nutri exam 2

Match the pancreas cell type with the hormone it produces. Alpha cell Beta cell Delta cell a. Insulin b. Glucagon c. Somatostatin

Alpha cell b. Glucagon Beta cell a. Insulin Delta cell c. Somatostatin

Hormones have the ability to act on many different types of cells and are not specific to a certain gland or tissue. True or false?

False A hormone is a chemical substance that stimulates cellular action in target tissues. Target tissue refers to the specific tissue that hormones can influence. Hormones have very specific cellular effects but only on designated cells within target tissue.

When calcium intake is insufficient, blood levels of calcium decrease. True or false?

False Even when calcium intake is inadequate, blood calcium remains normal, but at the expense of bone loss, which can lead to osteoporosis. When blood calcium levels fall, the parathyroid gland secretes parathormone (PTH), which promotes calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and stimulates the release of calcium from the bones.

A patient who has a voluntary weight loss of 12% in six months is considered a high risk finding. True or false?

False High risk findings for weight change are involuntary 5% weight loss in one month or 10% loss in 6 months. A voluntary weight loss of 12% in six months is not a high risk finding unless the weight loss method is concerning.

The best source of most minerals is animal products. True or false?

False Humans do not produce minerals; therefore, we must obtain them from our food. Minerals originate from the rocks of the earth. Plants get minerals from the soil, and animals get minerals from eating plants. Minerals are found in BOTH plant and animal products.

Hyperglycemia is the result of too much insulin production. True or false?

False Hyperglycemia occurs as a result of insufficient insulin production or secretion, excessive counter regulatory hormones secretion, or from deficient hormone signaling. HYPOglycemia can happen because of too much insulin production.

The most common sign of early dehydration is joint pain. True or false?

False If the body's water content drops by as little as 2%, early signs of dehydration occur, the most common one is fatigue. Joint pain is a sign of chronic dehydration.

Overweight and obese clients are not at risk for essential fatty acid deficiency. True or false?

False It's important to remember that someone can have EFA deficiency and still be overweight or obese since the quality of the fat is the issue and not the quantity.

The majority of added sugar in the American diet comes from fruit and honey. True or false?

False Most of the added sugar in the American diet is coming from sweetened beverages and processed foods like soda, juice, coffee drinks, cereal, candy, granola bars, etc.

Sodium deficiency is usually caused by a lack of dietary sodium. True or false?

False Sodium deficiency is not usually caused by a lack of dietary sodium. Deficiency is usually caused by increased sodium loss from diarrhea; vomiting; kidney, cardiac, and liver diseases; and excessive sweating.

Insulin resistance is characterized by a decrease in insulin supply resulting in hypoglycemia. True or false?

False The term insulin resistance refers to a state in which the body cells respond abnormally to the signaling action of insulin. There is not a problem with insulin supply but, rather, with how the cell responds to insulin signaling due to a reduction of insulin receptors or glycose transporter molecules. This results in sluggish glucose uptake by the cell. The pancreas overproduces insulin to compensate, resulting in hyperinsulinemia. When insulin resistance persists over long periods of time, the insulin producing capacity of the pancreas is exhausted and hyperglycemia ensues.

Match the fluid compartment with its description. Intracellular Extracellular Interstitial Intravascular Transcellular a. Fluid within the blood vessels, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins b. Fluids including cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, intraocular fluids, and gastrointestinal secretions c. Fluid inside the cells d. Fluid between or surrouding the cells e. Fluid outside the cells

Intracellular c. Fluid inside the cells Extracellular e. Fluid outside the cells Interstitial d. Fluid between or surrouding the cells Intravascular a. Fluid within the blood vessels, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins Transcellular b. Fluids including cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, intraocular fluids, and gastrointestinal secretions

Match the vitamin deficiency with its description. Primary vitamin deficiency Secondary vitamin deficiency a. Vitamin absorption is impaired or excess excretion occurs b. The vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts

Primary vitamin deficiency b. The vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts Secondary vitamin deficiency a. Vitamin absorption is impaired or excess excretion occurs

Use a food thermometer to check for doneness even if your chicken isn't pink inside. True or false?

True All poultry should reach a safe minimum internal temperature of 165°F throughout the bird, as measured with a food thermometer.

Divide warm foods into several clean, shallow containers so they will chill faster when you put them in the refrigerator. True or false?

True Divide large amounts of leftovers into shallow containers so it will chill faster and have less chance of spoiling.

