Nursing 2040

List 5 adverse effects associated with methotrexate (a DMARD)

1. *Increased risk of infection* 2. Hepatic fibrosis and toxicity 3. Bone marrow suppression 4. Ulcerative stomatitis/other 5. GI ulcerations 6. Fetal death/congenital abnormalities

List some common DMARDs.

1. *Methotrexate* 2. Sulfazine 3. *Etanercept* 4. Adalimumab (Humira)

List three causes of cirrhosis.

1. Alcohol abuse 2. Viral hepatitis (B and C) 3. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (Fat accumulating in the liver)

List some manifestations of exaggerated immune functioning.

1. Allergic symptoms 2. Pain 3. Fatigue 4. Fever 5. Mild or severe allergic responses 6. Autoimmune disorders (Can range from vague findings to findings associated with organ failure)

List some common glucocorticoid medications.

1. Betamethasone 2. Cortisone 3. Dexamethasone 4. Hydrocortisone 5. Prednisone

What populations should be monitored closely when administered methotrexate? (3)

1. Clients who have liver or kidney dysfunction 2. Clients with cancer and suppressed bone marrow function 3. Clients with infections

What three drug classes can aid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

1. DMARDs (Disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs) 2. Corticosteroids 3. NSAIDs

The physiologic process that provides an individual with protection or defense from disease. It is a characteristic that allows one to be resistant to a particular disease or condition

Immunity

Suppressed immune responses

Immunocompromised or immunodeficiency

A nurse is caring for a client who has cirrhosis. Which of the following medications can the nurse expect to administer to this client? Select all that apply. a. Diuretic b. Beta-blocking agent c. Opioid analgesic d. Lactulose e. Sedative

A B D (Diuretics facilitate excretion of excess fluid from the body in a client who has cirrhosis. Beta-blocking agents are prescribed for a client who has cirrhosis to prevent bleeding from varies. Opioid analgesics are metabolized in the liver. They should not be administered to a client who has cirrhosis. Lactulose is prescribed for a client who has cirrhosis to aid in the elimination of ammonia in the stool. Sedatives are metabolized in the liver. They should no be administered to a client who has cirrhosis.)

A nurse working in an outpatient clinic is assessing a client who has rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The client reports increased joint tenderness and swelling. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) a. Recent influenza b. Decreased range of motion c. Hypersalivation d. Increased BP e. Pain at rest

A B E

Which of the following are clinical manifestations of inflammation? Select all that apply. a. Swelling b. Irritability c. Heat d. Fever e. Pain f. Itching

A C D E

Which of the following are clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis? Select all that apply. a. Joint pain that worsens with use but is relieves with rest. b. Generalized pain. c. Joint stiffness that occurs after periods of rest or static position. d. Early morning stiffness that lasts several hours. e. Mild joint effusion that occurs with overactivity of joint use.

A C E (Joint pain Predominant symptom ranging from mild discomfort to significant disability Pain worsens with joint use Early stages: rest relieves pain Later stages: pain with rest and sleep is disturbed because of pain and increased joint discomfort Localized: Confined to one area, not shooting pain everywhere. Joint stiffness occurs after periods of rest or static position Early morning stiffness usually resolves within 30 minutes Overactivity can cause mild joint effusion, temporarily ↑ stiffness)

A nurse is assessing a client who has osteoarthritis of the knees and fingers. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse expect to find? (Select all that apply.) a. Herberden's nodes b. Swelling of all joints c. Small body frame d. Enlarged joint size e. Limp when walking

A D E

You're providing an in-service to new nurse graduates about esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. You ask the graduates to list activities that should be avoided by a patient with this condition. Which activities listed are correct: Select all that apply* A. Excessive coughing B. Sleeping on the back C. Drinking juice D. Alcohol consumption E. Straining during a bowel movement F. Vomiting

A D E F (The answers are A, D, E, and F. Esophageal varices are dilated vessels that are connected from the throat to the stomach. They can become enlarged due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis and can rupture (this is a medical emergency). The patient should avoid activities that could rupture these vessels, such as excessive cough, vomiting, drinking alcohol, and constipation (straining increases thoracic pressure.))

