NUTRICION

What type of dietary pattern are most Americans consuming?

A nutrient-poor plant-based diet

Which molecule below is an amino acid since it contains an amino group that is required for many body processes?

A, LA QUE TIENE NH2,O,OH

Which of the following compounds can go through catabolic reactions to release energy (in the form of ATP)? (Select all that apply)

- Glucose - Fatty Acids - Amino Acids

Which of the following could be considered Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for the energy-yielding nutrients? (select 2)

- Protein = 35%; Fat = 20%; Carbs = 45% - Protein = 10%; Fat = 25%; Carbs = 65%

Which statements below are true concerning plant-based diets (select 2)

-Americans are eating a plant-based diet, but it is not high quality. -We can achieve all of our nutrient needs and requirements, while reducing disease risks, by eating a plant-based diet that contains some high quality (low fat) animal-source foods.

The _____ is the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain health if the RDA can't be determined (due to lack of sufficient evidence).

AI

The ultimate goal of energy metabolism is to transform energy-yielding nutrients into what compound?

ATP

What type of transport requires energy to carry a nutrient from outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into the cell?

Active Transport

Which of the following nutrients is NOT needed for health and well-being?

All are important components to a high quality diet

Match the functions to the respective GI sphincter.

Allows chyme to enter into the large intestine & prevents it from going back into the small intestine -Ileocecal Value Allows chyme to enter into the small intestine & opens/closes depending on the pH (acidity) levels -Pyloric Sphincter Allows food to enter into the stomach & keeps gastric juices & chyme from going back into the esophagus (i.e., prevents GERD) -Lower Esophageal Sphincter Senses food and allows it to pass down the esophagus -Upper Esophageal Sphincter Controls the collection & excretion of stool -Anal Sphincters

Which component makes up the greatest percentage of energy expenditure?

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Why should we still limit dietary cholesterol? (choose the 'most correct' response)

Because most foods high in cholesterol also are high in saturated fats (which are associated with increased risk).

Match the following functions with the respective GI organs:

Begins digestion via mastication Mouth Primary Site of Water Absorption Large Intestine Primary Site of Absorption of Macronutrients Small Intestine Main (temporary) food storage area that converts food to a semi-liquid (chyme) Stomach Tube transporting food (i.e., bolus) into the stomach Esophagus

What molecule helps to breakdown large fat globules into smaller droplets AND helps regulate cholesterol concentrations in the blood?

Bile

Which of the following is not composed primarily of protein?

Brain Tissue

Match the following energy-yielding macronutrients with their component parts (as they break down during digestion):

Carbohydrates-Glucose (and other monosaccharides) Triglycerides- Glycerol and fatty acids Proteins- Amino acids

If you have a fasting blood glucose of 180 mg/dL, what clinical range are you in?

Diabetes

The _____________________ are food-based recommendations to help prevent diet-related chronic diseases and promote overall health.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)

The _____________________ are nutrient-based recommendations to prevent deficiencies (from under-consumption) and adverse health effects (from over-consumption).

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

The _____ is the average daily amount of a nutrient that is required to maintain health in 50% of healthy people.

EAR

What is the final step of energy metabolism (in which ATP is generated)?

Electron Transport Chain

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the actions of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)?

FFAs can be directly converted to glucose when needed

A person's overall health status can be determined through simply measuring his/her body weight, clothes size, or subcutaneous fat.

False

All cholesterol, including dietary (from foods) and internally-made, is detrimental to health.

False

In an observational study, a cause and effect can be determined.

False

The lymphatic system is the only system that transports nutrients from the small intestine to various parts of the body.

False

What is the most energy-dense macronutrient, supplying 9 kcals per gram?

Fat

Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients, when consumed in excess, is stored most directly and most efficiently as body fat?

Fat

Which pathway allows for the breakdown of carbohydrates by splitting glucose molecules to form pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from cells and carries them to the liver to be recycled or disposed, and therefore is beneficial for health (i.e., "protective" against chronic disease risk)?

HDL

Physical sensations reflecting the urge to eat (including: light-headedness, weakness, stomach growling, and/or agitation) as a result of low energy intake represent ____________ signals and can determine when and how much a person eats.

Homeostatic, Energy-sensing

What is the Central Control Center for energy balance and weight management?

Hypothalamus (Brain)

Where does the majority of protein and lipid metabolism occur?

Liver

Which is the 'best' food for Brianna to keep in her diet to prevent the majority of nutrient deficiencies related to calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and protein?

Low-fat Dairy

What type of digestion uses the various muscles of the GI tract to break down foods?

