nursing informatics quiz 3

What is the form of knowledge in discovery research? a. Single research studies b. Meta-synthesis c. Systematic review d. Meta-analysis

ANS: A Discovery research represents knowledge produced in the form of single research studies. The other three choices represent synthesis of multiple studies.

Evaluating data from all relevant sources, including technology, to inform the delivery of care is a competency for a(n): a. generalist. b. advanced practice nurse. c. specialist. d. innovator.

ANS: A Evaluating data from all relevant sources, including technology, to inform the delivery of care is a competency for a generalist. The generalist receives undergraduate training for this role.

Which of the following are evidence summaries: (select all that apply.) a. Literature reviews b. Systematic reviews c. Integrative reviews d. Single study reviews

ANS: A, B, C Evidence summaries include evidence synthesis, systematic reviews, integrative reviews, and reviews of the literature.

What are some software examples of eportfolio creation? (Select all that apply.) a. iClickr b. ePortfolio c. eInstruction d. Desire2Learn ePortfolio

ANS: B, D Some software examples of eportfolio creation are ePortfolio and Desire2Learn ePortfolio. iClickr and eInstruction are audience response systems.

The purpose of the debriefing process is: a. to provide additional lecture time. b. to provide time for the facilitator to critique the student's performance. c. to promote self-reflection. d. to provide time for participants to critique other participants' performances.

ANS: C Simulation Standard IV: Debriefing Process of the Standards of Best Practice states that debriefing is reflecting on one's thoughts, performance, and actions. Self-reflection can be taught.

. When SBAR communication is used, the B represents: a. baseline. b. breath sounds. c. bottom line. d. background.

ANS: D SBAR stands for situation, background, assessment, and recommendation.

What is the purpose for creating standards to guide simulation experiences? (Select all that apply.) a. To regulate all simulation activities nationwide b. To provide standardized experiences for the learners c. To enhance quality of the simulation experience d. To ensure funding for simulation programs

What is the purpose for creating standards to guide simulation experiences? (Select all that apply.) a. To regulate all simulation activities nationwide b. To provide standardized experiences for the learners c. To enhance quality of the simulation experience d. To ensure funding for simulation programs

Which indicators have been established for healthcare improvement and for public reporting? a. Quality indicators b. Efficiency indicators c. Cost indicators d. Longevity indicators

ANS: A Evaluation of specific outcomes has risen to a high level of public interest. As a result, quality indicators are being established for health improvement and public reporting.

Which issue is a deterrent to global interoperability? a. Multiple terminologies used in describing and documenting healthcare b. The development of an international standard clinical terminology c. The development of clinical data models such as HL7 CDA documents d. The use of openEHR Archetypes

ANS: A Key barriers to global interoperability include issues related to the terminologies used in describing and documenting healthcare such as cost and accessibility; gaps in exhaustiveness; and lack of granularity. The remaining options are all efforts to solve the problem.

The process of knowledge discovery and data mining is best characterized as: a. machine learning, use of statistical methods, large amounts of data. b. a process wherein patients are selected for clinical trials. c. "fishing" for information in data. d. cleaning data for further analysis using other methods.

ANS: A Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) is a process in which machine learning and statistical methods are applied to analyze large amounts of data.

Which two instrumental movements pushed correspondence courses forward? a. The Society to Encourage Studies at Home and Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts b. The invention of the television and cable services c. The development of Web 2.0 tools and the Internet d. Fiber-optic cables and 2-way video communications

ANS: A Phase one of distributive education historical developments was pushed forward by the establishment of the Society to Encourage Studies at Home and the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts. The invention of the television and cable services, the development of Web 2.0 tools and the Internet, fiber-optic cables, and 2-way video communications relate to other events that further promoted distance education.

Practice-based evidence studies differ from traditional observational designs in several main ways. What is one of those main differences? a. Exhaustive attention paid to patient characteristics b. Excluding clinicians in the study design to improve treatment efficacy c. Use of small sample sizes and specific patient sources/settings d. General, unstructured documentation of interventions

ANS: A Practice-based evidence involves intense attention to patient characteristics; including clinicians in the design; use of large sample sizes and diverse patient sources/settings; and detailed, standardized structured documentation of interventions.