Which of the following statements apply to rheumatoid arthritis? Select all that apply. a. It is more common in females in males. b. Pleural effusions are uncommon with this disease. c. It is an non-inflammatory, nonsystemic disease. d. Stiffness usually occurs on arising but usually subsides by 30 minutes. e. Stiffness lasts 1 hour to all day and may decrease with use. f. Nodules are absent in this disease. g. It typically occurs in small joints and is usually bilateral and symmetric in joint involvement.

A E G (Nodules are present in this disease.)

While providing mouth care to a patient with late-stage cirrhosis, you note a pungent, sweet, musty smell to the breath. This is known as:* A. Metallic Hepatico B. Fetor Hepaticus C. Hepaticoacidosis D. Asterixis

B

The nurse is completing an admission assessment of a new patient to the unit. The nurse notes a long, thin, fading scar on the patient's abdomen in the right lower quadrant. What is the best explanation for the scar's appearance? a. Optimal functioning of the inflammatory process after an injury b. Fibrous tissue replacing damaged tissue when injury is extensive c. The development of chronic inflammation d. A surgical incision

B (Scar tissue, or fibrous repair of damaged tissue, occurs when an area is damaged too extensively for the body to replace damaged tissue with identically functioning tissue after removal of injurious agents and pathogens. Optimal functioning of the inflammatory process will result in regeneration of tissue that functions identically to the damaged and replaced tissue. Chronic inflammation can result in fibrous, or scar, tissue, but that scar tissue production is continuous as the inflammation continues. Fibrous tissue production can result from many different kinds of injuries, not just surgical wounds.)

Which of the following statements apply to osteoarthritis? Select all that apply. a. It is a systemic disease with exacerbations and remissions. b. It is a localized disease with variable, progressive course. c. It often occurs in overweight or obese patients. d. It's onset is typically >40 years. e. It's onset is typically young to middle age. f. It typically manifests in small joints and is usually bilateral. g. It typically manifests in weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips and is usually asymmetric.

B C D G

A nurse is assessing a client who has advanced cirrhosis. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as indicators of hepatic encephalopathy? Select all that apply. a. Anorexia b. Change in orientation c. Asterixis d. Ascites e. Fetor hepaticus

B C E (Anorexia is present in a client who has liver dysfunction, but it is not an indication of hepatic encephalopathy. A change in orientation indicates hepatic encephalopathy in a client who has advanced cirrhosis. Asterixis, a coarse tremor of the wrists and fingers, is observed as a late complication in a client who has cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. Ascites can be present in a client who has liver disfunction but it is not an indication of hepatic encephalopathy. Fetter hepaticas, a fruity breath odor, is a finding of hepatic encephalopathy in the client who has advanced cirrhosis.)

A patient with late-stage cirrhosis develops portal hypertension. Which of the following options below are complications that can develop from this condition? Select all that apply:* A. Increase albumin levels B. Ascites C. Splenomegaly D. Fluid volume deficient E. Esophageal varices

B C E (The answer are B, C, and E. Portal Hypertension is where the portal vein becomes narrow due to scar tissue in the liver, which is restricting the flow of blood to the liver. Therefore, pressure becomes increased in the portal vein and affects the organs connected via the vein to the liver. The patient may experience ascites, enlarged spleen "splenomegaly", and esophageal varices etc.)

You are receiving shift report on a patient with cirrhosis. The nurse tells you the patient's bilirubin levels are very high. Based on this, what assessment findings may you expect to find during your head-to-toe assessment? Select all that apply:* A. Frothy light-colored urine B. Dark brown urine C. Yellowing of the sclera D. Dark brown stool E. Jaundice of the skin F. Bluish mucous membranes

B C E (The answers are B, C, and E. High bilirubin levels are because the hepatocytes are no longer able to properly conjugate the bilirubin because they are damaged. This causes bilirubin to leak into the blood and urine (rather than entering the bile and being excreted in the stool). Therefore, the bilirubin stays in the blood and will enter the urine. This will cause the patient to experience yellowing of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and mucous membranes ("jaundice") and have dark brown urine. The stools would be CLAY-COLORED not dark brown (remember bilirubin normally gives stool it brown color but it will be absent).)