Mechanical

During the early stages of fasting, which of the following does NOT occur:

Muscle protein is broken down and converted to glucose.

People who follow a strict plant-based diets (e.g. veganism) are more likely to have deficiencies or sub-optimal intakes of which nutrients? (Select 5)

-Protein - Calcium -Vitamin D -Heme Iron -Vitamin B12

The components of a successful behavioral plan for long-term weight management (including weight loss and preventing weight-re-gain, etc.) should include the following: (select 5)

-exercising -appropriate energy restriction -including nutrient-dense, whole foods -eating breakfast -diet adherence

Triglycerides are made up of: (Select 2)

1. 3 fatty acids 2. Glycerol 'backbone"

Health is compromised and chronic disease risk is increased in people with a low BMI beginning at <18.5 kg/m2 and a high BMI beginning at >30 kg/m2 .

1. <18.5 kg/m2 2. >24.9 kg/m2

Increased protein consumption has been shown to have which of the following health effects? (select 3)

1. Build Muscle 2. Increase Strength & Performance 3. Improve Weight Management

What are the two main differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions? (Select two)

1. Catabolic breaks down compounds, anabolic builds up compounds 2. Catabolic releases energy, anabolic requires energy

Which of the following principles are important in establishing a healthy dietary pattern? (select 4)

1. Choose a variety of foods to consume within each food group 2. Moderation is key when eating energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods 3. Try to get your nutrients from foods, not supplements 4. Pay attention to portion sizes and choose smaller sizes

-The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that <10% of total daily fat intake should be from saturated fat to prevent cardiovascular disease. Since this recommendation was developed from scientific evidence, what is the order of steps needed to make that recommendation? -Search for and identify observational and experimental studies that compare diets containing different amounts of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease risks (such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, etc.)

1. Develop a question that asks "Does the overconsumption of saturated fat cause cardiovascular disease?" 2. Make a hypothesis that diets containing >10% of saturated fat lead to increased cardiovascular disease risks compared to diets containing <10% of daily fat as saturated fat. 3. Search for and identify observational and experimental studies that compare diets containing different amounts of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease risks (such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, etc.) 4. Analyze and interpret the data collected from all observational and experimental studies to make conclusions to address the research question.

Under which circumstances does pyruvate become lactate (select 3)?

1. During a sprint 2. In anaerobic conditions 3. When the electron transport chain cannot accept H

Which of the following statements are true of dietary protein amounts? (select 2)

1. Eating above the RDA, between 1.2-1.6 grams of protein/kg body weight/day, is 'optimal' for several health benefits in most Americans 2. Athletes should consume higher than the RDA (0.8 grams/kg body weight/day) but the amount depends on type and amount of exercise

Which of the following are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids? (Select 2)

1. Flaxseed oil 2. Salmon

Hunger is stimulated by the hormone, [ Select ] , whereas satiation is stimulated by the hormone [ Select ] and satiety is stimulated by the hormone, [ Select ] .

1. Ghrelin 2. CCK 3. PYY

Which blood profile markers would be indicative of an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes? (select 5)

1. High Fasting Glucose 2. High Triglycerides 3. High Total Cholesterol 4. High LDL 5. Low HDL

Which of the blood lipids increase the risk of heart disease? (select 2)

1. High blood LDL Cholesterol 2. High blood Triglycerides

During the late stages of fasting, which of the following do NOT occur (select 2)

1. Liver glycogen is broken down and converted to glucose. 2. Muscle glycogen is broken down and converted to glucose.

In thinking about which fuel sources Cameron is using (and which ones are unavailable), why is Cameron feeling tired with muscle fatigue, etc.? (select 2)

1. She's most likely expending more calories than she is consuming and is thus in a negative energy balance. 2. She's eating too few carbohydrates overall which, over time, will reduce stored glycogen especially in the muscle.

Which of the following statements are true about polyunsaturated fats? (Select 3)

1. Spoils easily 2. Liquid at room temperature 3. Lowers LDL blood cholesterol

What are the 3 types of lipids?

1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Sterols

Protein quality is based on what 2 factors? (select 2).

1. amino acid composition (focusing on the amount of essential amino acids) 2. digestibility

Amino Acid metabolism produces a toxic chemical called ammonia which is converted to a non-toxic chemical called urea and excreted by the kidneys.

1. ammonia 2. urea

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is increased with which of the following factors (select 3):

1. caffeine 2. lean mass (muscle) 3. growth

Amino acids can be used in which of the following ways (select 3):

1. converted to pyruvate 2. converted to acetyl CoA 3. enter the TCA cycle directly

4-11. When blood glucose falls, the pancreas secretes [ Select ] to breakdown glycogen into glucose for use. However, when blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes [ Select ] to promote glucose update into the cells.