What is the process that faculty members at higher educational institutions must undergo to secure a career position? a. Tenure b. Security c. Tension d. Freedom

ANS: A Tenure is the process that faculty at higher educational institutions must go through to secure a career position. The other options (security, tension, and freedom) describe how faculty members may feel during the tenure process.

Which two hurdles does the STAR Model address in employing evidence-based practice? a. The volume and form of knowledge b. The quality and form of knowledge c. The volume and outcomes of knowledge d. The adequacy and form of knowledge

ANS: A The STAR Model addresses two major hurdles in employing evidence-based practice (EBP). These two hurdles are the volume of current professional knowledge and the form of knowledge that healthcare professionals attempt to apply in practice.

Which organization created the first set of published standards to guide simulation experiences? a. International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning b. Society for Simulation in Healthcare c. National League for Nursing d. American Association for Colleges of Nursing

ANS: A The Standards of Best Practice: Simulation was created by the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) in response to a growing need for standardization and guidelines related to simulation educational methodologies.

From a faculty perspective, the two critical criteria for a CMS/LMS are: a. ease of use and tool set. b. installed base and integration. c. cost and scalability. d. ease of use and installed base.

ANS: A While all of these criteria are important for faculty, ease of use and tool set are the most important. The installed base and integration, cost and scalability, and ease of use and installed base are generally more important to the technology staff and administration.

Faculty should clarify the intellectual property issues surrounding the creation of distributive course materials because: a. these digital materials may have commercial value, and the institution may decide to sell them. Faculty members need to know if they share ownership and, therefore, profits. b. students may want to distribute materials to their family and friends and not have to pay for them. c. accreditation agencies, as a part of their criteria, require that ownership of these materials belongs to the faculty who developed them and must be clearly stated in intellectual property (IP) policies. d. if institutional resources were used to create these course materials, the materials belong to the institution.

ANS: A With the digitization of class materials, there is a market for developed materials, and faculty members need to be aware of their rights to/ownership of these materials. The field is changing when it comes to ownership of materials developed to teach a course. Students distributing materials to their family and friends without paying for them relates to copyright issues. Accreditation agencies requiring, as a part of their criteria, that ownership of these materials belongs to the faculty who developed them and must be clearly stated in IP policies is not relevant to who actually owns what and what that may mean to a faculty member. While it may be true that the institution owns the course materials if institutional resources were used to create them, this would need to be clarified as this statement has applied to patents and inventions.

Practice-based evidence requires close partnering with informatics specialists to: (select all that apply) a. design screens and terms to capture interventions. b. create and maintain the databases required for PBE studies. c. upgrade EHR modules so all sites are on the same version of software. d. ensure all end users are trained.

ANS: A, B While upgrades are an informatics responsibility, sites do not have to be on the same version of software to do PBE studies.

Which examples represent proprietary applications suitable for real-time in-class student responses? (Select all that apply.) a. iClickr b. TurningPoint c. TurnOff d. ClickMe

ANS: A, B iClickr and TurningPoint are applications currently marketed as audience response systems. TurnOff and ClickMe are not examples of audience response systems.

What are some reasons institutions are hesitant to adopt information management and technology tools? (Select all that apply.) a. Prohibitive costs of purchasing technologies b. Fear of change among faculty and students c. Uncertainty about how to structure and determine costs of new courses d. Financial incentives from publishing companies to continue using traditional teaching materials

ANS: A, B, C Reasons for the slowness of adoption of technology range from purchasing costs of technologies; dislike or fear of change from administration, staff, faculty, and students; a parochial view that traditional education will always be with us; and how to determine the cost of education based on something other than student credit hours (or seat time). Publishers are embracing technology and are not offering incentives for using traditional print materials.

The goal of the intersection of informatics and evidence-based practice is to transform healthcare to be: (select all that apply.) a. reliable. b. safe. c. effective. d. efficient.

