Nursing exam 1
Why would you want articles or websites peer or professionally reviewed?
Peer-reviewed = scholarly article Scholars submit articles and they are reviewed by a professional committee before publishing Adds Authority and Accuracy to your source of information
APA
american psychological association
Orem: Self Care Deficit Theory
Nurse implements appropriate measures to assist the client in meeing self-care needs.,
In-text citation method 1 (Paraphrase)
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
is this resource credible?
Currency Relevance Authority Accuracy Purpose
paraphrasing
putting the information in your own words
what type of a citation is this: McClure, M., & Black, D. (2013). The role of of the nurse preceptor: A literature review. Journal of Nursing Education, 56(2), 42-28. doi: 10.1037/002-9432
reference list citation
simulation
o Safe learning environment o "Hands on" learning o Reduces error, increases safety
in-text citations
within the body of your writing All in-text citations need author(s) & date. Page number if direct quote. paraphrasing and direct quote
When citing a journal article, how should the article title and journal name look? Stress Management in the Difficult Patient Encounter. Dental Clinics of North America B) "Stress Management in the Difficult Patient Encounter." Dental Clinics of North America C) Stress management in the difficult patient encounter. Dental Clinics of North America D) "Stress management in the difficult patient encounter." Dental Clinics of North America
C) Stress management in the difficult patient encounter. Dental Clinics of North America
relevance
the importance of the info for your needs
what type of a citation is this: Preceptors are expected to be clinical experts, to be willing to teach, and to be able to teach effectively (McClure & Black, 2013).
paraphrasing in-text citation
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
*-Founder of nursing -Followed a spiritual calling to be a nurse -Crimean war ---Felt called to go help *-"Lady with the Lamp" (worked 24 hours a day) *-Started one of the first Nursing Schools (1860) -1st epidemiologist (observed and wrote down statistics) -Credited with environmental theory -Improved sanitary conditions -Health Maintenance and Restoration -Decreased mortality from 42.7% to 2.2% -Political activist -Highlighted science of nursing -Advanced the profession *-first nursing philosophy/theory
Historical Role of nursing
-Always existed -Based on Human caring -Societal needs -Predominately female -Expectation, familial role, job, lack of professional identity -Primitive role -Oldest of arts and youngest of professions... ---Didn't become a profession till Florence Nightingale
standards of professional nursing practice -define: -includes:
-Standards are authoritative statements of the duties that all registered nurses, regardless of role, population, or specialty, are expected to perform -Includes: ---Standards of Practice ---Standards of Professional Performance
what is APA referencing
Acknowledges the source of the information used in your assignment Distinguishes your own ideas from those that belong to others Supports writing with evidence Enables readers to investigate ideas they find useful Accurately shows sources you have used Avoids plagiarism Contains two parts: in-text citations and reference list
When citing a journal article, you should include all of the following information, EXCEPT: A) DOI B) Whether the journal is web or print C) Volume and issue numbers D) Title of the article and journal
B) Whether the journal is web or print
When do you use a database search?
Needing credible evidence to support conclusions For research To find specific information on a topic
database search
Professionally reviewed Set limits Specific subjects/audiences Paid subscription
why use APA?
Provides readers with cues to locate information of interest to them (referencing) Allows readers to focus more on ideas without unfamiliar structure Establishes credibility in your field
Who uses APA
Social Sciences Psychology Sociology Economics Business Linguistics Criminology Nursing
Why use a database for research?