1. glucagon 2. insulin

When triglycerides are metabolized, [ Select ] is/are converted to pyruvate or glucose, whereas [ Select ] is/are converted to acetyl CoA.

1. glycerol 2. fatty acids

CFU1 Which of the following substances are organic (select 2?)

1. lipids 2. vitamin A

monosaccharides get absorbed from the small intestine to be transported into the blood stream, whereas polysaccharides move into the large intestine to be fermented by the gut bacteria.

1. monosaccharides 2. non-digestible (soluble) fiber

Compared to carbohydrates and lipids, which element is unique to protein-containing molecules?

Nitrogen

Which intracellular pathway is shared with all energy-yielding nutrients and leads to the release of numerous hydrogens and their electrons to generate ATP with each 'turn'?

TCA Cycle

Which metabolic process is utilized by all energy-yielding nutrients and leads to the release of numerous hydrogens (and their electrons electrons) which are then used for ATP synthesis?

TCA Cycle

Which type of fatty acids have double bonded Carbons (and thus have fewer Hydrogens on their chemical backbone), and therefore help to reduce the risk of chronic disease?

Unsaturated fatty acids

If someone is wanting to limit their animal-source food intake, which 2 plant foods could be combined to make a complete protein?

beans rice

What organ is the primary user of glucose in the body?

brain

Which of the fatty acids shown below is considered a polyunsaturated fatty acid, an omega-3 to be exact, that promotes health?

c, ES LA QUE TIENE LOS NUMEROS 9,12,15

Which of the following lists dietary fats in ascending order of saturated fat content (from lowest amount of saturated fat to highest)?

canola oil, olive oil, butter, coconut oil

In general, which macronutrient's primary role is to provide energy to all cells of the body?

carbohydrate

Nutrition is the science that ________________________ (select the most accurate and complete definition)

examines how the nutrients in foods and beverages impact health and well-being

In general, which macronutrient's primary role is to establish long-term energy stores?

fat

The ability to lower blood cholesterol and improve glucose control are characteristics of which food component?

fiber

What is the molecule below that the human body uses as the primary energy source known as C6H12O6?

glucose

Which specific carbohydrate has the following characteristics: 1) Most abundant monosaccharide in nature 2) Sometimes called blood sugar 3) Sometimes called dextrose (when manufactured) 4) Found in every polysaccharide and disaccharide

glucose

What is the storage form of energy in the body?

glycogen

What is the most common sign of malnutrition due to protein deficiency?

growth stunting

In order to sustain feelings of satiation and satiety, meals should contain a combination of what foods?

high protein, high fiber foods that have low energy-density

A female waist circumference of 37 inches is considered _____________

higher than recommended, indicating increased risk for chronic disease.

Which of the following is a component of gastric juice?

hydrochloric acid (to decrease pH)

Portion size, food advertisements, time cues, and easy access to highly palatable foods ________________ hedonic, reward-driven eating behavior?

increase

Complete the statement: without ______________, an enzyme cannot function.

it's coenzyme

Given Cameron's diet composition, amount, and duration of the diet, Cameron is most likely converting fatty acids to ______________ for energy.

ketone bodies

Match the definitions with their most appropriate digestion 'helper.'

protect the cells of the GI tract -mucus break down foods into smaller molecules through hydrolysis ---enzymes signals to the gallbladder to release bile -hormones provide an acidic or basic environment to optimize digestion -chemicals

In general, which macronutrient's primary role is for growth and maintenance?

protein

Which of the following is NOT true of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)?

removes cholesterol from cells

Where does most of lipid digestion occur?

small intestine

Amino acids can be used in many ways. What is the only way that it can NOT be utilized?

stored as amino acids (to use later)

Essential amino acids are those which:

the body needs but cannot synthesize

What is the storage form of fat in adipose tissue?

triglycerides

Foods recommended within the 5 'healthy' food groups are considered to be ___________

(high) nutrient-dense but (low) energy-dense

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming what percent of daily intake from saturated fats?

<10%

Which of the following is an example of a nutrient claim on a nutrition label?

"Good source of calcium"

For absorption and metabolism to properly occur, a number of digestion components are needed. Please match the digestive component to it's action. 1. muscle contractions involving circular & longitudinal muscles to move chyme through the GI tract. 2. muscle contractions involving circular muscles to churn and mix the chyme with the juices present. 3. muscle contractions that periodically open and close to allow food/chyme to pass. 4. chemicals that break down food into smaller particles 5. chemical that emulsifies fat

1. peristalsis 2. segmentation 3. sphincters 4. enzymes 5. bile

pregunta 19 midterm. Track the nutrients through the body from consumption to metabolism.

