Nursing Research Modules
A nurse studies the potential impact of nursing research on the profession. Which statement best describes the value of research?
"Research generates knowledge for a variety of roles."
Determining why and when to initiate change is based on:
New research findings
A nurse researcher plans to study the effect of a nurse residency program on job retention in newly graduated nurses. The study involves a control group of new graduates who did not participate in the residency program. What is the independent variable in this study?
Nurse residency program
Which of the following statements are potential barriers for evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.)
Nurses do not value research., Nurses do not understand research., Nurses do not have the skills to access research evidence.
When reading research reports, which terms is the nurse most likely to find in a qualitative report?
Phenomena, verbal data, inductive process
Sample size of a quantitative study differs from that of a qualitative study in that larger is usually better. Which is known as the best way to determine how big a sample size should be for quantitative studies?
Power analysis
When selecting a problem for a quantitative study, which are most likely to be used as sources of information? (Select all that apply.)
Published research studies about topics of interest, Creative questioning about practice, Existing nursing theories
Which research terms align with the constructivist paradigm? (Select all that apply.)
Qualitative method, Naming a phenomenon
A nurse learns how to write PICOT questions. When writing these clinical questions, what component is not always specified?
Time
The data collection process in qualitative research includes which of the following steps?
Understanding the role of the researcher
A correlational research design has both a control group and an experimental group.
false
A major assumption of the constructivist paradigm is that the researcher is independent from those being researched.
false
In order to make inferences about study results, researchers recognize that the actual sample should most closely represent the delineated, target population. Distortions that arise when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn are known as:
sampling bias.
The level of the researchers experience may be a barrier to implementing a research study.
true
The researcher must be cautious about inferences drawn from the data and about potential sampling bias when using which type of sampling?
Nonprobability
If researchers fail to develop a thorough recruitment strategy, their study results may be weak. For what reasons might data collected in a study be weak? (Select all that apply.)
Not represent the entire population, Be insufficient
Characteristics of collaborative teamwork include: (Select all that apply.)
Shared decision making, Shared problem solving, Shared accountability
When considering best evidence for clinical decision making, evidence hierarchies provide sources based on the strength of the evidence they provide. Which of the following provides the strongest level of evidence for clinical decision making?
Systematic review
All of the following statements represent nursing activities used in promoting evidence-based practice: participate in inter-disciplinary evidence-based projects, join a journal club, and attend professional conferences.
TRUE
All research studies using human subjects must be approved by an institutional review board.
TRUE
Many researchers prefer private funding as opposed to federal funding because there are fewer requirements for obtaining financial support.
TRUE
Religious leaders are considered to be part of the evidence-based practice team.
TRUE
At the completion of a study, a researcher prepares a poster to display at an upcoming professional conference. Which research phase is described by this activity?
Dissemination phase
Nurse researchers working with patients in a qualitative research study will need to acquire ongoing consent. What type of consent is this known as?
Process consent
Which of the following examples do not require IRB approval?
An evidence-based project
Meta-synthesis is defined as the critical appraisal of what type of research?
Qualitative
A nurse researcher is developing a sampling plan for a study. Which participant is most likely to drop out of a research study?
55-year-old unemployed father of three high school-aged children
Which statement best demonstrates that evidence-based practice improves patient outcomes?
A research study found that patients who received evidence-based interventions had outcomes improved by 28% compared with those who did not.
A nurse manager is interested in implementing EBP projects on her telemetry unit. The hospital research team is available to mentor staff nurses in the development of these projects. Which EBP model is most appropriate to use in this situation?
ARCC
What is a facilitator, rather than a barrier, to implementation of EBP?
Adequate access to resources
Professional conferences are important venues for disseminating research findings. Methods for presenting research findings to a wide clinical audience include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Dialog with attendees, Oral presentations, Poster presentations
Common barriers to making changes in practice include: (Select all that apply.)
Difficulty in interpreting research, Lack of support from those in leadership positions, Lack of motivation to implement change
A researcher who conducts original research studies independently with the goal of expanding nursing knowledge is educated at what level?
Doctorate
Which steps are parts of a qualitative study? (Select all that apply.)
Doing a literature review, Identifying the research problem, Conceptualizing and planning the study
Which are biophysiologic measures? (Select all that apply.)