Which of the following are early signs of liver cirrhosis? Select all that apply. a. Dyspepsia b. Flatulence/abdominal pain c. Nausea and vomiting d. Esophageal varices e. Hematemesis f. Fever g. Anorexia or weight loss h. Changes in bowel habits

B C F G H

A nurse is caring for a client who has rheumatoid arthritis. Which of the following laboratory tests are used to diagnose this disease? (Select all that apply). a. Urinalysis b. ESR c. BUN d. WBC count

B D

The physician orders Lactulose 30 mL by mouth per day for a patient with cirrhosis. What findings below demonstrates the medication is working effectively? Select all that apply:* A. Decrease albumin levels B. Decrease in Fetor Hepaticus C. Patient is stuporous. D. Decreased ammonia blood level E. Presence of asterixis

B D (The answer is B and D. A patient with cirrhosis may experience a complication called hepatic encephalopathy. This will cause the patient to become confused (they may enter into a coma), have pungent, musty smelling breath (fetor hepaticus), asterixis (involuntary flapping of the hands) etc. This is due to the buildup of ammonia in the blood, which affects the brain. Lactulose can be prescribed to help decrease the ammonia levels. Therefore, if the medication is working properly to decrease the level of ammonia the patient would have improving mental status (NOT stuporous), decreased ammonia blood level, decreasing or absence of asterixis, and decreased ammonia blood level.)

What should be closely monitored while taking a glucocorticoid?

Blood glucose levels due to the side effect of hyperglycemia Blood pressure as well because a side effect can be hypertension

Which of the following patients' is at the greatest risk for a severe of ineffective inflammatory response? a. A 28-year-old female with hypertension following a colonoscopy. b. A 35-year-old male with heart disease with a chief complaint of chest pain. c. An 82-year-old female who is post-operative for an appendectomy. d. A 53-year-old male with chronic COPD who states he has difficulty breathing.

C

You are a nurse caring for an 82-year-old female who is 6 days postoperative for an appendectomy. She comes into your clinic complaining of pain at the surgical site. You assess the wound site and find that is it red, swelling, warm, and exudate is seen at the wound site. Which of the following lab tests would you suspect the physician to order to rule out infection? a. Colonoscopy b. Electrolyte status c. WBC with differential d. Hemoglobin A1c

C

The nurse is reviewing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of a patient to determine which significant finding? a. Determines specific causes of inflammation b. Identifies the location of inflammation within the body c. Confirms the nonspecific presence of inflammation d. Indicates a diagnosis of systemic lupus

C (An elevated ESR is indicative of the presence of inflammation in the body. Proteins produced during the inflammatory process adhere to red blood cells, causing them to be heavier and settle out of blood samples at a faster rate than normal. The ESR does not identify specific causes of inflammation and does not determine a specific location of inflammation. The ESR is a nonspecific indicator of inflammation.)

A client with advanced cirrhosis has been diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy. The nurse expects to assess for: A. Malaise. B. Stomatitis. C. Hand tremors. D. Weight loss.

C (C: Flapping of the hands (asterixis), changes in mentation, agitation, and confusion are common. A&B: Malaise and stomatitis are not related to neurological involvement. D: These clients typically have ascites and edema so experience weight gain.)

During your morning assessment of a patient with cirrhosis, you note the patient is disoriented to person and place. In addition while assessing the upper extremities, the patient's hands demonstrate a flapping motion. What lab result would explain these abnormal assessment findings?* A. Decreased magnesium level B. Increased calcium level C. Increased ammonia level D. Increased creatinine level

C (The answer is C. Based on the assessment findings and the fact the patient has cirrhosis, the patient is experiencing hepatic encephalopathy. This is due to the buildup of toxins in the blood, specifically ammonia. The flapping motion of the hands is called "asterixis". Therefore, an increased ammonia level would confirm these abnormal assessment findings.)

Which of the following is NOT a role of the liver?* A. Removing hormones from the body B. Producing bile C. Absorbing water D. Producing albumin

C (The answer is C. The liver does not absorb water. The intestines are responsible for this function.)

Which of the following are clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis? Select all that apply. a. Onset is progressive. b. Asymmetrical symptoms of the joints. c. Morning stiffness that lasts from 60 minutes to several hours or longer. d. Tender, painful, and warm joints. e. Joint pain that worsens with increased motion.

C D E (Onset is insidious. Symptoms are symmetrical.)

nursing diagnoses for OA and RA.