When calcium intake is inadequate, blood calcium usually remains normal because the body pulls calcium from the bones which can lead to osteoporosis. True or false?

True Even when calcium intake is inadequate, blood calcium remains normal, but at the expense of bone loss, which can lead to osteoporosis.

Wash fruits and vegetables before peeling so that you do not spread germs from the outside to the inside. True or false?

True Rinse fresh fruits and vegetables under running tap water, including those with skins and rinds that are not eaten.

Because food processing can reduce the amount of minerals available for absorption, it is best to eat whole, unprocessed foods to obtain a variety of minerals in the diet. True or false?

True Unrefined or unprocessed foods have more minerals than refined foods since food processing may reduce the amount of minerals available for absorption.

A deficiency of vitamin K is a life threatening emergency since even a small wound could cause a client to bleed to death. True or false?

True Vitamin K's main function is as a cofactor in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors, including prothrombin. Without adequate vitamin K, life is threatened: even a small wound can cause someone deficient in vitamin K to bleed to death.

Before handling food, you should always wash your hands with soap and water to get rid of germs. True or false?

True Wash your hands with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds before and after handling food and after using the bathroom or changing diapers

Water is an essential nutrient because the body cannot produce as much as it needs nor store it for later use. True or false?

True Water is an essential nutrient because the body cannot produce as much water as it needs. Actual requirements vary depending on diet, physical activity, environmental temperatures, and humidity. Because the body cannot store water, it should be consumed throughout the day.

Which client is at risk for combined deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin? a. Alcoholics b. Athletes c. Vegetarians d. Pregnant women

a. Alcoholics Thiamin deficiency is usually only seen in alcoholics with limited food consumption because chronic alcohol abuse impairs thiamin intake, absorption, and metabolism. Riboflavin deficiency commonly occurs with thiamin and niacin deficiencies and is seen in alcoholics

Select the factors that contribute to essential fatty acid deficiency. Select all that apply. a. Consuming industrial oils instead of healthy fats and oils. b. Eating meat from animals not eating their traditional diets. c. Eating a mixture of saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fats. d. Eating packaged foods that contain hydrogenated fats. e. Eating a low fat diet.

a. Consuming industrial oils instead of healthy fats and oils. b. Eating meat from animals not eating their traditional diets. d. Eating packaged foods that contain hydrogenated fats. e. Eating a low fat diet.

Select the statement below that does NOT describe potassium. a. Distributes oxygen throughout the body b. Primary cation inside cells c. Naturally present in most foods d. Important for skeletal and cardiac muscle activity

a. Distributes oxygen throughout the body Potassium is the primary cation inside cells and plays an important role in fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and skeletal and cardiac muscle activity. Fresh foods, notably fruits and vegetables, are its best sources but it is found naturally in most foods.

Diet evaluation provides a record of a person's eating habits and food intake and can help identify possible nutrient imbalances. Select the assessments to include as part of a diet evaluation. Select all that apply. a. Food and nutrient intake b. Availability of food c. Chewing and swallowing ability d. Weekly grocery bill e. Food intolerances

a. Food and nutrient intake b. Availability of food c. Chewing and swallowing ability e. Food intolerances

The lab test that best reflects blood glucose control for the prior three months is called a. Glycosated hemoglobin (HgbA1C) b. Capillary blood glucose c. Serum cortisol d. Hemoglobin

a. Glycosated hemoglobin (HgbA1C) Glycosated hemoglobin (also known as HgbA1C) is a lab measurement reflecting the average BG reading and estimates glucose control for the prior 3 months. A reading of 6.5% or greater is indicative of diabetes and can be obtained if the patient has not been fasting.

Which assessment finding is concerning in a pregnant client? a. Ingestion of baking soda and starch b. Daily ingestion of a prenatal vitamin c. Abstinence from tobacco and alcohol d. Eating habits consistent with the client's culture

a. Ingestion of baking soda and starch Ingestion of baking soda and starch is abnormal and is called pica since these are non-nutritive substances. Eating non-food substances can be potentially harmful to mom and baby and may interfere with nutrient absorption of healthy foods.

Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance depends primarily on a. Kidneys b. Specialized tear ducts c. Sweat glands d. Intestines

a. Kidneys Excessive losses of fluids and electrolytes upset water and acid-base balance, and the kidneys play a key role in restoring homeostasis.