End tidal CO2, Visual analog scale, Blood pressure, Hematocrit
When using an observational method of data collection, what type of information is potentially gathered? (Select all that apply.)
Environmental conditions, Verbal communication, Nonverbal communication, Activities
In which type of research does the researcher have a high level of control over independent variables for a treatment and control group, random sampling of subjects, and a controlled setting for the data collection?
Experimental
When applying the research utilization process, the clarification step occurs when the information gathered is put into practice and outcomes are evaluated.
FALSE
To facilitate EBP in a hospital setting, which activity would provide recognition for staff who recently completed EBP projects as part of a nurse residency program?
Hold a poster presentation session in the lobby featuring staff's EBP projects.
Two nurse researchers are reviewing a qualitative research study. Which characteristics would they know apply qualitative research design? (Select all that apply.)
Holistic, Personal, Flexible
A nursing researcher is interested in the pain perception of first-time teenage mothers. The nurse wants to use the most effective data collection method available. What data collection method is best suited for the situation?
Interviews
Which is a participative and less rigorous type of research dissemination setting that is suitable for all educational levels of nurses?
Journal club
A group of nurses identifies a change needed in care of clients with urinary catheters. Which factor would facilitate changing practice?
Journal club members have reviewed evidence-based guidelines on urinary care
A researcher surveyed 500 patients diagnosed with anxiety to determine which non-pharmacological anxiety-reducing measures patients prefer. Variables on the survey included breathing exercises, chamomile tea, lavender essential oil, television, calming music, clothes shopping, eating chocolate, or massage. Statistical analysis revealed that most of them ranked massage and calming music the highest in helpfulness. What is this type of research?
Non-experimental
A researcher wants to identify the benefits of ambulation after cesarean section. The researcher plans to monitor 300 mothers from the time of arrival to the postpartum unit until the time of discharge to home. The researcher will observe and record patients' walking minutes and distance and time spent holding their infant, and will also ask patients to rate pain levels every 4 hours. What research design is this?
Non-experimental
What traits do data collection plans in quantitative studies have? (Select all that apply.)
Objective, Highly structured, Quantifiable
One advantage of meta-analysis as an integration is:
Objectivity
What is the focus of ethnographic research?
Observe and document interactions within a culture.
A new staff nurse believes that doing research will help the nurse get promoted in the organization. What type of barrier is actually represented by this situation?
Personal
In order to effectively answer a clinical research question, the nurse must:
Read and understand research reports
nurse researcher should adhere to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) when caring for patients involved in a research study. HIPAA refers to what type of patient right?
Right to privacy
The first step in disseminating research findings is selecting an outlet for the information. The most effective method to informally share results with a small group of people is:
Roundtable presentation
A nursing team doesn't have enough funding to properly implement evidence-based practice (EBP). What would be an appropriate way to address this barrier?
Seek out funding sources through local organizations and specialty organizations.
Research evidence should be integrated with the nurse's clinical expertise and patient preferences before a decision is made to implement the evidence into practice.
TRUE
The nurse reviews how the nursing process and research process are related. How does the nursing process contribute to the research process?
The nursing process helps nurses identify new problems that require further investigation.
Which research activity would be expected of a nurse who had taken a research course at the baccalaureate level?
Understand the research process and identify researchable problems.
What is one advantage of using a questionnaire when asking deeply personal questions?
Use of a questionnaire allows for anonymity, which may make the person feel safer and, as a result, provide answers truthfully.
Which of the following are included in the four domains that guide interprofessional collaborative practice?
Values and ethics
Which nursing question would most likely need to be based on current evidence to ensure positive patient outcomes?
Who should determine when is it appropriate to remove an indwelling catheter?
Qualitative research involves a fairly linear process with researchers planning the steps and following those steps as closely as possible.
false
When planning recruitment activities, the researcher must consider if there will be direct access to the population within a research site or if it will be necessary to negation with the
gatekeeper.
In order for statistical results to be useful to clinicians and researchers, the results must be:
interpreted
The problem statement in a study identifies a(n):
knowledge gap.