Chronic pain Impaired physical mobility Disturbed body image Ineffective self-health management Self-care deficit

Chronic, progressive scarring and destruction of the liver following inflammation

Cirrhosis

Difference between indication for using corticosteroids and DMARDs for RA use.

Corticosteroids: Acute exacerbations, not long term use DMARDs: Long term therapy, slow progression of disease

What two conditions are inflammatory bowel diseases?

Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis

A nurse on a medical-surgical unit is admitting a client who has hep B with ascites. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Initiate contact precautions. b. Weight the client weekly. c. Measure abdominal girth 3 in above the umbilicus. d. Provide a high-calorie, high-carbohydrate diet.

D (Hepatitis B is transmitted via blood. Standard precautions are adequate. Daily weights are obtained to monitor fluid status. The client's abdominal girth is measured over the largest part of the abdomen, which will vary by client. The client who has hep B should have a diet high in calories and carbohydrates.)

A patient comes to a clinic with a chief complaint of, "My left arm is red and swollen. It hurts badly enough that I couldn't go to work today." The physician orders computer-assisted tomography (CT) scanning of the left upper extremity. The nurse knows the patient understands the reason for the procedure when he states a. "I need to have this done because my arm is broken." b. "The doctor wants me to have this so that the pain will stop." c. "This will tell you what I did to my elbow because I really don't know what happened." d. "This test will help to better determine where the injury actually is and how severe it is."

D (Radiographic imaging studies such as CT scans help to determine the location and extent of inflammation within the body. The CT scan will help with diagnosis. The diagnosis is not predetermined. CT scanning does not alleviate pain. Radiography does not necessarily determine a cause of an injury.)

Which of the following patients is at higher risk for inflammatory reactions? a. 2-year-old girl with a healthy diet b. 38-year-old man who is obese c. 54-year-old woman in menopause d. 79-year-old man with diabetes

D (The 79-year-old man is at highest risk for inflammatory reactions among these patients for two reasons, his age and having diabetes. The risk would be high during the first year of life, but this 2-year-old girl has gotten beyond this risk period and she also has the positive factor of a healthy diet. The 38-year-old man is not in a high-risk category because of age but is because of obesity. Although a 54-year-old woman is getting older, being in menopause does not increase the risk for inflammatory reactions.)

Which medication class is effective in preventing further joint damage with rheumatoid arthritis?

DMARDs

Which condition is NOT a known cause of cirrhosis? A. Obesity B. Alcohol consumption C. Blockage of the bile duct D. Hepatitis C E. All are known causes of cirrhosis.

E

How high is "high enough" when elevating an extremity?

Elevation of the injured area should be about the level of the heart to minimize swelling

True or false: Inflammation is always associated with infection.

False!

What is one common complication of rheumatoid arthritis?

Flexion contractures

List clinical manifestations of cirrhosis of the liver.

GI 1. Anorexia 2. Dyspepsia 3. N/V 4. Abdominal pain 5. Fetor hepaticus 6. Varices -Esophageal -Gastric -Hemorrhoid 7. Hematemesis Integumentary 1. Jaundice 2. Spider angioma 3. Palmar erythema 4. Purpura 5. Petechiae Hematologic 1. Anemia 2. Thrombocytopenia 3. Leukopenia 4. Coagulation disorders 5. Splenomegaly Metabolic 1. Potassium deficiency 2. Hyponatremia/hypernatremia 3. Hypoalbuminemia Cardiovascular 1. Portal hypertension 2. Fluid retention 3. Peripheral edema 4. Ascites Reproduction 1. Amenorrhea 2. Testicular atrophy 3. Gynecomastia 4. Impotence Neurologic 1. Hepatic encephalopathy 2. Peripheral neuropathy 3. Asterixis

What are the most common side effects of DMARDs?

GI upset such as nausea and vomiting

What is a common drug class that may cause compromised immunity?

Glucocorticoids

Which subcategory of corticosteroids is usually used for anti-inflammatory purposes and disorders of the immune system such as ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and IBD?

Glucocorticoids (Mineralocorticoids are used for Adrenal insufficiency and adrenogenital syndrome.)

What is a side effect of methotrexate, a DMARD?

Hair thinning/hair loss

What type of therapy is useful for joint stiffness?

Heat therapy such as hot packs or whirlpool baths

List the two nodes that may manifest with osteoarthritis.