Which mineral is important in smooth muscle relaxation and therefore can help decrease blood pressure? a. Magnesium b. Iron c. Sodium d. Phosphorus

a. Magnesium Magnesium helps with smooth muscle relaxation. Mg is called the relaxation mineral and can help to decrease BP.

The Clinical Observations of the nutrition assessment includes which of the following? Select all that apply. a. Physical appearance b. Insurance coverage c. Acute or chronic illnesses d. Medications, herbs, supplements e. Food diary

a. Physical appearance c. Acute or chronic illnesses d. Medications, herbs, supplements Insurance coverage is not part of the health history. A food diary is part of the diet evaluation.

When assessing pediatric clients for possible nutritional abnormalities, which item below should NOT be included? a. School study habits b. Use of laxatives c. Family mealtime routines d. Frequency of juice intake

a. School study habits All answers except school study habits are part of the pediatric nutrition assessment. It's important to ask how often the family eats meals together to assess for fast food intake and eating in the car or in front of the TV. Laxative use is indicative of a possible eating disorder. Knowing frequency of juice intake is important since it is a source of empty calories and contributes to cavities.

The mineral best known for its role as an antioxidant is a. Selenium b. Copper c. Manganese d. Molybdenum

a. Selenium Selenium is a component of a group of enzymes that function as antioxidants to disarm free radicals produced during normal oxygen metabolism.

Glucagon is released by the pancreas in response to cells not having enough glucose (BG too low). Select the ways glucagon increases glucose available to cells. Select all that apply. a. Stimulates muscle cells convert glycogen back to glucose b. Suppresses insulin and stimulates glycogenolysis c. Stimulates insulin to convert glucose to glycogen d. Stimulates the conversion of protein and fat to glucose through gluconeogenesis e. Stimulates fat cells undergo lipolysis

a. Stimulates muscle cells convert glycogen back to glucose b. Suppresses insulin and stimulates glycogenolysis d. Stimulates the conversion of protein and fat to glucose through gluconeogenesis e. Stimulates fat cells undergo lipolysis

A client is diagnosed with pernicious anemia. What vitamin is he not absorbing? a. Vitamin B12 b. Iron c. Folic acid d. Vitamin B6

a. Vitamin B12 Pernicious anemia, an autoimmune gastritis in which destruction of parietal cells leads to failure to produce intrinsic factor. Since absorption of B12 relies on intrinsic factor, even when intake is adequate, severe B12 malabsorption results in B12 deficiency.

Goiter is caused by a deficiency of a. iodine b. selenium c. zinc d. iron

a. iodine Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormone. A deficiency can lead to goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) and can impair fetal development.

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms include a. night blindness and keratinization b. hemorrhaging and jaundice c. rickets and osteomalacia d. fibrocystic breast disease and erythrocyte hemolysis

a. night blindness and keratinization A lack of vitamin A in retinol causes night blindness. All epitheleal tissue suffers because of vitamin A deficiency and keratinization results. Skin become dry, scaly, rough, and cracked; mucous membrane cells flatten and harden; eyes become dry (xerosis); irreversible drying and hardening of the cornea can result in blindness.

Which of these clients is LEAST likely to develop an iron deficiency? a. 24-year-old pregnant woman b. 52-year-old man c. 17-year-old girl d. 3-year-old boy

b. 52-year-old man Iron deficiency is most common among infants and young children, teenagers, women of childbearing age, and pregnant women. A 52-year-old man would not be at risk compared to the others listed.

Measuring serum electrolytes is included in which part of the ABCD Nutrition Assessment approach? a. Anthropometrics b. Biochemical assessments c. Clinical observations d. Diet evaluation

b. Biochemical assessments Serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) are lab values that are part of biochemical tests. These should be used along with other data since there is no single lab test that is the best measure of nutrition status.

Some beverages are diuretic and increase urinary output within a short period of time. Select the beverages that can cause increased urinary output due to their diuretic effect. Select all that apply. a. Pure water b. Coffee c. Soda d. Alcohol e. Juice

b. Coffee c. Soda d. Alcohol e. Juice

Which food provides the most absorbable iron? a. Spinach b. Ground beef c. Apple d. Beans

b. Ground beef Ground beef provides the most absorbable iron since it is an animal product that contains heme iron, which is better absorbed that nonheme iron. Spinach contains nonheme iron but is not as easily absorbed as animal products.