ANS: A, B, C The field of informatics and the concept of evidence-based practice (EBP) intersect at the crucial junction of knowledge for clinical decisions with the goal of transforming healthcare to be reliable, safe, and effective. While efficiency is always a goal in healthcare, it is not a primary goal of EBP.

Standardized terminology is requisite for: (Select all that apply.) a. naming evidence. b. classifying evidence. c. tagging evidence. d. locating evidence. e. simplifying evidence.

ANS: A, B, C, D Standardized terminology is requisite for naming, classifying, tagging, and locating evidence in order to use it in practice.

Using the STAR Model, which of the following points indicate knowledge transformation has occurred? (Select all that apply.) a. Discovery research b. Evidence summary c. Translation to guidelines d. Practice integration e. Testing the hypothesis f. Evaluation of process and outcomes

ANS: A, B, C, D, F The knowledge transformation process in the STAR Model occurs at five points, which can be conceptualized as a five-point star. These five points include discovery research, evidence summary, translation to guidelines, practice integration, and evaluation of process and outcomes. Testing the hypothesis is not a specific point in the STAR Model.

What are the limitations of employing a virtual environment as a teaching method? (Select all that apply.) a. Access b. Interface c. Creativity d. Cost

ANS: A, B, D Access, interface, and cost are the most common reasons for not participating in or using this sort of technology in a course. Typically, cost is related to creation of a location in the virtual world. Interface is using a keyboard, mouse, and microphone to interact, and access relates to bandwidth available to the user.

Which international organizations develop international standards? (Select all that apply.) a. Health Level 7 (HL7) b. International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO) c. Global Health Informatics Partnership (GHIP) d. International Standard Organization (ISO)

ANS: A, B, D Health Level 7 (HL7), International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO), and the International Standard Organization (ISO) all develop international standards for informatics. The Global Health Informatics Partnership (GHIP) does not develop international standards for informatics.

Which of the following are INACSL standards for best practice for simulation? (Select all that apply.) a. Terminology b. Debriefing process c. Facilitator objectives d. Facilitation methods

ANS: A, B, D Terminology, debriefing process, and facilitation methods are INACSL standards for simulation best practice. The current INACSL standards address the participant objectives, not the facilitator objectives.

Which methods are examples of data mining? (Select all that apply.) a. Decision trees b. Stratified random sampling c. Bayesian networks d. Artificial neural networks e. Factor analysis

ANS: A, C, D Decision trees, Bayesian networks, and artificial neural networks are methods commonly used in data mining.

Which categories of objectives can be met in a simulated clinical experience using a computer-controlled high-fidelity mannequin? (Select all that apply.) a. Cognitive b. Sociocultural c. Psychomotor d. Affective

ANS: A, C, D Objectives are designed to meet learning needs in the categories of cognition, psychomotor development, and affective, or emotional feelings. Sociocultural cues used within the simulated learning experience can help to achieve those objectives.

Which applications might be useful for recording reflective student clinical journals? (Select all that apply.) a. Microsoft Word b. Microsoft Excel c. Twitter d. Blackboard

ANS: A, D Microsoft Word and Blackboard are both excellent tools for recording reflective journals for students and allow for ease of access to faculty. The functionality of Microsoft Excel makes this a poor choice for journaling, and the character limit of Twitter makes reflective journaling impossible.

Cognitive psychology claims that learning involves memory, motivation, thinking, reflection, and abstraction. Which question is instrumental in teaching critical thinking? a. What? b. How? c. Why? d. Who?

ANS: B "Knowing how" involves memory, motivation, thinking, reflection, and abstraction. These skills are useful in teaching critical thinking. "Knowing what" represents behaviorism, and "knowing why" represents constructivism. "Knowing who" is not part of the learning theories discussed.

A popular continuing education program that teaches informatics knowledge, skills, and attitudes is: a. TIGER. b. AMIA 10x10. c. HRSA. d. HIMSS.