When you need credible evidence to support conclusions When you are doing research on a specific topic To find research already done on your topic To find accurate information Save you time and money
what type of a citation is this: "Preceptors are expected to be clinical experts, to be willing to teach, and to be able to teach effectively" (McClure & Black, 2013, p. 45)
direct quote in-text citation
There are four main elements of a reference. Which element is NOT a part of the reference? Select one: a. Author or editor b. Title c. Publication date d. Retrieval information e. Whether the journal is web or print
e. Whether the journal is web or print
what are scholarly (pee-reviewed) articles? author: audience: visual appearance: length: language: content: recommended for:
author: scholars, faculty members, researchers, professionals audience: other scholars or professionals visual appearance: mostly txt, may have graphs or charts length: lengthy language: professional and academic language content: narrow topics related to specific fields, includes full citations with credible sources recommended for: learning about new research being conducted, sources for academic work, professional development
truth about nursing
o Nursing is the backbone of the hospital. Sure, doctors are important, but without nurses they couldn't even do their jobs. Doctors don't have to be empathetic, caring, or compassionate. They just have to be educated. Nurses, however, must be both. Nurses spend more time with the patients -skilled problem solvers
public perception
o Nursing lacks autonomy, power and an independence, nurses there to support the doctor
gallop pole nursing =
o Nursing= most trusted profession in the US • Nice • Hardworking • Caring • Honest • Ethical • Respected • Admire • Missing smart, etc.
quality and safety education for nursing (QSEN)
o Patient-centered care o Teamwork and collaboration o Evidence-based practice o Quality improvement o Safety o Informatics
defining the nursing profession, nurses should...
o Practice to the full extent of their education and training o Achieve higher levels of education ad training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression o Be full partners, with physicians and other health professionals, in redesigning health care in the US o Be part of an effective workforce planning, policy making and data collection to improve information infrastructure
Nursing practice act
o Regulates licensure and practice in each state o Knowledge of the Nurse Practice Act is necessary to provide safe and legal nursing care o Regulates Scope of Practice (what you can and cannot do) o Protects the public from unsafe and unqualified nurses
characteristics of a profession (is nursing a profession?)
o Requires extended education and a specific body of knowledge (yes) o Provides a specific service (yes) o Has autonomy-(medical association is not running us) (yes) o Incorporates a code of ethics (yes)
challenges in the future
o Rising health care costs o Healthcare reform o Nursing/biomedical research o Baby-boomer generation o Higher incidence of chronic disease o Increased acuity-patients living longer=more complexities o Demographic changes o Medically underserved (staff shortage) o Patients as consumers (knowing what they want)
science
o Science: A method of bringing together facts and giving them coherence and integrity o Scientific inquiry involves five aspects (scientific process) = research • Hypothesis • Method • Data collection • Results • Evaluation • Box 5-1 in book o Example: does storage temp affect how well popcorn pops?
civil war (1861-1865)
o Similar conditions as in Crimea o African American nurses: Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Susie King Taylor o Clara Barton, Louisa May Alcott o Shortage of nurses during war and shortage of training o Established nursing schools
A theory meets the criteria of fruitfulness when it: Select one: a. Is easily understood and replicated. b. Includes all concepts related to the area of interest. c. Generates new directions for future research. d. Is reflective of its scientific basis.
c. Generates new directions for future research. The theory meets the criteria of fruitfulness when it is able to generate avenues for new research. When all related concepts are represented in the theory it is said to have inclusiveness. Simplicity refers to the theory's ability to be replicated. Relevance is represented in a theory's reflection of its scientific basis.
The question that is being focused on during the implementation of the scientific process is referred to as the: Select one: a. Result b. Theory c. Hypothesis d. Method
c. Hypothesis the hypothesis asks the question that is to be the main focus of the process. The method decides what data will be collected to answer the hypothesis while the result is the conclusion arrived at after the data is analyzed. A theory is a collection of knowledge that is specific while addressing a phenomenon or the relationship between phenomena.
standards of practice
o Tells you how to practice competently o Forms the foundation for nurse's decision making o Describes a competent level of nursing care demonstrated by the nursing process o Standard of practice=nursing process o A critical thinking model • Assessment • Diagnosis • Outcome identification • Planning • Implementation • Evaluation
nursing scope of practice
o The term scope of practice refers to the range of roles, functions, responsibilities, and activities which a registered nurse or APN is educated, competent, and have authority to perform. The scope of practice is influenced by: • The setting in which the nurse practices • The requirements of the employer • The needs of the patients
direct quoting
copying the author's exact words *recommend less that 10% of your writing is direct quotes.
