCATION PLAN #1: Identify ______ needs specific to the ______. #2: Determine ______ of learning need by assessing the population's ______ and the ______ of the health needs. #3: Select a leaning ______ to guide your educational program. #4: Identify ______ to learning + learning ______. #5: Design the program → determine if the learning is ______- or ______-term, and ensure written materials (if any) are between ______ to ______ grade level.

#1: LEARNING needs of the population? #2: PRIORITY of the learning need based on the population's CONCERN and the current health need's EFFECTS. #3: Choose learning THEORY. #4: Identify BARRIER to learning STYLES. #5: Short- or long-term? Written materials must be between 6th to 8th grade.

TRANSTHEORETICAL (TTM) of STAGES OF CHANGES (SOC) MODEL Believes that change occurs over time in SIX distinct stages... PRECONTEMPLATION CONTEMPLATION PREPARATION ACTION MAINTENANCE TERMINATE Explain what occurs in each stage.

(1) Individual is UNAWARE that change is needed. (2) Individual CONSIDERS change via cost-benefit analysis. (3) Individual PLANS to take action for change. (4) Individual is TAKING ACTION towards the change. (5) Individual implements actions to CONTINUE the new behavior. (6) Conscious efforts to maintain change is no longer needed, as the individual is consistent/ have muscle memory already. 💡Some people NEVER reach this stage, and must stay in the maintenance phase to keep the change.

What are the FIVE categories for SOCIAL DETERMINANTS of HEALTH? ______ + ______ COMMUNITY ______ + ______ CONTEXT ______ STABILITY ______ ACCESS ______ + LITERACY

(1) Neighborhood + Built Community (2) Social + Community Context (3) Economic Stability (4) Healthcare Access (5) Education

When planning COMMUNITY HEALTH PROGRAMS, what are the 6 STEPS that are normally followed? (HINT: We did this for our Community Health Project in 141L)

(1) Preplanning (2) Community Health Assessment (3) Community Health Diagnosis (4) Plan an Intervention (5) Implement Intervention (6) Evaluate Effectiveness of Intervention

Aspects of Cultural Assessment (1) Always start with ______! ______ -assessment & -awareness is important! (2) Determine how client perceives their ______, and if it affects their health. (3) Determine if the client focuses more on the ______, ______, or ______ (*hint: time). (4) ______ organization → does the client focus on ______ or the whole ______ more? (5) What ______ model do they believe/ practice?

(1) YOURSELF, self-assessment + self-awareness (2) ENVIRONMENT 💡 Patients who believe in "harmony w/ environment" will want a more naturalistic care approach. (3) PAST, PRESENT, or FUTURE 💡 If client focuses on past or present may not engage in health promotion and illness prevention. (4) SOCIAL organization → individuality or whole family/groups? (5) HEALTH models 💡3 TYPES → BIOMEDICAL, NATURALISTIC, MAGICO-RELGIOUS

What are the FOUR steps of the DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE?

1. Disaster PREVENTION or MITIGATION 2. Disaster PREPAREDNESS 3. Disaster RESPONSE 4. Disaster RECOVERY

About ______ (fraction) of the U.S. population has a DISABILITY that prevents them from living alone. PRIMARY prevention is keyed on ______ to prevent the disability from occurring. For those with a disability, maximal ______-care is the goal!

1/5 of population has a disability that prevents patient from living independently. EDUCATION maximize SELF-CARE

Define the following types IMMUNITIES... ACTIVE PASSIVE HERD NATURAL ACQUIRED

ACTIVE → body is exposed to an antigen (naturally or artificially), and produces antibodies in response. PASSIVE → antibodies are transferred from one living being to another (usually through transplacental or breastfeeding, or transfusions). HERD → most of the community has developed immunity, which reduces exposure altogether. NATURAL → natural defenses that is present at birth, and can resist antigens and toxins. ACQUIRED → defenses created as a result of a direct exposure to an infectious agent.

Aggregates, also known as ______ populations, are group of people who have a common ______.

AGGREGATES = TARGET populations common CHARACTERISTICS

HEALTH CONCERNS & LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH ALL ADULTS #1 leading disease/cause of death in American adults is ______ disease ______ mellitus ______ health disorders ______ transmitted diseases ______ cancer FEMALES ______ health (i.e. childbearing, menopause, preconception) cancer in reproductive organs (i.e. ______, ______, ______) MALES ______ injuries ______ dysfunction cancer in reproductive organs (i.e. ______ and ______)

ALL ADULTS HEART disease DIABETES mellitus MENTAL health disorders SEXUALLY transmitted diseases COLORECTAL cancer 💡Concern is mostly CHRONIC ILLNESSES rather than infectious! FEMALES reproductive health CANCER of the ovaries, cervix, and breast MALES unintentional injuries erectile dysfunction CANCER of the prostate and testes

SCREENING & PREVENTION ALL ADULTS ______ & weight ______ health (i.e. teeth) ______ pressure cholesterol (especially between ______ to ______ YEARS OLD) ______ occult/ sigmoidoscopy (______+ YEARS OLD) ______ status ______ mellitus HIV ______ cancer FEMALES ______ test (normally starting at 21 years old) ______ and clinical ______ exam ______ serology + ______ history ESPECIALLY during childbearing years MALES digital ______ exam ______-specific antigen exam

ALL ADULTS HEIGHT DENTAL health BLOOD pressure cholesterol → 45 to 65 Y/O FECAL occult + sigmoidoscopy → 50+ Y/O IMMUNIZATION status DIABETES mellitus SKIN cancer FEMALES pap smear MAMMOGRAM and clinical BREAST exam RUBELLA serology + IMMUNIZATION history MALES digital RECTAL exam (DRE) PROSTATE-specific antigen (PSA) exam

Describe the different LEARNING THEORIES that a nurse can use during COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION... BEHAVIORAL THEORY → ______ methods to CHANGE learner's ______ COGNITIVE THEORY → ______ input and ______ to CHANGE learner's ______ of thought, which results in changed ______ CRITICAL THEORY → ongoing ______ to increases learner's ______, which thereby changes ______ and ______ DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY → utilizes techniques that are SPECIFIC to learner's ______ stage to determine ______ to learn and HOW to teach appropriately HUMANISTIC THEORY → focuses on ______ and ______, and believing that ______ choice/will will prompt ______ on their OWN best ______ SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY → provide information to existing ______ and ______ to change learner's expectations