Herberden's node and Bouchard's node.

Exaggerated immune responses

Hypersensitive

Chronic, recurrent inflammation of the intestinal tract. Autoimmune disease.

IBD

During acute inflammatory episodes, what therapy is appropriate?

Ice

Destruction of cartilage in weight bearing joints, causing joint pain

Osteoarthritis

Slowly progressive noninflammatory, nonsystemic disorder of the diarthrodial joints

Osteoarthritis (Degenerative joint disease)

What is the different in WBC count with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

Osteoarthritis: WBC count <2000. Rheumatoid arthritis: WBC count 5000-60,000

Corticosteroid use can cause what disease over time?

Osteoporosis, important to implement primary prevention with someone taking a corticosteroid

What is your weight usually like with osteoarthritis? What about with rheumatoid arthritis?

Overweight or obese. Typically maintained or low weight.

How can rheumatoid arthritis be prevented? How about OA?

Prevention of RA is not possible b/c etiology is unknown, but there may be some genetic factors. OA can be prevented through diet, exercise, and joint protection.

Born with bad immune system

Primary immunodeficiency

What are four things you can do to reduce inflammation after a sprain, strain, or trauma?

RICE Rest Ice Compression Elevation

Ya'll I am dying. We literally just had an exam on thursday. I DONT HAVE TIME FOR THIS

RIP us

A chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that involves inflammation of connective tissue in diarthrodial (synovial) joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Erosion of edges of bone, joint deformity, loss of bone density, and destruction of cartilage due to inflammation of soft tissue around joints

Rheumatoid arthritis

Decreased immunity as result of taking a medication, going through chemotherapy, etc.

Secondary immunodeficiency

How should you administer a corticosteroid, do you take it with food or on an empty stomach?

Take the medication with meals or a snack to prevent GI upset.

An immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or allergy.

Inflammation

What are the three types of immune response?

Innate Active acquired Passive acquired

What happens to cartilage with OA?

It becomes dull, yellow, and granular. It will be soft and less elastic. Less able to resist wear with heavy use.

Osteoarthritis is a ____ disease whereas rheumatoid arthritis is a ____ disease.

Localized. Systemic.

What is cardiac cirrhosis caused by?

Long-standing severe right-sided heart failure

What should you monitor after applying a compression device to an injury?

Monitor for impaired circulation such as cool fingers or toes, tingling, or turning blue in color.

What medication drug class is commonly used in conjunction with DMARDs since it can take weeks to months for results to show?

NSAIDs

Should you put an ice pack directly on an inflamed injury?

No! You should wrap the ice pack in a towel to prevent further tissue injury.

Pain with activity that improves with rest (OA or RA?)

OA

Results from cartilage damage that triggers a metabolic response at level of chondrocytes

OA

What is the main difference between rheumatoid arthritis?

OA is localized, so only specific joints are affected whereas RA is systemic, it affects the whole body.

In what types of joints would you most likely see osteoarthritis?

Weight bearing joints (Ex. knees, hip)

What is the onset age for osteoarthritis? How about rheumatoid arthritis?

40 years or older. Young to middle age.

What is a normal WBC count?

5-10,000

A patient is admitted with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to cirrhosis. Which meal option selection below should be avoided with this patient?* A. Beef tips and broccoli rabe B. Pasta noodles and bread C. Cucumber sandwich with a side of grapes D. Fresh salad with chopped water chestnuts

A (The answer is A. Patients who are experiencing hepatic encephalopathy are having issues with toxin build up in the body, specifically ammonia. Remember that ammonia is the byproduct of protein breakdown, and normally the liver can take the ammonia from the protein breakdown and turn it into urea (but if the cirrhosis is severe enough this can't happen). Therefore, the patient should consume foods LOW in protein until the encephalopathy subsides. Option A is very high in protein while the others are low in protein. Remember meats, legumes, eggs, broccoli rabe, certain grains etc. are high in protein.)

A patient admitted to an acute care floor has rubor of an area of injury on the left lower extremity. The nurse understands that this redness is caused by a. vasodilation. b. extravasation. c. neutrophils. d. exudate.