purpose
the reason the info exists
accuracy
the reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content
authority
the source of the info
currency
the timelines of the info
o Although the specificity of NPAs varies among states, all NPAs include:
• Authority, power and composition of a board of nursing • Education program standards • Standards and scope of nursing practice • Types of titles and licenses • Requirements for licensure • Grounds for disciplinary action, other violations and possible remedies • Find your states NPA at http://www.ncsbn.org/npa-toolkit.htm
skilled problem solvers
• Detect problems • Make decisions about how to resolve problems • Fix the problems themselves • Coordinate with the health care team to get the plan implemented • Autonomous professionals • Educated and experienced clinicians, researchers, educators, and advocates • Relationship builders
scope of practice (questions to ask:)
• Did I learn this skill or task in my basic nursing program? • Did I learn this skill/task as part of a comprehensive training program, which included clinical experience? • Has this task become so commonplace in nursing literature and in nursing practice (wound debridement and dressing, for example) that is can reasonably and prudently be assumed within scope? • Is the skill/task in your hospital's/clinic's/agencies' policy and procedure manual? • Does this skill/task pass the "reasonable and prudent" standard of nursing?
the new ANA definition of nursing (2015) -nursing is the:
• Protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities • Prevention of illness and injury • Facilitation of healing • Alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response • Advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities and populations
web search
May not be professionally reviewed Hard to set limits Any topic Free search
the great depression (1930s)
-Economic crash, 25% unemployment -Social security act, foundation for medicare/Medicaid ---Meant for people who couldn't pay during great depression ---National old age insurance ---Maternal and child welfare ---Rehab services for handicapped ---Medical care for crippled children and blind people ---Federal-state unemployment system -Nursing focus started moving toward public health -Nursing responded to community needs
reference list
-end of your writing -Separate page titled "References" centered a the top -All references start with last name of the author, followed by initial. -List is in alphabetical order -Use hanging indents (1/2 inch)
where to search web
-not evaluated and could be inaccurate -free searching but not all content is free -no specific audience and includes opinions -too many results, hard to narrow down
where to search database
-professionally reviewed info -paid subscriptions -intended for academic audience -easy to narrow results with limiters
Moving to the present
-still do a lot of things Nightingale did in the past -nursing is an art and a science -Art+science=quality
APA and Literature searches
...
Database searches
...
History of nursing
...
theories of nursing practice
...
image of nursing
....
In-text citation method 2 (paraphrasing)
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
recommendation
: increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80% by 2020. -baccalaureate -associates
How would you cite the following reference within the text of your discussion posting? Mora, C., & Maya, M. F. (2006). Effect of the rate of temperature increase of the dynamic method on the heat tolerance of fishes. Journal of Thermal Biology, 31, 337-341.doi: 10.101b/jtherbio.2006.01.055 A) (Mora & Maya, 2006) B) (Mora, C., & Maya, M. F.,2006) C) (Journal of Thermal Biology) D) (doi: 10.101b/jtherbio.2006.01.055)
A) (Mora & Maya, 2006)
When citing a journal article, how should the issue, volume and page numbers look? A) 31(2), 146-156 B) 31-2, pp. 146-156 C) Volume 31, Issue 2. Pages 146-156 D) 31(2), pp. 146-156
A) 31(2), 146-156
Which of the following professions use the APA writing style? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Nursing b. Chemistry c. Psychology d. Sociology
A, C, D nursing, psychology, sociology
Roy: Adaptation Model
Adapatation will occur by assisting the "biopsychosocial" client in modifying external stimuli.,
How would you cite the following reference within the text of your writings? United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2015, August 18). Climate change. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange A) (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange) B) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015) C) (Climate Change, 2015) D) (United States Environmental Protection Agency)
B) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015)
Where is the year placed when citing a book? A) After the title B) After the author/editor C) After the city of publication D) At the very end of the citation
B) After the author/editor
When citing a book, how should the author's or editor's name look? A) Michelle Demeter B) Demeter, M. C) Demeter, Michelle D) M. D.
B: Demeter, M.
Library database
Collection of records that a library subcribes to for academic purposes
Examples of academic databases?