BEHAVIORAL → REINFORCEMENT methods to change BEHAVIOR COGNITIVE → SENSORY input and REPETITION to change THINKING, which results in changed BEHAVIOR CRITICAL → ongoing CONVERSATIONS to increase KNOWLEDGE, which changes THINKING & BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENTAL → techniques specific to DEVELOPMENTAL stage to determine READINESS to learn HUMANISTIC → EMOTIONS and RELATIONSHIPS, believes that FREE choice will motivated ACTION in the best INTEREST of the individual. SOCIAL LEARNING → provide information based on existing BELIEFS and VALUES to change learner's expectations

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL Purpose is to predict/ explain health ______. Emphasizes change at the ______ level. EXPLAINED BEHAVIORS: Assumes that people seek ______ health care with the sole purpose of avoiding ______ or ______. What are the FOUR factors that influences an individual's action to avoid disease?

BEHAVIORS INDIVIDUAL 💡Focuses on health behaviors + what drives it, and focuses on change at the individual level. PREVENTIVE DISEASE/ILLNESS FOUR FACTORS: PERCEPTIONS on susceptibility, seriousness, or threat. MODIFYING FACTORS, like demographics or knowledge level. CUES TO ACTION (i.e. personal experience, ads, recommendations from professionals) PERCEIVED COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

There are THREE types of HEALTH MODELS... BIOMEDICAL BELIEFS NATURALISTICS BELIEFS MAGICO-RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Describe what each model believes to be the cause of illness.

BIOMEDICAL commonly known as "Western medicine" → focuses on the biological + physical cause of illness & attempts to treat that cause. NATURALISTICS commonly known as "Eastern/ Chinese medicine", can also be found in Mexican cultures → illness is caused by an imbalance in nature and/or the fluids in your body MAGICO-RELIGIOUS commonly found in some Christian religious + voodoo/witchcraft in Caribbean → illness is caused by supernatural forces (good or evil) and can be cured through faith healing

Common practices for PRIMARY PREVENTION of VIOLENCE include building ______ resolution, ______ management courses, and ______ strategies during stressful situations. The nurse should assist in removing/reducing factors of ______ to the individual and their immediate environment and relationships.

Build CONFLICT resolution. ANGER management. COPING strategies. Minimize factors of STRESS.

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY Faith Community nurses follow a holistic model to care for individuals or multiples that share a specific faith. CIRCLE is a mnemonic used to describe the type of care that faith community nurses should provide. Explain what each letter represents. What is the DIFFERENCE between a missionary and a parish nurse?

CARING INTUITION RESPECT to the religious beliefs + rpactices CAUTION LISTENING EMOTIONAL SUPPORT MISSIONARY nurses provides holistic nursing care for people AROUND THE WORLD through traveling. Can be long- or short-term, and could be voluntary or part-time. PARISH nurses provide holistic nursing care for a faith community is a geographical location.

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY Describe the many roles that nurses can play in SCHOOLS using the first-letter hints below... C.M. C.O. C C D.C. H.E. R

CASE MANAGER → coordinates comprehensive care for children with complex needs COMMUNITY OUTREACH → connects education systems with community agencies/program to meet children's needs CONSULTANT → assists students, families, and staff about the different needs of a child, as well as resources offered COUNSELOR → supports students' needs holistically DIRECT CAREGIVER → nursing care to ill/injured children HEALTH EDUCATOR → educates students, family, and staff to make informed decisions about the student's health RESEARCHER → provides EBP about school health and educational needs

SCREENING & PREVENTION Children height & ______ ______ & hearing ______ health (HINT: teeth) ______ and ______ levels (HINT: types of fat) @ birth there are FOUR main things tested for-- H, P, T, and T (these are first-letter hints) ______ status ______ exposure Adolescents SAME as the first 4 listed above!!! ______ serology + ______ history/status ______ use disorders (including TOBACCO) ______ health screenings

CHILDREN WEIGHT VISION DENTAL TRIGLYCERIDES + CHOLESTEROL @ Birth Testing: Hemoglobinopathy, Phenylalanine, T4, TSH IMMUNIZATION LEAD exposure ADOLESCENTS RUBELLA serology + IMMUNIZATIONS SUBSTANCE use disorders MENTAL health

CHILDREN are classified from ______ to ______ years old, and ADOLESCENTS are ______+ years (normally up until ______ years old). HEALTH CONCERNS & LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH Children ______ conditions & ______ anomalies sudden ______ ______ syndromes motor ______ and unintentional ______ Adolescents motor ______ and unintentional ______ ______ (harming others) ______ (harming one's self)

CHILDREN perinatal conditions, congenital anomalies sudden infant death syndromes (SIDS) motor vehicle + unintentional injuries ADOLESCENTS motor vehicle + unintentional injuries homicide suicide

DOMAINS of LEARNING COGNITIVE → development of ______ and intellectual ______ AFFECTIVE → change in ______ and development of ______ PSYCHOMOTOR → performance of a ______

COGNITIVE → LEARNING + intellectual SKILLS (i.e. critical thinking) AFFECTIVE → change in ATTITUDES + VALUES PSYCHOMOTOR → perform a new SKILLS

What is the difference between community-ORIENTED nursing VERSUS community-BASED nursing? - WHO do they focus on? What is its PRIMARY GOAL? Describe the NURSING ACTIVITIES.

COMMUNITY-ORIENTED Focuses on COMMUNITIES + POPULATIONS. Health PROMOTION + disease PREVENTION. Creates PROGRAMS to deliver its services. COMMUNITY-BASED Focuses on INDIVIDUALS + FAMILIES. Condition MANAGEMENT (acute and chronic). 1:1 care of the illness @ the individuals house/work/school.

Public health nurses follow the ______ ______ ______ (CQI) process when carrying out their three core functions on an ongoing basis. The goal is ______ MANAGEMENT. The SIX different aspects of CQI are what?

CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT QUALITY MANAGEMENT 6 Aspects of CQI → effectiveness, timeliness, client-centered, equity, safety, and efficiency

MEDICAID + MEDICARE Both are administered under CMS (______ for ______ & ______ Services) that is a part of the U.S. Department of ______. --- QUALIFICATIONS for MEDICARE > ______ years old and must be receiving ______ ______ have been receiving ______ benefits for > ______ years have ______ (HINT: type of disability) and must already be ______ benefits ______ failure patients who are (1) on maintenance ______ OR (2) had a kidney ______ QUALIFICATIONS for MEDICAID Based on ______ size + ______. Priority is given to ______, ______ women, and those with ______. Services given to children last until ______ YEARS OLD.

Centers of Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) USDHHS --- > 65 Y/O + receiving SOCIAL SECURITY DISABILITY benefits for any disabilities for > 2 YEARS ALS + receiving DISABILITY benefits KIDNEY failure who are on DIALYSIS or had TRANSPLANT --- HOUSEHOLD size + INCOME children, PREGNANT women, disability 21 Y/O

Community health is a synthesis of ______ theories + ______ ______ theories. GOAL of community health is promote health/ prevent illness at the ______ level, by delivering services to ______/______ level. This in turn will increase ______ health.

Community Health = NURSING theories + PUBLIC HEALTH theories Promote health in the POPULATION level by providing care on the INDIVIDUAL/GROUP level, all of which can increase COMMUNITY health.

There are FOUR different approaches to view FAMILY aggregates... COMPONENTS of society → monitors how families interacts with other ______ in a community (i.e. schools, healthcare facilities); utilizes ______-based interventions. SYSTEM → studies interactions among ______ members that affects the whole family; utilizes ______ interventions. CLIENT → focuses on families as a ______ first, AND THEN looks at INDIVIDUAL needs; this determines how the family is ______ by the individual. CONTEXT → focuses on the ______ first, AND THEN the FAMILY; emphasizes the ______ that the family can offer to the individual.

Components: INSTITUTIONS, population-based interventions System: FAMILY members, direct interventions Client: FAMILY first, impacted Context: INDIVIDUAL first, resources

What does CLAS stand for? --- Standards including providing a ______ for patients speaking a different language, and to assess cultural ______ + ______ when developing a plan/providing care.

Cultural + Linguistically Appropriate Care translator beliefs + practices

STEP 4: Disaster RECOVERY Recovery can begin when the ______ no longer exists, and reps and agencies are available to assist in ______. This can last until ______ and ______ life is restored (which can be days, weeks, years). For an INDIVIDUAL specifically, it's when they can become ______ in the community. ______ diseases and ______ control are IMPORTANT aspects of recovery. ______ and delayed ______ reactions (DSR) are common afterwards.

DANGER no longer exists, available to assist in REBUILDING ECONOMIC and CIVIL life are restored, individual must become FUNCTIONAL again COMMUNICABLE diseases and SANITATION control PTSD + DSR (delayed stress reactions)

SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISODERS ALCOHOL is a depressant or stimulant? It ______ the senses to outside stimulation, and ______ the inhibitory centers in the brain. Chronic alcoholics experience WITHDRAWALS normally ______ to ______ HOURS after the last drink. Describe what to expect of the withdrawal symptoms?

DEPRESSANT → dulls senses, reduces inhibitory center Withdrawal normally occurs 4 → 12 HOURS after last drink. Withdrawal symptoms are HIGH (i.e. opposite of effects of intoxication) → i.e. high BP, tremors, irritated, diaphoresis, sleep disturbances.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISODERS DEPENDENCE is a pattern of ______, compulsive use of substances and can involve ______ or ______ dependence. What are the TWO cardinal indicators of dependent? What is the MOST commonly used substance in the U.S.?

Dependence is PATHOLOGICAL, can be PHYSICALLY or PSYCHOLOGICALLY dependent. Manifestations of TOLERANCE and WITHDRAWAL. ALCOHOL → socially acceptable, easily accessible

Define the following vocabulary and provide examples of each... Determinants of Health Health Indicators

Determinants of Health → PERSONAL and ENVIRONMENTAL factors that influences the client's health. EX: genetics, nutrition, social support, SES, stress levels Health Indicators → describes the health status of the community, and serves as a target of improvement. EX: morbidity/mortality rates, level of physical activity, obesity, substance abuse

ECOLOGICAL MODEL to assess population health can be used to examine the many ______ of health. There are FOUR different components addressed by this model... ______ traits (i.e. age, gender, genetics, mental/behavioral factors) ______, ______, and ______ relationships ______ and ______ environments OVERALL conditions created by ______, ______, ______, and ______ forces & trends

ECOLOGICAL MODEL = considers determinants of health that affects the population's health FOUR COMPONENTS... INDIVIDUAL traits. SOCIAL, FAMILY, and COMMUNITY relationships. OCCUPATIONAL & HOME conditions. Conditions created by LOCAL, STATE, NATIONAL, and GLOBAL forces.

Nx INTERVENTIONS for ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PRIMARY PREVENTION ______ individuals & groups to reduce environmental hazards. Advocate for safe ______ and ______. Support programs for ______ reduction & ______, as well as waste ______. SECONDARY PREVENTION Screen children at ______ MONTHS to ______ Y/O for blood ______ levels. Monitor workers for ______ exposures at job sites. Obtain ______ health histories + conduct ______ to determine at-risk populations. TERTIARY PREVENTION Refer homeowners w/ older homes to ______ resources + programs. Educate those with ASTHMA about ______ to prevent exacerbation.

EDUCATE water + air WASTE reduction + recycling + management 6 MONTHS → 5 YEARS for blood LEAD levels CHEMICAL exposures ENVIRONMENTAL health Hx (i.e. I PREPARE) SURVEYS to identify @ risk populations OLDER HOMES = LEAD programs/ resources environmental TRIGGERS

MIGRANT EMPLOYMENT Seasonal and migrant are often employed in ______. Minors over the age of ______ YEARS OLD are NOT covered in labor laws. ______ exposure is the most common concern and cause of health issues. S&S: headache, dizzy, hard of ______ (dyspnea), ______ cramps, poor ______ The primary prevention is ______, while the best secondary prevention is ______.

FARMS > 12 YEARS OLD :( PESTICIDE (i.e. CHEMICAL) heard of breathing, abdominal cramps, poor concentration PRIMARY: EDUCATION about protection, vaccine, etc. SECONDARY: SCREENINGS for diseases, contaminations

HEALTH CONCERNS & LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH OLDER ADULTS Fastest or slowest growing aggregate? Proportion of adults that live ______ are growing fast. About ______ (fraction) of all medications prescribed is for older adults. Most older adults have at least ______ chronic health concern.