Iron's major function is to transport __________ throughout the body. a. Enzymes b. Oxygen c. Electrolytes d. Hormones

b. Oxygen Iron is found in hemoglobin and myoglobin where it carries oxygen for energy metabolism; iron also acts as a cofactor for some enzymes.

Some foods are more associated with foodborne illnesses and food poisoning than others. Select the foods that could be more likely to contribute to foodborne illness. Select all that apply. a. Canned vegetables b. Undercooked meat c. Raw seafood d. Sprouts e. Raw fruits and vegetables f. Sandwich bread

b. Undercooked meat c. Raw seafood d. Sprouts e. Raw fruits and vegetables Raw foods of animal origin are the most likely to be contaminated, specifically raw or undercooked meat and poultry, raw or lightly cooked eggs, unpasteurized (raw) milk, and raw shellfish. Eating fresh produce provides important health benefits, but sometimes raw fruits and vegetables may cause food poisoning from harmful germs such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria. Eating raw or lightly cooked sprouts, such as alfalfa, bean, or any other sprout, may lead to food poisoning from Salmonella, E. coli, or Listeria.

Calcium homeostasis depends on a. Vitamin D, aldosterone, and calcitonin b. Vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathormone hormone c. Vitamin K, parathyroid hormone, and renin d. Vitamin K, aldosterone, and renin

b. Vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathormone hormone Calcium is found primarily in the bones, where it provides a rigid structure and a reservoir of calcium for the blood. Blood calcium participates in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulses, and it is closely regulated by a system of hormones (calcitonin and parathormone) and vitamin D. Together, the actions of PTH and vitamin D restore low blood calcium levels to normal, even though bone calcium content may fall. When blood calcium levels are too high, the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, which promotes calcium deposition in the bone using excess calcium from the blood.

The hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose after carbohydrate intake is a. cortisol b. insulin c. glycogen d. glucagon

b. insulin Insulin is the only hormone produced that lowers elevated BG levels after carbohydrate intake. After the consumption of food, the pancreas releases insulin in response to rising glucose levels. Insulin helps the body use glucose for energy by binding to insulin receptors on the cells wall signaling glucose transporter molecules that facilitate glucose entry into the cell.

Phosphorus assists in many activities in the body, but NOT a. the transport of lipids b. the clotting of blood c. bone and teeth formation d. energy metabolism

b. the clotting of blood Phosphorus accompanies calcium both in the crystals of bone and in many foods such as milk. Phosphorus is also important in energy metabolism, as part of phospholipids, and as part of the genetic materials DNA and RNA.

Which statement indicates the client understands vegetarian diets? a. "Vegetarian diets are always healthier than nonvegetarian diets." b. "Vegetarians need to eat more calories than nonvegetarians in order to spare protein." c. "Vegetarians need to focus on whole foods and may need supplements of iron and vitamin B12." d. "Vegetarians do not usually consume enough protein."

c. "Vegetarians need to focus on whole foods and may need supplements of iron and vitamin B12." Most vegetarian eating patterns, even vegan ones, meet or exceed the RDA for protein. If calorie needs are met, eating a variety of plant proteins from whole foods ensures that the supply of amino acids are adequate. Vitamin B12 is of concern because it does not naturally occur in plants. Also of concern are iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and iodine. Poorly planned vegetarian diets rely on processed foods and may be higher in fat and calories than nonvegetarian diets.

The distinction between major and trace minerals reflects the a. Capacity to retain their identity after absorption b. Importance of their functions in the body c. Amounts of their contents in the body d. Ability of their ions to form salts

c. Amounts of their contents in the body The major minerals are needed in the diet and found in the body in larger quantities than the trace minerals.

Which mineral enhances insulin activity? a. Iodine b. Manganese c. Chromium d. Zinc

c. Chromium Chromium enhances the action of insulin to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Select the bowel habit description that would be considered "normal". a. Daily BM, pale color, soft b. BM three times a day, dark brown, loose c. Daily BM, brown, soft d. BM twice a week, brown, hard

c. Daily BM, brown, soft Normal frequency for bowel movements is at least daily; anything less is constipation. Color should be brown and stool should be soft. Pale stool is abnormal and requires more thorough assessment. Dark brown stools could be abnormal and require further assessment. Loose stools could mean diarrhea. Hard stools indicate constipation.

