NUT 361 CH4

1 ounce of grains provides about ___ grams of carbohydrate. Woman need ___ g of fiber a day while men need ___g.

15 25 38

Artificial sweeteners vs Stevia

A.S: -Non-nutritive sweeteners -Large doses and adverse effects stevia: —herbal product -Generally recognized as safe (GRAS)

If starch is highly branched it is called ______.

Amylopectin

If starch is unbranched it is called ______.

Amylose

Hypoglycemia

An abnormally low blood glucose concentration

Glycogen is the storage form of energy in ______.

Animals

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans urge consumers to limit intake of added sugar to: a)5% of total kcal/day b)8% of total kcal/day c)10% of total kcal/day d)20% of total kcal/day

C 10%

Fiber helps diluting, binding, and removing harmful agents, and production of short chain fatty acids which helps prevent...

Colon cancer

Fiber helps slow glucose absorption which helps prevent ...

Diabetes

The DRI for carbohydrates is... The RDA for carbohydrates is....

-45 to 65% of energy requirement -130 grams per day

Type 2 diabetes

-Common type -The cells fail to respond to insulin

How are Carbohydrate digested in

-Fibers attract water, which softens the stools for passage without straining. -Bacteria in the GI tract ferment some fibers and generate water, gas, and short-chain fatty acids.

Type 1 diabetes

-Less common type -The pancreas fails to produce insulin

What are the enzyme break down specific disaccharides?

-Maltase breaks maltose into two glucose molecules. -Sucrase breaks sucrose into one glucose and one fructose molecule. -Lactase breaks lactose into one glucose and one galactose molecule.

Simple carbohydrates/sugars consist of...

-Monosaccharides -Disaccharides

How are Carbohydrate digested in the small intestines?

-Pancreatic amylase, enters the intestine via the pancreatic duct and continues breaking down the polysaccharides to shorter glucose chains and maltose. -The final step takes place on the outer membranes of the intestinal cells. There specific enzymes break down specific disaccharides

What potential nutrient deficiencies in Lactose Intolerance?

-Riboflavin, vitamin D, and calcium

How are Carbohydrate digested in the mouth?

-The salivary enzyme amylase starts to work, hydrolyzing starch to shorter polysaccharides and to the disaccharide maltose

Ketosis

condition resulting from ketone bodies provide an alternative fuel source during starvation, but when their production exceeds their use, they accumulate in the blood

The conversion of protein to glucose is called ....

gluconeogenesis

A glycogen molecule contains hundreds of ___ units in highly ___ chains. Each new glycogen molecule needs a special ___ for the attachment of the first glucose.

glucose branched protein

What does soluble fiber protect against and how?

heart disease and diabetes by lowering blood cholesterol and glucose levels, respectively.

The more fat in a food the ___ the glycemic index.

lower

Galactose is a...

monosaccharide

How does ketosis effect the bodies PH?

most ketone bodies are acidic, ketosis disturbs the body's normal acid-base balance.

Where is soluble fiber commonly found?

oats, barley, legumes, and citrus fruits

The liver stores about ___ of the body's total glycogen but muscles ___ most of their supply, using it just for themselves during ____.

one-third hoard exercise

Only adequate dietary carbohydrate can prevent this use of protein for energy, and this role of carbohydrate is known as its....

protein-sparing action.

Whaat does fiber delaying gastric emptying in the stomach do to the body?

providing a feeling of fullness and satiety

The ultimate goal of digestion and absorption for starche's sugars by breaking down....

the disaccharides only once and the monosaccharides not at all.

The brain maintains a small amount of glycogen, why?

thought to provide an emergency energy reserve during times of severe glucose deprivation

The primary role of carbohydrates in the body is ....

to supply the cells with glucose for energy.

Soluble fibers is ___ soluble and form ____. They are digested by ___ in the ____.

water gels (viscous) bacteria colon

What are common resistant starches?

whole or partially milled grains, legumes, and just-ripened bananas. Cooked potatoes, pasta, and rice that have been chilled also contain resistant starch

Too much fiber results in...

•Insufficient energy or nutrients •Abdominal discomfort, gas, diarrhea •GI obstruction •Insufficient Nutrient absorption

How does insoluble fiber differ from soluble fiber?

•Not dissolve in water •Do not form gels (non-viscous), •Less readily fermented.

What are the health effects of added sugars?

•Obesity and chronic disease •Nutrient deficiencies •tooth decay(acid that erodes tooth enamel)

Why is insoluble fiber still benifitial?

•Promote bowel movements, gets things moving in the intestenes, alleviate constipation, and prevent diverticular disease.

What is hypoglycemia caused by?

•certain medications, pancreatic •tumors, overuse of insulin, alcohol abuse, uncontrolled diabetes, or other illnesses requires medical intervention.

Fiber helps increase stool weight, prevent constipation, and reduce transit time which helps...

Gut health

Fiber helps lower blood pressure, reduced inflammation, improved blood lipids which helps prevent ...

Heart disease

Resistant starches

Helps contol blood sugar by escaping digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

glycemic response

How quickly glucose is absorbed after a person eats, how high blood glucose rises, and how quickly it returns to normal.

What are the three Disaccharides

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose

What is the best way to deal with lactose intolerance?

Manage dairy consumption rather than restricting it

Fructose is a...

Monosaccharide

Glucose is a...

Monosaccharide

Phytic acid

Not a dietary fiber, but it is often found in fiber-rich foods

Starch is the storage form of energy in _____.

Plants

Complex carbohydrates is a...

Polysaccharide

Glycogen and starch are examples of ________.

Polysaccharides

How are Carbohydrate digested in the stomach?

The activity of salivary amylase diminishes as the stomach's acid protein-digesting enzymes inactivate the enzyme. Fibers are not digested, but because they linger in the stomach, they delay gastric emptying

What are hypoglycemia symptoms?

Weakness, rapid heartbeat, sweating, anxiety, hunger, and trembling.

Glycemic index

a method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose. (low increases slowly and not too high)

What happens to your body after a meal in relation to glucose?

blood glucose rises, and liver cells link excess glucose molecules by condensation reactions into glycogen

Lactose is a...

Disaccharide

Maltose is a...

Disaccharide

Sucrose is a...

Disaccharide

Excess sugars are stored as ____.

Fat

____ moves glucose from blood into cells but ___ and ___ brings glucose out from storage.

Glucagon and epinephrine ("fight-or flight"hormone)

The brain uses ____ as its primary energy source.

Glucose

What are the three Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Muscles store simple sugars in the form of ____.

Glycogen

Functional fibers

When fibers have been extracted from plants or are manufactured and then added to foods or used in supplements