When reviewing a research journal, the nurse is aware that this research method involves collection of numerical data:
quantitative
A nurse researcher has defined a clinical problem and is developing a plan for his study. This step in the quantitative research process involves identification of which of the following components?
sample design research design data collection method
After planning his research study, the nurse is ready for the implementation phase. During this step, data will be collected from study participants. Which of the following are considered to be appropriate methods of data collection for quantitative studies?
self-reports
An example of implied consent is when a person returns a completed questionnaire to the researcher.
true
Evidence-based practice models have been developed to help nurses move evidence into practice. Rank order the list of steps in the EBP process from beginning (top) to end (bottom):
1)Framing an answerable clinical question 2)Searching for relevant research-based evidence 3)Appraising and synthesizing the evidence 4)Integrating evidence with other factors 5)Assessing effectiveness
Which of the following is an example of research utilization?
A nurse reads a research article describing a randomized control trial testing the use of gel pillows for premature infants; since the research article had such good results, the nurse asks the nurse manager if their newborn intensive care unit can begin using gel pillows.
A nurse researcher plans interventions to decrease attrition of a sample. The researcher is considering offering an incentive such as a $10 gift card to study participants. What effect is this likely to have on attrition rates?
Decrease attrition rates
All of the following are barriers to research except:
Dedicated release time
Evidence-based practice (EBP) consists of identifying the best evidence and integrating it with other factors to make clinical decisions. Components of EBP include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Evidenced-based theories, External evidence from research, Patient preferences, Clinical expertise
Which step of the research utilization process requires careful scrutiny of all available evidence for its applicability to clinical practice?
Examine
A nurse researcher plans to study the effect of an innovative educational intervention on teaching adults with chronic lung disease to take their medications. Clinic clients will be randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Which design would be selected?
Experimental
The first step in the research process is to:
Formulate the research problem
Quantitative researchers usually gather information in order to make generalizations regarding their results. What words would describe this type of research? (Select all that apply.)
Instrumental, Systematic
A researcher is studying self-efficacy in a sample of new mothers. Data will be collected at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after birth to determine the level of self-efficacy. What type of research design is most appropriate for this study?
Longitudinal
What does a researcher's sampling plan identify? (Select all that apply.)
Number of subjects, Sample selection
Which of the following is an appropriate method for nurses to use in developing a suitable research question for a clinical problem?
PICO method
Which research methodologies use "informants" in the study design? (Select all that apply.)
Phenomenology, Ethnography, Grounded theory
The steps of the research process include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Planning, Implementation, Analysis
When engaging in a research study, in what order does the nurse organize the steps of the research process?
Problem, planning, implementation, analysis and interpretation, dissemination
Which model for evidence-based practice focuses on the elements of evidence, context, and facilitation?
Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services Framework (PARIHS)
In quantitative and qualitative research, which of the major steps is common to both research methods?
Protecting human subjects
The nurse is functioning in what role when he uses systematic inquiry to develop evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their patients?
Researcher
A nurse works in an organization that is hierarchical and averse to change. What organizational barrier is likely to be encountered?
Resistance to practicing in a different way
Assent refers to a child's agreement to participate in a research study.
TRUE
Establishing a journal club is one method of overcoming barriers to research.
TRUE
A nurse reviews a study for possible application. Which issue would be most important to consider for application to practice?
The associated costs and risks of applying in a different setting
The empirical phase of a qualitative research study involves collecting and preparing data for analysis.
true
From a clinical nurse's point of view, how are the nursing process and research process related?
Both help to improve outcomes across the illness-wellness continuum.
vA staff nurse works with clients receiving chemotherapy as part of a blind study. What design type would always be used in a blind study?
Experimental
A poster presentation is the most effective dissemination method for sharing ideas related to disease processes in an interdisciplinary manner.
FALSE
An important step in the nursing process is to collect data and perform a statistical analysis of the data.
FALSE
An institutional review board reviews the scientific merits of completed research.
FALSE
Health care organizations can show support for evidence-based practice by hiring external consultants to perform research and informing nurses within the organization about changes that will be made based on evidence.
FALSE
Historically, the EBP movement originated in the discipline of medicine in the United States.
FALSE
The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice consists of four sequential phases.
FALSE
When searching for the best evidence for clinical practice, a randomized control trial is considered to be the most rigorous source of evidence.