Diet and lifestyle factors can help with blood glucose regulation. Select the diet and lifestyle factors that can have a positive effect on blood glucose regulation. a. Restricting dietary fat b. Eating carbohydrates first at a meal c. Eating a whole foods, nutrient-dense diet with all three macronutrients d. Increasing daily physical activity and movement e. Reducing stress levels

c. Eating a whole foods, nutrient-dense diet with all three macronutrients d. Increasing daily physical activity and movement e. Reducing stress levels

Which visceral protein is an adequate marker of nutrition status because of its short half-life of two days? a. Serum hemoglobin b. Serum albumin c. Prealbumin d. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

c. Prealbumin Prealbumin is useful for short term changes in visceral protein status bc of its short half-life of two days. It's more likely to reflect recent dietary intake and indicate any change affecting protein synthesis and catabolism. CRP is not a visceral protein and it is a marker for systemic inflammation.

The principal cation in extracellular fluids is a. Phosphorus b. Chloride c. Sodium d. Potassium

c. Sodium Sodium is the main cation outside cells and one of the primary electrolytes responsible for maintaining fluid balance.

A client in the hospital has been diagnosed with marasmus. Which of the following would you expect? a. The client has edema and a swollen abdomen. b. The client expresses intense hunger. c. The client has experienced severe weight loss. d. The onset of the deficiency was rapid.

c. The client has experienced severe weight loss. Marasmus is severe malnutrition characterized by poor growth, dramatic weight loss, loss of body fat and muscle, and apathy. Edema and swollen abdomen are seen with Kwashiorkor. Clients usually lose their hunger drive due to prolonged malnutrition.

A classic sign of zinc deficiency is a. goiter b. anemia c. growth retardation d. mottled teeth

c. growth retardation Symptoms of zinc deficiency include growth retardation and sexual immaturity.

The classic sign of vitamin C deficiency is a. xerophthalmia b. pernicious anemia c. scurvy d. rickets

c. scurvy Scurvy results from vitamin C deficiency. Early signs of scurvy are tender, sore gums that bleed easily and small skin hemorrhages due to weakened blood vessels. The late manifestations of scurvy relate to the breakdown of collagen. Wound healing is delayed; even healed scars may separate. The ends of long bones soften and become malformed and painful, and fractures appear. Teeth loosen in their sockets and fall out. Hemorrhages occur about the joints, stomach, and heart. Untreated scurvy often progresses to sudden death, probably from internal bleeding.

A female client weighs 235 pounds and is 65 inches tall. Which BMI/classification is correct for this client? a. 26 Overweight b. 29 Overweight c. 36 Obese d. 39 Obese

d. 39 Obese 235/2.2=106.8kg 65(0.0254)=1.651meters then 1.651(1.651)=2.73meters squared 106.8/2.73=39.1 or 39 which is Obese

Select the statement below that is true of hypoglycemia. a. It is defined as blood glucose levels below 70 mg/dL. b. It can occur because of insufficient nutritional intake. c. Symptoms can include weakness, dizziness, hunger, anxiety, and palpitations. d. All the above

d. All of the above Hypoglycemia refers to a state of insufficient or low BG levels defined as less than 70. Malnutrition leads to depletion of glucose stores in the liver and adipose tissue and thus prevents hepatic mechanisms for maintenance of normal BG levels. Symptoms are related to the degree of hypoglycemia and can include weakness, dizziness, headache, hunger, blurred vision, difficulty concentrating, feeling shaky, and palpitations. Individuals may appear anxious or irritable, be confused and could progress to seizures, unconsciousness, and coma if left untreated.

The role of chloride in the stomach is to help a. Convey hormonal messages b. Support nerve impulses c. Assist in muscular contractions d. Maintain a strong acidity

d. Maintain a strong acidity Chloride is the major anion outside cells, and it associates closely with sodium. In addition to its role in fluid balance, chloride is part of the stomach's hydrochloric acid, and therefore, plays a role in digestion and acid-base balance.

Which finding would be concerning if found during the physical assessment portion of the nutrition assessment? a. Pink, firm nails b. Well-developed muscles c. Smooth, elastic skin d. Red, sore tongue and inflamed gums

d. Red, sore tongue and inflamed gums All findings are normal except red, sore tongue and inflamed gums. These findings can affect food intake and should be addressed.

Iodine is an essential component of which type of hormone? a. insulin b. cortisol c. estrogen d. thyroid

d. thyroid Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormone that regulates growth, development, body temperature, and metabolic rate.