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Cochrane
what is a database
Collection of information that can be easily accessed Library subscribes to many databases Used for academic purposes-limit to scholarly articles Examples of academic databases CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Cochrane
What is a Library Database?
Collection of records Library subscribes to databases Used for academic purposes
To avoid plagiarism, you should cite all of the following, EXCEPT: A) Direct quote B) Paraphrased material C) Statistics D) Common knowledge
D. common knowledge
Orlando: Theory of the Nursing Process
Deliberate nursing approach that stresses the action of the individual client in determining the action of the nurse.
what is APA
Establishes standards and rules of written communication Organization of your paper Writing style Citing references
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
Example of a database used by the nursing profession
reference formatting
Four parts 1. Author or editor 2. Publication date 3. Title 4. Retrieval Information
Web search
Free search on any topic. Contains materials that may or may not by peer or professionally reviewed.
impact that media plays on the image of nursing
o Nursing ignored o Health care denursified (first to be cut) o Nursing shortage o Less males in nursing o Staffing ratios that drive nurses from the workplace o Morale of the profession
Watson: Theory of Human Caring
Holistic outlook addresses the impact and importance of altruism, sensitivity, and trust.
Mishel: Uncertainty of Illness
Outlines a four step framework to assist nurses in working with clients: stimuli frame, appraisal frame, inititation of coping mechanisms, and adaptation
Database search
Paid search that can be limited to a specific subject or audience. Contains material that have been peer and/or professionally reviewed.
Peer or professionally reviewed
Process where a panel of experts critique a newly submitted article before accepting it for publication in the journal
Parse: Theory of Human Becoming
Quality of life from each person's perspective should be the goal of nursing practice.,
ESBSCOhost
Reference system offering a variety of databases where users can conduct basic and advanced literature searches.
In-text citation method 3 (direct quote)
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
What is the benefit of using APA format? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Provides readers with cues they can use to follow ideas more efficiently and to locate information of interest to them. b. Allows readers to focus more on the writer's ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar formatting. c. Distinguishes the writer's ideas from those that belong to others. d. Establishes author credibility to the profession.
all of the above!
direct quote needs...
name, date and page #
challenges of today
o Access o Chronic disease (ex: obesity) o Cost o Quality (39th in the world!!!!!!) o Safety o Technology (can we still keep our personal touch with technology) o Patients living longer o Aging population o Nursing shortage
1960s
o Act=Law o Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 (hospitals) • Increased mental health nursing o Medicare and Medicaid Act of 1965 o Nurses moving into hospitals, public health positions, home health
1980s/90s
o Advanced practice roles o Male nurses entering the profession o Rising costs ($1 trillion annually) 2x others • Medicare/Medicaid reformed o Research growth = medical advancements/specialties o Heightened practice standards = competence o Patients viewed as clients or consumers o AIDS epidemic=infections control
nursing stereotypes
o Angelic and sweet o Sexy, naughty • Dress cute to marry physicians to get out of nursing o Men in nursing • "Must be gay!" • "Couldn't hack medical school"
nursing shortage
o Challenges: decrease quality of patient care, increase incidence o error, lead to greater stress and burnout of RNS, and higher patient mortality rates o Solution: more public and private partnerships, healthy work environments, technology used in training, and more flexibility in roles of advanced practice nurses
ANA standards of professional performance
o Describes a competence level of behavior in the professional role • How you act • See worksheet
art
o Experience, interaction: client and family o Caring, compassion, dignity, respect, trust o Relationship and interaction with patient
Mary Seacole
o Jamaican nurse o Trained by the British Army doctors o Conducted studies on infant deaths related to Cholera (contaminated water) o Requested to join Nightingale in the Crimean War o Denied due to race
APA style establishes standards of written communication concerning the organization of content, writing style and citing references. Select one: True False
true
associates
• 2-3 years • Skilled focused • Entry to workforce earlier • Primarily for less complex patients • Require more education for advancement
baccalaureate degree
• 4 years • Comprehensive knowledge • Improved outcomes • Critical thinking and leadership • Ease of advancement • Practice across multiple settings • Direct bedside care, case management, many settings • Easier to advance to leadership roles/higher education