ANS: B A popular continuing education program that teaches informatics knowledge, skills, and attitudes is AMIA 10x10. TIGER, HRSA, and HIMSS are all organizations that advocate for continuing education but are not providers of informatics education.

As a simulation facilitator, you develop a confidentiality form that all learners must sign prior to simulation experiences. Which standard does this represent? a. Standard I: Terminology b. Standard II: Professional Integrity of the Participants c. Standard VI: The Debriefing Process d. Standard VII: Evaluation of Expected Outcomes

ANS: B Asking all learners to sign a confidentiality form prior to simulation experiences ensures that all learners will receive the same opportunity for learning. This confidentiality form states that the learners will not share the details of the simulation experience with any other students and ensures the professional integrity of the participant.

Which type of review is considered the most rigorous? a. Literature reviews b. Systematic reviews c. Integrative reviews d. Single study reviews

ANS: B Evidence summaries include evidence synthesis, systematic reviews, integrative reviews, and reviews of the literature, with systematic reviews being the most rigorous approach to evidence summary.

Which international organization develops and maintains standards for data exchange? a. World Health Organization (WHO) b. Health Level 7 (HL7) c. International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO) d. International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA)

ANS: B Health Level 7 is an international organization that develops and maintains standards for data exchange. The WHO, IHTSDO, and IMIA do not develop and maintain standards for data exchange.

Knowledge is the point of convergence across the areas of: a. evidence-based practice, quality assurance, and informatics. b. evidence-based practice, improvement, and informatics. c. evidence-based practice, quality assurance, and improvement. d. improvement, quality assurance, and informatics.

ANS: B Knowledge is the point of convergence across the areas of evidence-based practice, informatics, and improvement. None of the other answers include all of these aspects.

The best practice starting point for developing a simulation scenario is: a. the equipment available. b. the goals or objectives to be achieved. c. the facilitator's choice. d. the commercially based scenarios available.

ANS: B Simulation Standard III: Participant Objectives of the Standards of Best Practice states simulations should be developed based on the goals or objectives to be achieved by the participants, not on the technology available.

Which international organization organizes an international conference on nursing informatics? a. International Council of Nurses (ICN) b. International Medical Informatics Association - Nursing Informatics SIG (IMIA-NI) c. Nursing Working Group of HL7 d. International Standard Organization (ISO)

ANS: B The International Medical Informatics Association - Nursing Informatics SIG (IMIA-NI) organizes an international conference on nursing informatics. The ICN, HL7, and ISO do not organize an international conference on nursing informatics.

Which international organization develops and maintains a family of international classifications such as the International Classification of Diseases? a. International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO) b. World Health Organization (WHO) c. International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) d. Health Level 7 (HL7)

ANS: B The World Health Organization develops and maintains a family of international classifications such as the International Classification of Diseases. The IHTSDO, IMIA, and HL7 do not develop and maintain a family of international classifications

Which measure is most important for evaluating the performance of classifiers, models that predict class membership? a. Root mean squared error (RMSE) b. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve c. Percentage of correctly classified cases d. Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic

ANS: B The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is the most important overall measure of classifier performance.

Which organizations have relationships with the Health Informatics Building Blocks Program aimed at health informatics workforce development in Africa? (Select all that apply.) a. Health Level 7 (HL7) b. Health Informatics in Africa (HELINA) c. American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) d. Global Health Informatics Partnership (GHIP)

ANS: B, C, D The HELINA, AMIA, and GHIP organizations have relationships with the Health Informatics Building Blocks Program aimed at health informatics workforce development in Africa. The HL7 does not have a relationship with the Health Informatics Building Blocks Program.

Which international organizations develop terminology? (Select all that apply.) a. International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) b. International Council of Nurses (ICN) c. World Health Organization (WHO) d. International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO)

ANS: B, C, D The ICN, WHO, and IHTSDO all develop terminologies. International Medical Informatics Association does not develop terminology

In which aspects does practice-based evidence differ from evidence-based practice? (select all that apply) a. PBE incorporates patient choices in decision-making. b. EBP determines best practices using best evidence like results from RCTs. c. PBE includes family involvement. d. PBE is prospective, while EBP is retrospective. e. PBE attempts to capture the complexity and variability of actual clinical care.