FASTEST growing. Live ALONE. 1/3 of all medications prescribed. At least ONE chronic health condition.

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY Forensic nurses ______ knowledge along with knowledge of the ______ ______ system, as well as the ______ studies. The PRIORITY PRINCIPLE of forensic nurses is ______. ______ and ______ is required for many forensic nursing roles (i.e. SANE). What are SANEs, and what do they do?

FORENSIC NURSES = NURSING knowledge + knowledge of the CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM + EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies SAFETY is the #1 principle. EDUCATION + CERTIFICATIONS SANES = SEXUAL ASSAULT NURSE EXAMINER collects data and samples from patient, provides support for the patient, and testifies in legal proceedings

The ______ ______ ______ (FPL) is based off of the patient's income + number of individuals that live under that income. This is used to determine ______ aid (i.e. Medicare, Medi-Cal).

Federal Poverty Line, determine government aid qualification

What is the difference between a food infection and a food intoxication?

Food INFECTION is when pathogens are ingested, which can grow and cause symptoms in the GI tract. Food INTOXICATION occurs when the pathogen produces TOXINS, and those toxins found in the food causes symptoms.

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY HOSPICE nurses focus on improve ______ of life for the terminally ill patient through ______ care, ______ for the patient & family during the ______ process, & providing ______ support for the family post-death. The nurse can work with the family up to HOW LONG after the death of the patient?

GOALS of Hospice Nurse: IMPROVE quality of life provide PALLIATIVE care SUPPORT family during the DYING process provide BEREAVEMENT support post-death --- Up to 1 YEAR!!!

What are the THREE main ways that a patient can pay for their healthcare services?

GOVERNMENT FUNDING: Federal (Medicare, Medicaid), State (Medicaid-Cal, CHIP) PRIVATE FUNDING: HMOs, PPOs, MSAs SELF-PAY

FAMILY HEALTH RISK APPRAISALS Genograms: used to gather basic information about the FAMILY, ______ with the family, and ______ and ______ patterns. Genomics: study of genetic information & how it is ______ and ______. Ecomaps: identify family ______ with other groups & organizations, as well as information about the family's ______ network and social ______. Behavioral Risk: determine what ______ behavior-- such as health values, habits, & risk perceptions.

Genograms: RELATIONSHIPS, health & illness patterns Genomics: INFLUENCED & EXPRESSED Ecomaps: INTERACTIONS, support networks and social risks Behavioral Risk: INFLUENCES

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY NURSING INTERVENTIONS of OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH nurses include... PRIMARY PREVENTION Educate about good ______ and knowledge of health ______. Encourage ______ to protect from diseases. Provide information about ______ equipment. SECONDARY PREVENTION Identify workplace ______. Health ______ and ______ to detect early issues, and treat. TERTIARY PREVENTION Reduce ______ hours as needed. ______ programs.

Good NUTRITION, be aware of health HAZARDS IMMUNIZATIONS PROTECTIVE equipment Identify workplace HAZARDS. Health SCREENINGS & SURVEILLANCE. Reduce WORK hours. REHAB programs.

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY NURSING INTERVENTIONS of SCHOOL nurses include... PRIMARY PREVENTION Health promotion practices include: ______ hygiene, ______-brushing, healthy ______ choices, ______ choices (i.e. seat belt, water/bike/fire safety), ______-use prevention. Maintain records for ______ schedule. SECONDARY PREVENTION Provide nursing care to children have are ______ or ______ at school. Provide ______ care PRN (first aid, AED, CPR). Create emergency plans for children with ______ reactions, and secure ______. Perform ______ of common children illness (i.e. scoliosis, lice), and refer PRN. Assess for child ______ or ______, and report to CPS. TERTIARY PREVENTION Create ______ ______ ______ (IEP) for children w/ disabilities w/ the child and parent. Administer ______ as schedule for children with chronic diseases. Perform specific ______ for certain diseases (i.e. dressing changes, tube feedings, stony changes).

HAND hygiene, TOOTH-brushing, FOOD choices, SAFETY choices, substance-use prevention IMMUNIZATION records injured or ill emergency care emergency plans for those with anaphylactic reactions + hold their medications screen for common illnesses assess for abuse or neglect create individual education plans for disabled children administer scheduled medications perform specific nursing skills

NIGHTINGALE'S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY Focuses on the relationship between the individual's ______ and ______. Depicts health as a ______. Emphasizes ______ care.

HEALTH + ENVIRONMENT Health is a CONTINUUM. PREVENTIVE care.

MILIO'S FRAMEWORK for PREVENTION Complements the ______ ______ model, however focuses on change in the ______ level (instead of the individual level). Behavior change in large #s of people can ultimately lead to ______ change. Focuses on the relationship between health disparities and ______ of health-promoting resources.

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL COMMUNITY change in large # of people → SOCIAL CHANGE relationship between health disparities + AVAILABILITY of health-promoting RESOURCES

PENDER'S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL SIMILAR to the ______ ______ model, HOWEVER, states that perceived health ______ to a person is NOT strong enough to provoke change. Below are FACTORS that this model believes are factors that influence behavior... ______ FACTORS → biological, psychological, sociocultural, behaviors, self-efficacy ______, ______, ______, and ______ ASSOCIATED with the ACTION. ______ of others + competing ______ & ______

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL HEALTH RISK 💡Remember that one of the four factors that influence behavior in the Health Belief Model is PERCEPTION of susceptibility/risk/threat? Well, the Pender's Health Promotion Model states that this is NOT a factor at all, because it's not enough to cause change. FACTORS that affect behavior according to this model... PERSONAL factors. Feelings, benefits, barriers, and characteristics ATTITUDES + competing DEMANDS & PREFERENCES

Things to consider when using an INTERPRETER... Interpreter should have knowledge of ______-related terminology. Recommended NOT to use ______ members and members from the same ______. ______ factors should be considered (i.e. age, gender, SES, religion, education). ______ (variation of the language specific to regions) is important to consider!