FALSE
Which of the following are research activities in which all nurses can engage? (Select all that apply)
Offer information to patients about the research study, Help develop an idea for a research study, Collect research information
The first step in evidence-based practice (EBP) is to develop an answerable research question. A well-written clinical question contains which of the following components? (Select all that apply.)
Outcome, Intervention, Population
It is essential that hypotheses be based on justifiable rationales. Therefore, when a new area of clinical practice is being investigated, the researcher should create a hypothesis based on: (Select all that apply.)
Logical reasoning, Clinical experience
The nurse differentiates between types of systematic reviews. Which type includes only qualitative studies?
Meta-synthesis
A risk that is expected to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life is considered to be what type of risk?
Minimal risk
A nurse researcher is working with several patients who are involved in a research study. The nurse knows to practice beneficence throughout the process. What does the term beneficence refer to?
Minimizing harm
The nurse reviews the steps in the research process. Rank order the steps in the usual order they are addressed:
1)Problem 2)Planning 3)Implementation 4)Analyzing and interpretation 5)Dissemination
The nurse determines the strength of evidence for application to practice, based on study design. Rank order these types of reports based on the Hierarchy of Evidence.
1)Systematic review of all relevant RCTs 2)Evidence obtained from well-designed RCTs 3)Evidence from controlled trials without randomization 4)Evidence from single descriptive studies 5)Evidence from the opinion of experts
A nurse researcher considers age of participants when designing a study. Which age group is at particular risk for dropping out of a study?
Adolescent
Which of the following agencies provides federal funding for research studies?
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
The nurse notes that both the nursing process and research process include client assessment. Which assessment activity would be unique to the research process?
Assessment of the gap in nursing knowledge on a problem
Study participant's right to privacy is protected through:
Confidentiality procedures
Careful planning by nurse researchers can help to eliminate barriers. Which approach decreases barriers in the category of research methodology and measures?
Consultation with other researchers and colleagues on study design
Nurses prepared at all levels of education have a role to play in research. Which role is expected of all registered nurses?
Consumers
There are various ways to produce a quantitative sample. What term is used when the sample is made up of people who are readily available to the researcher?
Convenience sampling
When planning a study, a nurse researcher aims to prevent attrition bias. Which study design is likely to be associated with increased attrition?
Data collection that includes five interviews over two weeks
A nurse reviews models for implementing evidence-based practice (EBP). What is the first step in these models?
Framing an answerable clinical question
A charge nurse and team of nurses lack the motivation required to implement EBP. Which solution may help to address this barrier?
Gain authorization to offer continuing education credits for attending training workshops and include staff use of EBP in the annual evaluation.
Which of the following is a major step in a qualitative research study?
Gaining entrée into research sites
What will a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN)-level research course teach a student?
How to search literature and appraise it for best practice recommendations.
When reviewing research terminology, the nurse defines major terms. When a variable can be manipulated to cause an effect on the dependent variable, what is it called? (Select all that apply.)
Independent variable, Treatment, Intervention
When conducting a qualitative research study, the term used for people who make up the study sample are known as:
Informants
When research study participants have adequate information about the study, understand the information, and can consent or decline to participate in the study, this is referred to as:
Informed consent
A nurse researcher studies the effect of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on post-operative adult clients' pain levels. What is the dependent variable in this study?
Pain level
When considering the acronym PICO, used in evidence-based practice research, what component is affected most by a strong recruitment strategy?
Population
Which dissemination strategy should take less than 5 minutes to read, accentuated by tables and graphics in a visually appealing format?
Poster presentation
Which of the following are effective methods of knowledge dissemination? (Select all that apply.)
Poster presentations, Professional conferences, Journal clubs, Journal articles
Which of the following are considered to be vulnerable populations? (Select all that apply.)
Pregnant women, Children, Severely ill patients
Which statement is an example of a goal of nursing research?
Provide evidence based nursing practice
What is the most effective dissemination strategy to use for the goal of improved client care and cost containment?
Quality and process improvement initiatives
What is a major difference between the quantitative and qualitative research processes?
Quantitative research follows a linear progression while qualitative research follows a non-linear progression.