ANS: B, D, E EBP refers to identifying the evidence for clinical practice and conducting practice according to the best evidence. PBE is an innovative prospective research design that uses data gathered from current practice to identify what care processes work in the real world. PBE study designs attempt to capture the complexity presented by patient and treatment differences, offering a naturalistic view of treatment by examining what actually happens in the care process, not altering or standardizing the treatment regimen to evaluate efficacy of a particular intervention, as one does in an RCT or other types of experimental designs. EBP is about using evidence to guide practice. PBE is about obtaining evidence from practice.

Advocating for users' needs and acting as a liaison between the users, the IT staff, and the vendor are competencies for a(n): a. generalist. b. advanced practice nurse. c. specialist. d. innovator.

ANS: C Advocating for users' needs and acting as a liaison between the users, the IT staff, and the vendor are competencies for the informatics nurse specialist (INS). The INS receives graduate training for this role.

Which simulator model is most appropriate for learning to obtain an arterial blood gas? a. Standardized patient b. Computer-controlled mannequin c. Arm model from elbow to fingers d. Computer model

ANS: C Asking a learner to obtain an arterial blood gas is an example of a psychomotor skill. This skill can be practiced on an arm model. The arm model is the most realistic model to be used without placing the patient in any dangerous situation, such as the use of the standardized patient.

Distributive education is: a. education that takes place in different settings and at different times. b. the use of electronic devices to deliver the instruction and by which the learners acquire their knowledge. c. customized, learner-centered education that uses technology to provide learner experiences where the learner is engaged in the learning activities that may or may not be at a distance. d. a version of distance education that requires the use of the Internet or Intranet to deliver the educational materials.

ANS: C Distributive education is customized, learner-centered education that uses technology to provide learner experiences where the learner is engaged in the learning activities that may or may not be at a distance. The definition incorporates the main components of technology, engagement, customization, interaction, and individualization. The remaining choices are not complete enough or describe other terms like distance education, elearning, or online learning.

Which region introduced ehealth initiatives such as epSOS and SEHGovIA for interoperability? a. Asia-Pacific region b. Latin America and the Caribbean c. Europe d. Africa

ANS: C Europe introduced ehealth initiatives such as epSOS and SEHGovIA for interoperability. The remaining choices (Asia-Pacific region, Latin America and Caribbean region, and African region) did not introduce these initiatives.

Which is not a common step in a practice-based evidence study? a. Assemble a multidisciplinary project team b. Measure patient severity c. Obtain patient consent d. Collect data

ANS: C It is not necessary to obtain patient consent when treatment is not altered.

Which specialized method(s) is (are) used in knowledge discovery and data mining? a. Stratified sampling b. Conceptual analytic methods c. Selection of the optimal subset of variables/features for use in modeling d. Machine learning

ANS: C Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) makes use of specialized analytic methods, characteristically machine learning, to identify patterns in a semi-automated fashion.

Which characteristic is an advantage that practice-based evidence studies have over RCTs? a. Large sample sizes can be obtained easily. b. Multiple sites are typically enrolled, resulting in greater generalizability. c. Study efficacy is greater. d. Multiple variables can be studied.

ANS: C Practice-based evidence (PBE) designs trade away the internal validity of RCTs for external validity. PBE designs have high external validity because they include virtually all patients with, or at risk for, the condition under study, as well as potential confounders that could alter treatment responses. PBE designs attempt to minimize threats to internal validity by trying to collect information on all patient variables - demographic, medical, nursing, functional, and socioeconomic - that might account for differences in outcome. By doing so, PBE designs minimize the need for compensating statistical techniques such as instrumental variables and propensity scoring to mitigate selection bias effects, unknown sources of variance, and threats to internal validity.