HEALTH-related terminology. FAMILY or COMMUNITY members. SOCIAL factors can result in translation barriers. DIALECT

What is the U.S. national initiative that creates measurable objectives of HEALTH PROMOTION called? How often is this created & released? The goal of this initiative is to ______ HEALTH through ______ services (i.e. screenings, immunizations, education).

HEALTHY PEOPLE 💡Uses data and trends from the decade before to determine what goals they should create for the next decade. EVERY 10 YEARS OPTIMIZE health through PREVENTATIVE services.

Describe the difference between HMOs, PPOs, and MSAs? (HINT: These are the three different types of private insurance that patients can use to pay for healthcare services)

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) → a single rate in which comprehensive care is provided by a designated set of providers. EX: Kaiser Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) → rates set for EACH services; can go to ANY provider, however, there are cheaper/special rates if you go to PPO providers EX: Anthem Blue Cross, Blue Shield Medical Savings Account (MSAs) → untaxed money put into an account to use for medical expenses

Types of VIOLENCE within a community... Homicide → often related to ______ use, by someone the victim ______, and often during an ______. Rates are most highest in the ______ (age) population. Assault → ______ (HINT: gender) are more likely to be assaulted, and the ______ (age) population is most at risk. Rape → most cases go ______, and most incidences are usually ______ (i.e. w/ spousal rape) or acquaintance rape (a.k.a. ______ rape). ______ (HINT: gender) are more likely to be raped, and normally between ______ PM to ______ AM, on the ______, and during the ______ months. Suicide → rates are highest in ages ______ to ______ YEARS OLD; while ______ (gender) are more likely to attempt, ______ are more likely to succeed. ______ (race/ethnicity) are most likely to commit suicide. Economic Maltreatment → occurs when another person is managing the finances, and does not ______ the bills and/or ______/______ the money or property.

Homicide → SUBSTANCE use, victim KNOWS the person, occurs often during ARGUMENTS, highest in ADOLESCENTS Assault → MALES are more likely, and CHILDREN are the age population most at risk Rape → most cases are UNREPORTED, normally MARITAL or DATE rape; FEMALES more likely to be between 10 PM → 2 AM on the WEEKENDS during the SUMMER months. Suicide → highest in 45 → 54 y/o; FEMALES attempt more, MALES succeed, highest risk in CAUCASIANS Economic Maltreatment → does not PAY the bills, or theft/ misuse of money or property

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY RISK FACTOR in the WORK FIELD Host Factors: worker ______ (i.e. inexperience, pregnancy) Agent Factors: ______ agents (i.e. pathogens) ______ agents (i.e. asbestos, smoke) ______ agents (i.e musculoskeletal strains, lifting heavy loads) ______ agents (i.e. extreme temps, noise, radiation, etc) ______ agents (i.e. stress, burnout, violence) Environmental Factors: ______ factors (i.e. heat, odor, pollution) ______ factors (i.e. sanitation, overcrowding) ______ factors (i.e. addiction, stress)

Host Factors: worker CHARACTERISTIC Agent Factors: BIOLOGICAL agents (i.e. pathogens) CHEMICAL agents (i.e. asbestos, smoke) MECHANICAL agents (i.e musculoskeletal strains, lifting heavy) PHYSICAL agents (i.e. extreme temps, noise, radiation, etc) PSYCHOLOGICAL agents (i.e. stress, burnout, violence) Environmental Factors: PHYSICAL factors (i.e. heat, odor, pollution) SOCIAL factors (i.e. sanitation, overcrowding) PSYCHOLOGICAL factors (i.e. addiction, stress)

Another communion aggregate population are FAMILIES! Family consists of individuals who ______ themselves as family members, and have an ______ relationship that provides ______, ______, and/or ______ support.

IDENTIFY INTERDEPENDENT physical + emotional + financial

The ATTACK RATE who will become ______ or ______ with a disease in a population that was initially ______ of the disease. What is the formulation for the attack rate? The THREE categories of attack rates are endemic, epidemic, and pandemic. Explain each of them,

ILL or DIE, FREE (# of people exposed to the specific agent and developed the disease) ÷ (# of people exposed to the agent) --- CATEGORIES of ATTACK RATE ENDEMIC → moderate, ongoing occurrence in a given location EPIDEMIC → rate of diseases exceeds the usual level (i.e. endemic) in a defined population PANDEMIC → epidemics that occur in multiple countries and/or continents

GOALS for AT-RISK POPULATIONS IMMIGRANTS: provide ______-appropriate and congruent care!!! REFUGEES: Assess ______ health and ______ strategies to the crises they may have just experienced. PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS: early ______ to initiate prenatal care and education ASAP, refer to assistance programs (i.e. ______)

IMMIGRANTS → CULTURALLY appropriate care. REFUGEES → MENTAL HEALTH, COPING strategies. PREGNANT ADOLESCENT → early DETECTION, example of assistance program is WIC

Nx INTERVENTIONS for COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PRIMARY PREVENTION ______ programs/schedules to prevent a handful of diseases from occurring. Educate those who are ______ about protective practices & immunizations. Examples of RISK FACTORS that should be reduced: ______ hygiene, proper food ______ and ______, use ______ protection during sex. SECONDARY PREVENTION ______ clients if necessary & use the proper types of precautions. Report ______ ______ Diseases (i.e. anthrax, gonorrhea, HIV, chickenpox, etc) Provide ______-______ prophylaxis (i.e. HIV, hepatitis A, rabies). Notify ______ and perform contact ______ to screen exposed individuals. TERTIARY PREVENTION Link patients to community ______. Monitor treatment ______.

IMMUNIZATION Travelling hand hygiene, food handling & storage, physical protection QUARANTINE (i.e. via contact, droplet, & airborne) Nationally Notifiable Diseases post-exposure prophylaxis partners, contact tracing community resources compliance

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CALCULATIONS What is the DIFFERENCE between incidence rate and prevalence rate? What is the FORMULA for each?

INCIDENCE rates are the # of NEW cases of a disease in a SPECIFIED TIME. (# of new cases ÷ population total) x 1,000 = ______ per 1,000 --- PREVALENCE rates are the # of EXISTING cases (both new or old) within a given time period. (# of existing cases ÷ population total) x 1,000 = ______ per 1,000

SYSTEMS THINKING Studies how an individual/unit _________ with other organizations/systems. BEST for examining ______ & ______ relationships.