One form of data collection in qualitative research is observation. Recording these observations can be accomplished with field notes. Which of the following are considered categories of field notes? (Select all that apply.)
Reflective, Theoretical, Descriptive
In which category of research barrier does lack of equipment belong?
Resources
The nurse considers equipment and technology needs required for a physiological study. Lack of equipment belongs in which category of research barrier?
Resources
How would data regarding the pain of an infant related to intravenous sticks be best measured?
Structured observations
Which type of evidence based on the evidence hierarchy is considered to be the strongest?
Systematic review
The nurse locates a meta-analysis study on a clinical topic. When evaluating the research question or hypothesis for the individual studies, what characteristic is to be expected?
The questions or hypotheses across studies should be essentially identical.
A patient is unsure about his or her rights while participating in a research study. The nurse should explain that the patient has the right to self-determination. What does this term refer to?
The right to opt out of a study once it has begun
A nurse is studying sources of bias in a research study. Which description is related to attrition bias?
The sample is no longer representative of the population
Why are journal clubs especially practical as facilitators of EBP?
They are participatory, actively involving all levels of staff in discussion.
Falls, unfortunately, can happen in the clinical setting. What is a potential question to use in order to examine this issue through a quantitative lens?
What is the average cost for a patient who falls in the intensive care unit?
The nurse explores the differences between the paradigms used in quantitative and qualitative research. Which clinical or research question would most likely fall under the constructivist paradigm?
What is the meaning of being diagnosed with breast cancer?
The nurse is always the leader of an evidence-based practice team.
false
When planning a qualitative study, a literature review is always done before collecting data from key informants.
false
in a blind study, only data collectors have information about participants and intervention agents.
false
Which of the following models for evidence-based nursing practice (EBP) begins with problem-focused or knowledge-focused triggers?
Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care
The variables signifying standard or usual care would be included in which PICOT component?
(C) Comparison
The variables that represent the end result of the intervention being tested (results such as wound healing or improved mobilization) would be included in which PICOT component?
(O) Outcome
The variables of "hospitalized adults with diabetes, infants with feeding problems, and immunocompromised adults" would be included in which PICOT component?
(P) Population
In the knowledge transmission phase of research dissemination, it is important to identify which characteristic of the target audience?
Literacy level
A qualitative researcher is deciding on a strategy to maintain reflexivity. This requires an awareness that the researcher brings a unique set of values and professional identity that may impact the research process. Which strategy is most effective in maintaining reflexivity?
Maintain a journal or diary.
According to assumptions of positivists, which of the following is the best method for obtaining evidence?
Measured, quantitative information
The EBP movement has caused concern for some nurses and researchers who worry that qualitative research is not being given enough consideration in evidence hierarchy used to support clinical decision making.
TRUE
When considering change at an organizational level, it is important to determine whether the change is a priority for the organization.
TRUE
After completing a research study, the researcher develops a dissemination plan. Which factor is part of a dissemination plan?
Target audience
What is the purpose of phenomenological research?
Describe experiences as they are lived.
During what step of the research process will the researcher establish if the study design should be quantitative or qualitative?
Develop a detailed plan.
In which research process step would the researcher utilize a codebook?
Analyzing and interpreting the results
A nurse receives an overview of research. The statements "to improve the care of people in a clinical setting" and "to develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession" are both examples of which aspect of nursing research?
Goals
A nurse learns about asking clinical questions in a standard format. Rank order these terms to match the standard EBP acronym.
1)Population 2)Intervention 3)Comparison 4)Outcome 5)Time
Which model for EBP begins by asking a question to assess the situation, then proceeds to gather evidence, analyze evidence, make a change, and finally evaluate that change? The approach is related to the nursing process steps (Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation).
A-GAME
A researcher wants to investigate a single phenomenon in order to analyze issues that are important to the history of an entity under study. This type of investigation is known as:
Case study
Which of the following assessments should be evaluated when appraising evidence for use in EBP? (Select all that apply.)
Clinical relevance, Evidence quality, Financial costs
Which database contains a collection of systematic reviews that can be used to answer clinical questions?
Cochrane Collection Database
An evaluation plan to determine the effectiveness of a new practice change would focus on what activity?
Collect information on client outcomes.
When engaging in the implementation phase of research, which action is the nurse likely to take?