To ensure student success and engagement, faculty members should: a. make evaluative comments in the discussion forum as to the quality of each student's post so they can improve. b. administer multiple choice tests to measure students' progress in learning the concepts. c. provide timely feedback to students using a grading rubric through the grading center. d. use their discretion as to the amount and frequency of their feedback to the students.

ANS: C Providing students with how their learning will be evaluated though a rubric and when this will occur should keep the students engaged and successful. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) frowns on other students having access to evaluative comments of classmates. Multiple-choice questions do not necessarily keep the student engaged. Students should know what is required, when, and how soon they will receive feedback on their progress.

Existing resources that promote meeting the challenge of teaching informatics in the health professional curriculum are: a. sufficient number of trained faculty. b. readily available technical infrastructure. c. teaching materials and assignments. d. simulation and academic electronic health records (AEHRs) software.

ANS: C QSEN and ONC have made freely available numerous teaching materials and assignments for teaching informatics. Insufficient faculty and lack of technical support are two major barriers to teaching informatics. The costs of simulation and AEHRs can be prohibitive.

Which is the major application for virtual world creation and interaction? a. FirstWave b. Virtual Worldz c. Second Life d. World of Warcraft

ANS: C Second Life is the major application for virtual world creation and interaction. Second Life was the original application created for interaction between users in a virtual world. FirstWave, Virtual Worldz, and World of Warcraft are incorrect choices.

The Quality and Safety Education in Nursing (QSEN) project developed competencies based on work completed by: a. HRSA. b. TIGER. c. IOM. d. AMIA 10x10.

ANS: C The QSEN project developed competencies based on work completed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). HRSA, TIGER, and AMIA 10x10 may address informatics competencies, but they did not provide the foundation for the QSEN project.

The implementation specialist, practice workflow specialist, and health information exchange specialist are informatics roles identified and described by: a. the ANA Scope and Standards for Nursing Informatics. b. the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. c. ONC's HITECH Workforce Plan. d. the Department of Commerce's Standard Occupation Codes.

ANS: C The implementation specialist, practice workflow specialist, and health information exchange specialist are informatics roles identified and described by the ONC's HITECH Workforce Plan. The ANA Scope and Standards for Nursing Informatics, Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Department of Commerce's Standard Occupation Codes do not delineate these positions.

For a successful distributive education program, the institution: a. must always offer students the option for distributed learning even if there is no faculty buy-in. b. should move forward with an initiative to offer distributive learning in order to stay competitive even when resources may not be in place. c. must match the goals and objectives for a distributive education initiative to the mission and goals of the institution. d. should offer distributive education as a way of making money and lowering operating costs.

ANS: C Without matching goals and objectives of distributive education to the mission and goals of the institution, resources will not line up correctly, which is a recipe for failure. A successful program requires commitment from faculty and appropriate institutional resources and will cost money; it may or may not make money for the institution.

Critical to a successful distributive education program are the student support services. The first thing one should do is: a. make sure the library has online access to its holdings through online lending, full text literature databases, and online access to the research librarian. b. arrange for tutoring services especially in the distribution courses such as probability and statistics, college algebra, English, and sciences. c. arrange for the bookstore to provide delivery services for required textbooks. d. survey the students for what support services they expect from the school.

ANS: D Faculty must determine or assess the needs of the students for support services before deciding what to provide; the other answers all relate to specific support services one might provide.

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act has influenced healthcare delivery because it is: a. a training program for informatics specialists. b. an organization that develops informatics competencies. c. an academic electronic health records software. d. federal legislation that promotes the use of electronic health records.

ANS: D HITECH has influenced healthcare delivery because it is federal legislation that promotes the use of electronic health records. HITECH has not specifically addressed informatics training or education.

In a distributed learning environment, faculty members should: a. take their face-to-face lectures and turn them into a podcast. b. teach the course the same way as the face-to-face course, as all sections of the course need to be the same. c. use the same activities as the on-campus courses; there is no need to adjust them. d. develop learning activities that engage the learner with relevant real-world activities.