INTERACTS - CAUSE & EFFECTS

TYPES of DATA COLLECTION Informant Interviews → direct ______ with key community members to obtain ______ and ______. Community Forum → ______ and ______ meeting for any member in the community to attend. Secondary Data → using ______ data to assess problems in the community (i.e. death/birth stats, health records, prior surveys, meeting minutes). Participant Observation → research ______ the members of the community and takes note, as well as ______ themselves in the community. Focus Groups → direct ______ with a representative ______ of the community. Surveys → specific ______ asked in a ______ form. Windshield Survey → ______ observations made by ______ through a community (see next card to review components).

Informant Interviews → direction CONVERSATIONS to to obtain IDEAS and OPINIONS. Community Forum → OPEN and PUBLIC meeting for anybody. Secondary Data → EXISTING data (i.e. statistics, records). Participant Observation → OBSERVES members + IMMERSES themselves in the community. Focus Groups → CONVERSATIONS with representative SAMPLE of community. Surveys → QUESTIONS in WRITTEN form. Windshield Survey → SYSTEMATIC observations by DRIVING through the community.

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY PUBLIC HEALTH nurses are employed at the ______, ______, and ______ levels. GOAL: Impact the ______ through ______ prevention, ______ promotion, and actions that ______ the population's health. ESSENTIAL SERVICES: Monitor community's ______, and diagnose ______. Provide ______ and ______ to the community regarding health issues. Develop community health ______ and ______, and enforce ______. Promote ______ to health care and services. Investigate ______ of healthcare work field, and evaluate ______ of personal and population-based health services.

LOCAL + STATE + FEDERAL Impact COMMUNITY through disease prevention + health promotion, and ACTIONS that protect the community. SERVICES: Monitor community HEALTH and diagnose RISKS. EDUCATION + EMPOWERMENT to the community. Develop health PLANS + POLICIES, enforce REGULATIONS. Promote ACCESS. Investigate COMPETENCE of healthcare workers + evaluate QUALITY of care.

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY HOME HEALTH nurses may provide care in traditional ______, ______ living facilities, &/or ______ homes. Interdisciplinary team for the HH nurse: ______ &/or ______ therapists, home health ______, ______ workers, ______ (those who look after nutrition), and ______ care provider.

LOCATIONS: Tradition HOMES + ASSISTED Living Facilities + NURSING Homes INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM: OT/ PT, home health AIDES, SOCIAL workers, DIETITIONS/NUTRITIONISTS, PRIMARY care providers 💡HH nurses can provide the same kind of nursing skills and care as those from the hospital!

The VETERAN population are often ______ (gender), and are mostly what age? What is the MOST COMMON health concern that veterans have? ______ health disorders + ______ risk ______ abuse homelessless

MALES, 65+ years old MENTAL health disorders, SUICIDE SUBSTANCE abuse

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CALCULATIONS What does mortality rate determine? Mortality rates can be further specific into 3 categories, what are they? What is the FORMULA crude mortality rate and infant mortality rate?

MORTALITY RATES are the # of deaths. Mortality rates can be categorized... overall death rates (also know as a crude mortality rate) deaths from specific causes deaths at specific timespan across life --- CRUDE MORTALITY RATE (# of deaths ÷ population total) x 1,000 = ______ per 1,000 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (# of infant deaths < 1 years old ÷ # of live births) x 1,000 = ______ per 1,000

Vulnerable populations are those with MULTIPLE ______ factors for ______ health outcomes. KEY interventions include identifying/ addressing ______ risk factors and promoting ______ in the population.

MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS for NEGATIVE health outcomes Vulnerable populations are often subjected to at least one of the following... violence substance use disorders mental health issues poverty & homelessness rural residency migrant employment Veteran's disability Identify the MODIFIABLE risk factor and PROMOTE RESILIENCE.

Family crises occurs when a family is NOT able to ______ with an event, and ______ are the time in which the family is MOST at risk.

NOT able to COPE, @ highest risk during TRANSITIONS EX of transitions: new child, death of family member, child moving out, marriage of child, major illness, divorce, loss of main income. 💡Transitions require change in roles, expectations, and behaviors.

Step 3: Disaster RESPONSE ______ ______ ______ ______ (NIMS) provides a structure for effective communication and chain of command when dealing with disasters. Management response typically involves initial ______ of the span of the disaster-- how many people affect? Injured or dead? Resources available?

National Incident Management System ASSESSMENT

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY What framework/ nursing model is normally utilized in HOME HEALTH and HOSPICE nursing? It is a ______ and ______ approach to address health continuously and accurately among the different interdisciplinary members across time. #1: Problems are ______ into FOUR different domains (i.e. Environmental, Psychosocial, Physiological, and Health-Related Behaviors). #2: The problems are ______ based on severity using a ______-point scale. #3: There is a ______ set of interventions in each domain for each severity for the nurse to follow! #4: There is a standardized method of ______ to ensure effective communication across the interdisciplinary team.

OMAHA SYSTEM MODEL COMPREHENSIVE + SYSTEMATIC approach. #1: CLASSIFY problems. #2: RATE problems using the 5-point scale. #3: Provide care using the STANDARDIZED set of interventions. #4: Standardized method of DOCUMENTATION afterwards.

There are FOUR components of a windshield survey. Describe them using the first-letter hints, and provide examples. P P H S (two words, both start with S)

PERSON Who is on the street, what are they doing? Race/ethnicity? General appearance? Evidence of substance abuse, violence, diseases, &/or mental illness? PLACE Are there boundaries between communities-- man-made or natural? Location of health services? Geographic features, plants, or animals that can harm? Stores, industries nearby? HOUSING What are the AGE and QUALITY of the house? How many people? SOCIAL SYSTEMS Are there social services, schools, and parks & recreations? Transportation? Public protection (i.e. PD, firefighters)?

When performing community assessments, you must consider the following components-- the ______ (i.e. demographics, biological factors, social factors, culture), ______ factors or ______ (i.e. geography, climate, housing), and ______ systems.

PERSON PHYSICAL, ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL SYSTEMS

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING is ______-focused, and it combines ______ knowledge with ______ and ______ health sciences. There are THREE CORE FUNCTIONS of public health nurses... ASSESSMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT ASSURANCE Describe each core functions.