Collect study data.
Which are the best sources to find the highest level of evidence when searching literature for evidence-based research findings? (Select all that apply.)
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed Central, Cochrane Collection
To encourage staff nurses' development of research knowledge, which strategy is likely to be the most economical and practical?
Establish journal clubs.
Researchers conducted a randomized control trial to determine the effectiveness of a new drug for depression. What type of research design was used in this study?
Experimental
When planning to test the effect of an intervention to improve blood glucose outcomes in diabetes, the nurse would select which study design?
Experimental
A nursing researcher wants to understand and describe how patients become motivated to stop smoking. The researcher plans to interview patients who smoke and explore their motivation to stop smoking, and then interview patients who have stopped smoking and explore their motivation and the process they went through. The researcher will gather data until saturation is reached and then analyze the data from the interviews so as to develop a diagram that describes and demonstrates the influencing factors and the process. Nurses who are working with patients who smoke can then use this diagram to plan smoking cessation interventions. What research design is this?
Grounded theory
A nurse researcher is interested in using a qualitative approach to examine relationships between nursing home residents. Which of the following research designs represent a qualitative approach to collecting information about the research topic? (Select all that apply.)
Grounded theory, Phenomenology, Ethnography
Identify the dependent variable in the following research question: In a group of female adolescents, what is the effect of a web-based HPV vaccine educational program in comparison to a face-to-face HPV vaccine educational program on HPV immunization rates?
HPV immunization rates
Which approach is most likely to have a positive influence on the adoption of a new evidence-based practice (EBP)?
Having staff pilot the practice and give feedback before implementation
Which of the following are funding priorities for the National Institute of Nursing Research? (Select all that apply.)
Health promotion and disease prevention, Innovation, Palliative and end-of-life care, Advancing quality of life
What skills would the bachelors-prepared nurse need to learn in order to bring evidence-based practice to the bedside? (Select all that apply.)
How to synthesize evidence., How to appraise published literature., How to do an effective literature search.
Which method of communication has had a significant impact on dissemination of research findings?
Internet
Which model for evidence-based nursing practice follows the "PET" process (Practice Question, Evidence, and Translation)?
Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice (JHNEBP) Model
When critically evaluating research, it is important to objectively assess the:
Research method
A nurse working in a new unit encounters a clinical problem the nurse has not dealt with previously. When dealing with a new clinical problem, which is the best way for the nurse to deal with the problem?
Seek out research literature that surrounds the problem
What is the most common data collection method used by nurses in quantitative research?
Self-reports
According to the evidence hierarchy pyramid, what would be the level of evidence of this article? Twiss, J. J., Waltman, N. L., Berg, K., Ott, C. D., Gross, G., J. L., and Lindsey, A. M. (2009). A randomized control trial testing an exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors with bone loss. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 4(1), 20-27.
Single RCT
Research traditions have their roots in various discipline traditions. Which discipline does the research tradition of grounded theory stem from?
Sociology
The nurse must compensate for barriers that arise when doing research. Which barrier would occur during the implementation phase?
Staff not adequately trained to collect data
Which model for evidence-based nursing practice outlines the five sequential phases: Preparation, Validation, Comparative Evaluation and Decision Making, Translation/Application, and Evaluation?
Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice
A nurse summarizes the pattern of levels of evidence for practice. Which type of report would likely contain the strongest evidence?
Systematic review of quantitative studies
Although qualitative research findings are not at the top of the hierarchy of evidence, disseminating findings of a qualitative study is as valuable as disseminating findings from a quantitative study.
TRUE
Challenges to EBP include a lack of organizational support for research and implementation of evidence-based nursing.
TRUE
Disciplined research is considered to be the best method of obtaining reliable knowledge for clinical practice.
TRUE
In the dissemination phase of the research process, the final task is the preparation of the research report.
TRUE
The most common approach to making structured observations in quantitative research is to use a category system for classifying observed phenomena.
TRUE
When analyzing the nursing process and the research process, the nurse asks, "How would I use these processes differently?"
The purpose of the nursing process is to provide scientifically based care.
The nurse examines characteristics of systematic reviews. Which quality would always be part of systematic reviews?
They are developed through standard sampling and data procedures.