A (The inflammatory process results in rubor, or redness, of an area of insult. The body responds to injury by increasing the blood flow to an area through vasodilation. This allows increased oxygen and more nutrients and appropriate white blood cells to reach the area, isolating the area and beginning the immune response. Extravasation is the movement of fluid from its confined space into the surrounding tissue. Neutrophils are one of the most common types of white blood cells. Exudate is the fluid filled with proteins and white blood cells that moves out of the vascular spaces through extravasation.)

Which assessment finding indicates that lactulose is effective in decreasing the ammonia level in the client with hepatic encephalopathy? A. Passage of two or three soft stools daily. B. Evidence of watery diarrhea. C. Daily deterioration in the client's handwriting. D. Appearance of frothy, foul-smelling stools.

A (Two or three soft stools daily indicate effectiveness of the drug. B: Watery diarrhea indicates overdose. C: Daily deterioration in the client's handwriting indicates an increase in the ammonia level and worsening of hepatic encephalopathy. D: Frothy, foul-smelling stools indicate steatorrhea, caused by impaired fat digestion.)

A nurse is providing information to a client who has osteoarthritis of the hop and knee. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the information? (Select all that apply.) a. Apply heat to joints to alleviate pain. b. Ice inflamed joints to alleviate pain. c. Install an elevated toilet seat. d. Take tub baths. e. Complete high-energy activities in the morning.

A B C E (Encouraging high-energy activity in the morning is recommended as part of a daily routine to promote independence.)

Which of the following are late signs of liver cirrhosis? a. Anorexia b. Dyspepsia c. Esophageal varices d. Flatulence e. Fever f. Change in bowel habits g. Hematemesis h. Nausea and vomiting

A B C E G H (Anorexia and dyspepsia occur in early and late cirrhosis. Nausea and vomiting also occur in early and late cirrhosis.)

List some manifestations of suppressed immune functioning.

1. Frequent infections 2. Poor wound healing 3. Fatigue 4. Malaise 5. Weight loss 6. May appear poorly nourished 7. May have chronic wounds 8. May have enlarged lymph nodes 9. Presence of opportunistic infection

Describe nutritional therapy for a patient without complications with cirrhosis.

1. High in calories (>3000 cal per day) 2. High carbohydrate diet 3. Moderate to low fat diet 4. No need for protein restriction 5. Soft diet 6. Small frequent meals

5 primary prevention techniques for optimal immunity.

1. Immunizations 2. Avoid high-risk behaviors 3. Adequate nutrition 4. Exercise 5. Infection control measures (HAND HYGIENE!)

List some common side effects of corticosteroids.

1. Insomnia 2. GI upset 3. Sodium retention (Causing fluid retention) 4. Hypokalemia 5. Hyperglycemia

How can you protect your joints if you have OA or RA?

1. Keep joints extended, not flexed 2. Modify your activities to put less stress on joints 3. Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the joints. 4. Avoid activités that would put stress on your joints, such as jogging and contact sports. 5. Instruct client to stop smoking or reduce smoking to reduce cartilage loss.

How would you care for a patient who is immunosuppressed?

1. Monitor their immune function 2. Provide adequate nutrition 3. Prevent opportunistic infections 4. Monitor and treat opportunistic infections 5. Drug therapy

What are some things you would do if someone is having an exaggerated immune response?

1. Remove exposure if possible 2. Provide airway support if anaphylaxis occurs 3. Give medications to reduce response ex. antihistamine, epinephrine, mast cell stabilizer, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressive therapy 4. Give medication for symptomatic relief such as antipruritics, decongestants, analgesics

List some pharmacological interventions for managing inflammation.

1. Steroids 2. NSAIDs 3. Antipyretics 4. Analgesics 5. Antimicrobials

List 8 common symptoms of inflammation.

1. Swelling 2. Pain 3. Heat 4. Redness 5. Presence of exudate 6. Fever 7. Malaise 8. Fatigue

What are the three populations at greatest risk for an ineffective inflammatory response?

1. Very young 2. Very old 3. Uninsured

List some populations at risk for compromised immunity.

1. Very young and very old 2. Non-immunized populations 3. Environmental factors (Ex. Poor nutrition, secondhand smoke, food and water contamination) 4. Medical treatments (Ex. glucocorticoids, cancer treatment) 5. Pregnancy

How long should you ice an inflamed injury? How often?

20 minutes every 2 or 3 hours as indicated

What time period after an injury is RICE most beneficial?

24-48 hours after