PHN = POPULATION-focused + combines NURSING knowledge with SOCIAL & PUBLIC health sciences. - (1) Systematic methods to determine health problems/hazards in the community. (2) Create policies and plans + put them into action in hopes of improving community health outcomes. (3) Ensuring accessibility to healthcare personnel & services.

Categories of VIOLENCE in the community... PHYSICAL → ______ or harm results, which often occurs towards ______/children, ______/partner, and/or ______ adults. SEXUAL → when sexual act occurs WITHOUT ______ EMOTIONAL → behavior that MINIMIZES an individual's feelings of ______-worth, OR ______, threatens, or ______ a family member. NEGLECT → failure to provide ______ care (i.e. food, shelter, hygiene), ______ care (i.e. stimulation to encourage milestone development), ______ for the child (i.e. school, teaching), and/or ______ (i.e. PCPs) or ______ (i.e. dentist) care.

PHYSICAL → PAIN or harm, often towards INFANTS/children, SPOUSES/partners, or OLDER adults SEXUAL → without CONSENT EMOTIONAL → minimizes SELF-worth or humiliates/threatens/intimidates NEGLECT → failure to provide PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, EDUCATION, HEALTH, and/or DENTAL care

SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISODERS TOBACCO is the most important ______ cause of death in the U.S. Nicotine is a stimulant or depressant?

PREVENTABLE cause of death. STIMULANT

KEY PRINCIPLES of PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING Emphasize primary ______. Aims to achieve the ______ good for the ______ # of individuals. Utilizes ______ wisely and cost-effectively.

PRIMARY PREVENTION GREATEST good for the MOST # of people. Effective RESOURCE utilization.

What are the three different levels of preventative care? Provide examples for each.

PRIMARY PREVENTION → stop INITIAL occurrence of disease before it happens. EX: education, immunizations, access to primary care SECONDARY PREVENTION → EARLY detection/treatment of a disease to limit severity/adverse effects. EX: screenings, control of outbreaks TERTIARY PREVENTION → limit disability and promote rehab EX: case management, support groups, OT/PT

UPSTREAM THINKING Focuses interventions that promote ______ or prevent ______. The opposite model is known as the ______ ______ model, and focuses on care for individuals that are already ______.

PROMOTE HEALTH PREVENT ILLNESS - Medical Treatment Model SICK

There are SIX types of practice settings that nurses can be found in the community! List them by using the first-letter hints. P.H. H.H. H O.H. F.C. S F

Public Health Home Health Hospice Occupational Health Faith Community Schools Forensics

When determining whether data from research is acceptable, a nurse should look at... whether bias was minimal → also known as ______. # of studies, participants, strength → also known as ______. whether the results are repeatable → also known as ______.

QUALITY QUANTITY CONSITENCY

Signs & Symptoms of POTENTIAL OLDER ADULT ABUSE/NEGLECT ______ or ______ physical injuries physical ______ or ______ basic needs caregiver ______ giving assistance ______ mismanagement ______ and passiveness depression

REPEATED or UNEXPLAINED physical NEGLECT or UNMET needs REJECTS providing help to patient FINANCIAL mismanagement WITHDRAWAL + passivity + depression

RURAL AREAS typically have LESS than ______ residents with LESS than average of ______ people/square mile. URBAN AREAS normally have between ______ to ______ people, and larger central cities have MORE than ______ people. Low-density populations are linked to DECREASED ______ to healthcare, ______ status, and health-seeking ______.

RURAL = < 20,000 with < 6 people/square mile. URBAN = 20,000 to 49,999 people Larger Central Cities = > 1 million DECREASED ACCESS to healthcare, HEALTH status, health-seeking BEHAVIORS.

The PRIMARY principle when providing for patients who have experiencing/ currently experiencing VIOLENCE in the community is what?

SAFETY! SAFETY! SAFETY! Get the individual away from immediate means of danger, if possible. Report mandatory cases (i.e. child abuse, imminent suicide).

Step 1: Disaster PREVENTION or MITIGATION Increase ______ and improve ______ at airport security. For communicable diseases, ensure people obtain their ______, and if disease is acquired, ______ or ______ as necessary. For extreme weathers, actives such as ______ levees, barriers, and infrastructure can save lives and resources. Identify and assess populations at ______. These tend to be physically ______ communities, ______, and/or unable to access ______.

SURVEILLANCE, INSEPCTIONS IMMUNIZATIONS, ISOLATE or QUARANTINE STRENGTHEN infrastructure populations at RISK-- especially those who are physically ISOLATED, DISABLED, or unable to access SERVICES

PRECAUTION ADOPTION PROCESS MODEL Similar to the ______ + ______ model, EXCEPT... There is an additional stage (called UNENGAGED)-- where is this stage located, and describe what occurs. There a stage that is removed-- which stage is it, and why?

TCC + SOC Model UNENGAGED → individual is aware that change is needed, however, does not move towards that change 💡Found between stage 1 (PRECONTEMPLATION) and stage 2 (CONTEMPLATION). This model does NOT have a termination stage, because it believes that change is an active choice that continues everyday.

Step 2: Disaster PREPAREDNESS Preparations stem from the ______ and ______ found in Step 1 (Disaster Prevention). Individual and family preparedness may include: creating an ______ plan, establishing alternative ways of ______, discussing ______ routes, planning a place to ______ afterwards. Setting up a ______ protocol is one of the most important things-- make sure to have access to emergency agencies (i.e. American Red Cross), as well as state and federal agencies. Disaster ______ replicates scenarios to enhance reaction and preparedness.

THREATS and VULNERABILITIES from Step 1 ACTION plan, alternative COMMUNICATION, EVACUATION routes, plan a place to MEET afterwards COMMUNICATION protocols disaster DRILLS

EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of health-related ______ in the ______. Also studies the relationships between ______, ______, and ______ (which is known as the epidemiological triangle).

TRENDS in the POPULATION AGENT + HOST + ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH LITERACY is the individual's ability to ______ basic ______ information and make ______. This can influence/motivate a person to take ______ towards their health.

