Nutrient Metabolism Exam 2

For each function listed in Questions 1-4, select the most closely related plasma proteins: A. Albumin; B. 1-globulins; C. 2-globulins; D. -globulins; E. -globulins. 1. Nonspecific transport protein for fatty acids. 2. Inhibitor of elastase to protect against smokeinduced obstructive lung disease. 3. Antibodies. 4. Major transport protein for copper.

1. A 2. B 3. E 4. C

Most important fatty acid length

14 or more

Body mass index (BMI) is one way to estimate A. appropriate weight for height; B. actual body adiposity; C. body fat distribution; D. risk factors associated with obesity; E. None of the above.

A. Appropriate weight for height

Excessive ketone bodies may be accumulated due to reduced supply of cellular glucose and a concomitant _____ in fatty acid oxidation. A. increase; B. decrease; C. no change.

A. Increase

Which hormone is considered to be an antagonist of lipolysis? A. insulin B. epinephrine C. glucagon D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone E. None of the above.

A. Insulin

Which of the following immunity functions is associated with a significant uptake of intact protein occurred in small intestine? A. Passive immunity during infancy; B. IgG protects against infection in uteri during neonatal period; C. IgA secrets in milk; D. IgM responds first to a new antigen; E. IgE is responsible for allergy.

A. Passive immunity during infancy

The mechanism of action of Orlistat is A. To inhibit pancreatic lipase activity; B. To destroy bile acids in the small intestine; C. To decrease appetite; D. None of the above; E. All of the above.

A. To inhibit pancreatic lipase activity

During exercise, which the following contributes only minimally to the amount of ATP used by working muscles? A. amino acids; B. muscle glycogen; C. blood glucose; D. Plasma fatty acids; E. Intramuscular triacylglycerides.

A. amino acids

In the reference man and woman, what percent of body weight is fat? A. 10, 20; B. 15, 27; C. 30, 40; D. 45, 55; E. None of the above.

B. 15, 27

A patient came to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain. Laboratory analysis revealed high concentrations of the dibasic amino acids in the urine. The patient's pain subsided a few hours later after he passed a kidney stone. The most likely diagnosis for this patient is: A. Hartnup; B. Cystinuria; C. Kwashiorkor; D. Hyperammonemia; E. Scurvy.

B. Cystinuria

Human body turns over the total body protein at about 10-20% (300-400 g) each day. A. True; B. False

B. False

The most branched-chain amino acids (i.g. valine, isoleucine, & leucine) are metabolized in the liver but not in the skeletal muscle. A. True; B. False.

B. False

What is the normal product of the fatty acid synthase? A. Triacylglyceride; B. Palmitate; C. n-3 fatty acid; D. n-6 fatty acid;

B. Palmitate

Amino acids from muscle breakdown provide the chief substance for which metabolic process during fasting state? A. glycolysis; B. gluconeogenesis; C. glycogenesis; D. glycogenolysis; E. Hexosemonophosphate shunt.

B. gluconeogenesis

How long do hepatic glycogen stores last before exhaustion is reached? A. within 12 hours B. within 24-36 hours C. within 1 week D. within 1 month

B. within 24-36 hours

Humans build about ____mg of cholesterol each day. A. 100 B. 300 C. 700 D. 2000

C. 700

In humans, the major route of nitrogen transfer from amino acids into ammonia involves which of the following pairs of enzymes? A. Glutamine synthetase and urease; B. Transaminases and glutaminase; C. Glutamate dehydrogenase and transaminases; D. Amino acid oxidases and arginase; E. Glutaminase and amino acid oxidases.

C. Glutamate dehydrogenase and transaminases

A deficiency in which of the following amino acids will result in Kwashiorkor, even through the diet may contain a large amount of protein. A. Serine; B. Glutamate; C. Tryptophan; D. Alanine; E. Asparagine.

C. Tryptophan

A deficiency in which of the following amino acids will result in negative nitrogen balance, even though the diet may contain a large amount of protein. A. Serine B. Glutamate C. Trytophan D. Alanine E. Asparagine

C. Trytophan

How long does it take for a fasting state? A. Up to 12 hours after meal; B. Up to 24 hours; C. Up to 48 hours; D. Up to 72 hours; E. Up to One week.

C. Up to 48 hours

What is the most active site of lipid digestion? A. stomach B. duodenum C. upper jejunum D. ileum

C. Upper Jejunum

Enzymes: A. decrease the free energy change of a reaction; B. increase the activation energy of a reaction; C. decrease transition energy; D. increase the equilibrium constant of a reaction; E. None of the above.

C. decrease transition energy

Trans unsaturated fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids bacuse they A. are unnatural and only formed during fat processing; B. cause excess blood clotting; C. elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL; D. are saturated completely.

C. elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL

The main function of lipoproteins is A. To facilitate lipid digestion; B. To protect against CVD; C. To act as the carrier of lipids; D. To provide energy; E. All of the above.

C. to act as the carrier of lipids

naturally occurring fatty acids are in which formation

Cis

Phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins

Compound lipids

Omega system of naming FA

Count from methyl end

What is the toxic level of blood ethanol? A. Less than 10 mg%; B. 11-24 mg%; C. 25-45 mg%; D. 50-100 mg%; E. None of the above.

D. 50-100mg%

What is formed when fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria? A. glycerol; B. pyruvate; C. triacylglyceride; D. acetyl CoA;

D. Acetyl CoA

About ______ of the dry weight of a typical human cell is protein. A. one-tenth B. one-fifth C. one-third D. one-half

D. One half

A protein-sparing shift in metabolism from gluconeogenesis to lipolysis occurs during the? A. Fed state; B. Early fasting state; C. Fasting state; D. Starvation state; E. All of the above.

D. Starvation State

Pellagra-like symptom may be induced by which of the following conditions. A. Incomplete dietary protein such as corn protein; B. Inherited defects in neutral amino acid transporter; C. Niacin deficiency; D. All of the above; E. None of the above.

D. all the above

To prevent overweight and benefit for health, you need to exercise regularly and make smart choices from: A. less fat diet B. less carbohydrate diet C. less protein diet D. less total calories

D. less total calories

Where is urea synthesized? A. brain and pancreas B. bones and joints C. stomach and duodenum D. liver and kidneys

D. liver and kidneys

What percent of the circulating amino acids is contributed to protein synthesis? A. 9; B. 10-25; C. 30-40; D. 45-55; E. 75.

E. 75

Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet? A. -linolenic acid; B. Linoleic acid; C. -linolenic acid; D. Arachidonic acid; E. A and B.

E. A and B

Which of the following statements concerning collagen is not true? A. Collagen is a major connective tissue protein; B. Collagen is made up of tropocollagen; C. Tropocollagen consists of three peptide chains that are cross-linked triple helix; D. Collagen has a large amount of glycine and proline; E. Collagen contains unique hydroxyglycine and hydroxyproline.

E. Collagen contains unique hydroxyglycine and hydroxyproline

Cholesterol is the precursor of the following except: A. Estrogens and androgens; B. Glucocorticoids; C. Bile acids; D. Vitamin D; E. Phospholipids.

E. Phospholipids

Chains of carboxylic acid

Fatty acids

unsaturated FA that cannot be synthesized in body

Linoleic acid, a-linoleic acid (cannot be synthesizes because our bodies lack delta 12 and 13 desaturases

Where does FA synthesis occur

Liver and fat cells

Where does beta oxidation occur

Mitochondrial matrix

Whats the normal product of FA synthase

Palmitate which can then undergo elongation or unsaturation to yield another FA

Consequence of a diet with no fat

Retarded growth, dermatitis, kidney lesions, early demise

LDL-cholesterol is often termed "bad cholesterol" because it has been linked to atherogenic fatty plaque formation A. True B. False

True

The main component of a HDL molecule is protein. A. True B. False

True

The predominant use of plasma free fatty acids for energy is at low to moderate intensity exercise and the predominant use of glucose oxidation is at high intensity exercise. A. True; B. False.

True

What is the most important factor influencing the duration of endurance performance? A. muscle glycogen stores at the start of exercise B. muscle glycogen stores at the end of the exercise session C. muscle protein stores during the exercise D. the size of fat deposits at the beginning of the exercise session

a. muscle glycogen stores at the start of exercise

What are the most prevalent saturated fatty acids in average US diet a. palmitic and stearic acid b. oleic and linoleic c. linoleic and linolenic d. acetic and butyric

a. palmitic and steric acid

What is formed when FA are oxidized in the mitochondria

acetyl-CoA

Delta system of naming FA

count from carboxyl end

substances that are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

lipids

12-24 carboxylic acid

long chain fatty acids

6-10 carboxylic acids

medium chain fatty acids

has one double bond between carbons

monounsaturated fatty acids

a-linoleic acid is a precursor for

n-3 PUFAS (EPA and DHA)

Linoleum acid is a precursor for

n-6 PUFAS (gamma linoleic acid)

Fatty acids that make up 90% of average US diet

palmitic acid, steric acid, oleic acid

has multiple double bonds (up to six) between the carbon atoms

polyunsaturated fatty acids

2-4 carboxylic acids

short chain fatty acids

Fatty acids: Tri- Di, and mono-acyglycerols steroids

simple lipids