1. polysaccharides 2:mouth 3:salivary amylase 4:small intestine 5: monosaccharides 6. circulatory system (blood stream) 7:insulin 8. negative 9. glycogen 10:brain 11:glycolysis

When we consume inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (<50 g/d), how does the body respond? (Select 2)

1. protein gets broken down to form glucose 2. fat gets broken down to form ketone bodies (for fuel)

Which of the following locations does enzymatic (chemical) digestion of carbohydrates take place? (Select 2)

1. small intestine 2. mouth

Where does protein digestion occur (select 2)?

1. small intestine 2. stomach

Which of the following are considered to be polysaccharides? (Select 3)

1. starch 2. fiber 3. glycogen

During energy surplus (i.e., positive energy balance), metabolism favors storage of triglycerides in adipose (fat) tissue ; but, during energy deficits (i.e., negative energy balance), metabolism favors storage of amino acids from protein .

1. storage of triglycerides in adipose (fat) tissue 2. breakdown of triglycerides from adipose (fat) tissue

The hormone, Secretin , is secreted by the duodenum when fat & protein-rich chyme enters the duodenum (of the small intestine). When this occurs, the Pancreas is stimulated to release bile which begins to break down fat. In addition, bile also acts back on the duodenum cells to [ Select ] CCK secretion. This entire process is called a [ Select ]

1CCK 2Gall Bladder 3decrease 4negative feedback loop

The recommended fiber intake in adult women ages 19-50 years is 25 g/day, and the recommended fiber intake in adult men ages 19-50 years is 38 g/day.

25 w 38 m

The AMDR for carbohydrate is between

45 - 65% of total energy

Of the 712 calories coming from all grains, what % should be from whole grains if she wants to meet the Dietary Guideline Recommendations?

50%

What percent of the grains that you consume should be whole grains?

50%

How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide?

9 kcals

The body needs glucose from carbohydrates for major organs and tissues. If dietary carbohydrates are inadequate, the body utilizes other sources to provide energy. What is the only source that can NOT be used to directly make glucose?

Fatty acids derived from diet or adipose tissue

What are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote GI health, increase satiety, and reduce risks of heart disease, diseases, and some cancers?

Fiber

What organ of the body is the first to receive the nutrients after they pass through the GI tract, and then prepares those nutrients for use in the body?

Liver

Which component of energy expenditure is the easiest to change (for a fairly large effect)?

Physical Activity (PA)

Which fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, improve heart health, and are involved with structure and function of cells in the eyes and brain?

Polyunsaturated, Omega-3 fatty acids

Alex went to the doctor and found out that his blood lipid panel is 'unhealthy.' He wants to change his diet to reduce his risks for heart disease. Alex's diet is high in saturated fats from fatty red meat, full-fat dairy, and butter. He also eats a lot of high-fat processed foods. Which of the following changes would NOT be recommended to improve his disease risks?

Remove all dairy from the diet

When dietary amino acids are low, the body begins breaking down proteins from what source?

Skeletal Muscle

Where does chemical digestion of table sugar (sucrose) begin?

Small intestine

___________ is NOT associated with increased risk of chronic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Subcutaneous fat

Which disaccharide has the sweetest taste?

Sucrose

Where are amino acids stored in the body (to use when needed)?

They are not stored anywhere; we have a limited 'pool' of amino acids to use each day

Metabolism favors fat formation in the body when are nutrients are in excess.

True

Pyruvate can be used to make glucose.

True

True or false: both positive and negative energy balance can lead to long-term health problems.

True

Which of the following structures/cells contributes to the efficiency of the small intestine and allows for absorption of almost all macronutrients?

Villi

Which type of body fat storage contributes to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes?

Visceral Fat

What are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Which organ/tissue is the primary regulator of metabolism?

liver

When the body is in ketosis, initial weight loss can be attributed to:

loss of body fluids

What is the common name of the disaccharide molecule that contains glucose + galactose?

milk sugar

How much protein should I have per day?

necesitas saber edad,sexo,peso,altura y status calculadora en google

Less than 30% of Americans are considered to be ______________________.

normal weight

Which food would be the best option for Cameron to incorporate as part of her dietary pattern to improve her symptoms and diet quality while still trying to adhere to less processed foods?

oatmeal

Through condensation reactions, many amino acids are bound together to form what

polypeptide