UNDERSTAND + make DECISIONS influences ACTION

Signs & Symptoms of POTENTIAL CHILD ABUSE/NEGLECT ______ injury or injury NOT mentioned in the ______ unusual ______ towards nurses and others ______, especially older ones that are still in the healing process/ have healed injuries that are in various ______ of healing trauma to ______ malnourishment or dehydration poor ______ or inappropriately ______ parents who consider their child to be a "______ child" WHAT type of hematomas are indicative of abuse?

UNEXPLAINED, not mentioned in HISTORY FEAR FRACTURE various STAGES of healing trauma to GENITALIA poor HYGIENE, inappropriately DRESSED for weather "BAD child" SUBDURAL hematomas

MODES of TRANSMISSION VERTICAL TRANSMISSION → ______ transmission from ______ to ______ (occurs normally through sperm, placenta, vaginal contact during birth, or breastfeeding). HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION → contact with a ______ themselves or ______ touched by the person, or through ______ creatures. EX: direct touch, indirect touch (body fluids, food, water, air), or living creatures (mosquitos)

VERTICAL = GENERATIONAL transmission from MOTHER to OFFSPRING --- HORIZONTAL = PERSON or OJBJECTS, or through LIVING creatures 💡If transmitted through inanimate objects → VEHICLES. If transmitted through LIVING creatures → VECTORS.

What are the THREE different types of LEARNING STYLE (there are 3 types)?

VISUAL → note-taking, watching videos & presentations 💡"Thinks in pictures" AUDIO → verbal lectures, discussions, conversations 💡"Interprets meaning while listening" TACTILE-KINESTHETIC → trial & error, hands-on approach, return demonstration 💡"Meaning through interpretation"

Nursing considerations for MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS... Occurs across the ______ span. HIGH risk of ______ use disorders and ______ risk. Increased risk of ______ diseases. It is important that nurses make ______ to community based resources.

across LIFE span high risk of SUBSTANCE ABUSE and SUICIDE CHRONIC diseases REFERRALS to community based resources.

Environmental health relates to the quality of ______, ______, ______, and other surroundings that affects ______ and ______ processes. There are FOUR main types of environmental risks: ______, ______ pollution, ______ pollution, and ______.

air + land + water HEALTH + DISEASE --- TOXINS (i.e. heavy metals, pesticides, asbestos) AIR pollution (i.e. CO, PM2.5, tobacco smoke) WATER pollution (i.e. wastes, run-off chemicals) CONTAMINATION (i.e bacteria, pesticides found in food)

Culture includes the ______, ______, ______, and ______ shared by a group of people, and can be transmitted through ______.

beliefs + values + attitudes + behaviors generations

Cultural competence is the SKILL in which a nurse respects individual ______ and ______, as well as acknowledges ______ differences. There are FOUR dimensions to cultural competency-- define each of the following... CULTURAL PRESERVATION CULTURAL ACCOMMODATION CULTURAL REPATTERNING CULTURAL BROKERING

dignity + preferences cultural differences ------------------------------- PRESERVATION → help client maintain traditional values + practices ACCOMMODATION → support/facilitate cultural practices that are beneficial for the client's health REPATTERNING → modify practices that are NOT beneficial BROKERING → bridging client's culture and healthcare system

Disasters is an event that causes human ______ and demands more ______ than are available in the community. It can be ______ occurring, ______-made, or BOTH!

human SUFFERING demands more RESOURCES than available NATURALLY occurring MAN-made

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIANGLE AGENT → the ______, ______, or ______ factor that CAUSES the disease HOST → the ______ that is ______ by either the agent and/or the environment ENVIRONMENT → ______ or ______ that sustains the host.

infectious, physical, chemical LIVING BEING that is INFLUENCED setting, surrounding

Determine if the disease listed below needs to be on AIRBORNE or DROPLET precautions? pertussis SARS tuberculosis measles influenza chickenpox

pertussis = DROPLET SARS = DROPLET tuberculosis = AIRBORNE measles = AIRBORNE influenza = DROPLET chickenpox = AIRBORNE

PRACTICE SETTING of NURSES in the COMMUNITY Occupational Health nurses prevent ______ or ______ that occurs in the work field, and aims to ______ the workers' health. Interdisciplinary team for OH nurses: workplace ______, industrial ______, ______ specialists, occupational medicine ______, human ______ department, ______ reps, and health ______ agencies.

prevent INJURY or ILLNESS, PROMOTE health workplace administrations, industrial hygienist, safety specialists, occupational medicine physicians, human resources (HR), union reps, health insurance agencies

Community assessments view the ______ as the client, and the goal is to improve the ______ in the area as a ______. The community must first be DEFINED, and there are three common ways of doing this-- shared location (______ community), shared characteristics (______ community), and common interest (______ community).

primary client = COMMUNITY GOAL: improve the PEOPLE within the area as a WHOLE 3 CATEGORIES of DEFINING COMMUNITIES GEOGRAPHIC community DEMOGRAPHIC community FUNCTIONAL community

PRIMARY PREVENTION of HOMELESSNESS includes eliminating factors that contribute to homelessness: refer those with underlying ______ health disorders to counseling/therapy, enhance ______ skills to reduce ______-away children. SECONDARY PREVENTION includes referrals to ______ assistance, ______ supplements, and ______ services.

refer MENTAL health disorders enhance PARENTING to reduce RUN-AWAY children FINANCIAL assistance, FOOD supplements, HEALTH services

Who are the populations AT RISK for COMMUNICABLE diseases? young ______ ______ adults ______ patients clients who have a ______-risk lifestyle (i.e. multiple sex partners, unsafe sex) ______ travelers ______ workers

young children older adults immunosuppressed patients high-risk lifestyle individuals international travelers healthcare workers

What is the DIFFERENCE between a HOSPITAL nursing diagnosis, and a COMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSIS? The THREE components considered when creating a community Nx diagnosis includes-- information from the ______ health assessment, general ______ concepts, and ______ concepts. How are community nursing diagnosis normally written? Provide an example.

💡Hospital Nx Dx focuses a single patient and the effects of specific medical conditions. 💡Community Nx Dx focuses on the population & how they're affected by the individual, social, & environmental factors. COMMUNITY Nx DIAGNOSIS = information from community health assessment + general nursing concepts + epidemiology concepts EXAMPLE: RISK OF [insert problem/risk] among [insert specific population in question] related to [strengths/weakness in community that influences risk].