ANS: D In distributive education the instructor needs to empower the learners to take charge of their learning, to be engaged, and to have a comprehensive learning experience. Podcasts of lectures do not engage the learner, and using the same learning activities does not take advantage of the tools available to engage and empower the learner.

Incorporating usability principles into software configuration and implementation is a competency of: a. the generalist. b. the advanced practice nurse (APN). c. the nursing informatics specialist (INS). d. the implementation support specialist.

ANS: D Incorporating usability principles into software configuration and implementation is a competency of the implementation support specialist. This is not a competency of the generalist, APN, or INS.

Educating students about informatics includes working with EHRs and: a. evidence-based practice (EBP). b. interprofessional teams. c. patient safety. d. communication tools.

ANS: D Informatics deals primarily working with information and communicating information to others. Therefore communication tools are a necessary component of an informatics education. While the EBP, interprofessional teams, and patient safety can be enhanced by the use of informatics, they are not informatics knowledge, skills, or attitudes. Informatics is about information and communicating it to others.

What is the main difference between a portal approach and a proprietary course management system (CMS) approach in distance education? a. Portal-based systems can only be accessed by faculty of an institution, and proprietary CMS systems can be accessed by students and faculty. b. Portal-based systems can be accessed by students and faculty of an institution, and proprietary CMS systems can only be accessed by faculty. c. Portal-based systems are products purchased or licensed by a vendor, and proprietary CMS systems are developed and customized by the learning institution. d. Portal-based systems are developed and customized by the learning institution, and proprietary CMS systems are products purchased or licensed by a vendor.

ANS: D Portal-based systems are developed and customized by the learning institution, and proprietary CMS systems are products purchased or licensed by a vendor. Both systems allow access to students and faculty alike.

Which international organization deals with harmonization among standard development organizations in healthcare? a. World Health Organization (WHO) b. Global Health Informatics Partnership (GHIP) c. Health Level 7 (HL7) d. International Standard Organization Technical Committee 215 (ISO/TC 215)

ANS: D The International Standard Organization Technical Committee 215 (ISO/TC 215) is an international organization that deals with harmonization among standard development organizations in healthcare. The WHO, GHIP, and HL7 do not deal specifically with harmonization among standard development organizations in healthcare.

A facility calls in experts to review evidence developed in research and develop guidelines for clinical practice. Which stage of EBP is represented? a. Evidence summary b. Translation to guidelines c. Practice integration d. Evaluation of process and outcomes

A facility calls in experts to review evidence developed in research and develop guidelines for clinical practice. Which stage of EBP is represented? a. Evidence summary b. Translation to guidelines c. Practice integration d. Evaluation of process and outcomes

Which generic term describes the technology that replaced the traditional chalkboard in classrooms? a. Interactive white board b. Smart chalk board c. Advanced chalk management d. The board

ANS: A An interactive white board is the generic term that describes the technology that replaced the traditional chalkboard in classrooms. The other answers (smart chalk board, advanced chalk management, and the board) either do not fully describe the technology or are incorrect.

An example of a learning management system is: a. Blackboard. b. Merlot. c. Soarian. d. Smartboard.

ANS: A Blackboard is one of the largest proprietary learning management systems in the world. Merlot is a collection of resources for faculty working in online learning. Soarian is an electronic health record application for acute care institutions. Smartboard is a white board with features such as a touch interface.

Two examples of campus portal systems are: a. Moodle and Blackboard. b. Ellucian and Jenzabar e-Racer. c. Desire2Learn and Blackboard. d. Sakai and Ellucian.

ANS: B Ellucian and Jenzabar e-Racer are portal systems. Blackboard and Desire2Learn are CMS, and Moodle and Sakai are open source examples.

The evaluation data collected after a simulation experience related to care of the heart failure patient demonstrated a decrease in hospital admissions related to heart failure exacerbations. This type of evidence supports training outcomes in which level of Kirkpatrick's Model? a. Level 1 b. Level 2 c. Level 3 d. Level 4

ANS: D This type of training impact demonstrates the organizational impact (improved patient outcomes) related to a training experience. This is an example of a Kirkpatrick level 4 training outcome.